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Ram MK, Naveen Kumar BT, Poojary SR, Abhiman PB, Patil P, Ramesh KS, Shankar KM. Evaluation of biofilm of Vibrio anguillarum for oral vaccination of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (BLOCH, 1790). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 94:746-751. [PMID: 31546040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the biofilm (BF) of Vibrio anguillarum for oral vaccination of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. An 80-day experiment was carried out in circular fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks using free cell (FC) and BF of Vibrio anguillarum with triplicate in each. Heat-inactivated FC and BF cells at 107, 1010 and 1013 CFU/g fish/d were fed to fish for 20 days, agglutination antibody titer estimated at each 10 days interval up to 60-day post vaccination. As compared to FC and control there was a significant increase in agglutinating antibody titer in the biofilm vaccinated fishes. Among the 3 doses, BF at 1010 cfu/g fish/d was considered the ideal dose for vaccination. Relative percentage survival (RPS) was higher in biofilm vaccinated fish (85.4%) compared to that with free cells (27.0%). The study demonstrated the better performance of V. anguillarum biofilm oral vaccine compared that with free cell vaccine in L. calcarifer. The study further supports better performance of biofilm vaccine model with one more bacterial pathogen in a high carnivore fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Ram
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - B T Naveen Kumar
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India; Present: Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141001, India
| | - Sathish Rama Poojary
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - P B Abhiman
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - K S Ramesh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - K M Shankar
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore, 575002, India.
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Chhetia R, Jena DK, Dash ML, Ram MK. Localized non-epidermolytic keratoderma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006; 72:326. [PMID: 16880589 DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.26719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Chhetia
- Department of Skin and VD, S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa, India.
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Abstract
The analysis of formation, deposition and characterization of cholesterol oxidase (COX) layer-by-layer films were performed. Initially, a layer of polyanion, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) was adsorbed followed by a layer of polycation, poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) on each solid substrate from aqueous solutions. The alternating layers were formed by consecutive adsorption of polycations (PEI) and negatively charged proteins (COX) and cholesterol esterase (CE). A strong interaction between protein and polyelectrolyte improves the stability of the alternating multilayer; however, it can change a native protein conformation and impair the protein activity. The PSS/PEI/COX, PSS/PEI/COX/PEI/CE, PSS/PEI/COX-CE/PEI etc. layered structures were prepared on the surface of a platinum electrode, ITO coated glass plate, quartz crystal microbalance, quartz plates, mica and silicon substrates. Optical and gravimetric measurements based on an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and a quartz crystal microbalance revealed that the enzyme multilayers thus prepared consist of molecular layered of the proteins. The surface morphology of such bilayer films was investigated by using atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical redox processes of the enzyme-layered films deposited either on platinum or ITO coated glass plate were investigated. The response current of cholesterol oxidase electrode with concentration of cholesterol was investigated at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ram
- Polo Nazionale Bioelettronica, Corso Europa 30, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Ding H, Ram MK, Nicolini C. Nanofabrication of organic/inorganic hybrids of TiO2 with substituted phthalocyanine or polythiophene. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2001; 1:207-213. [PMID: 12914053 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2001.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells, similar to Grätzel type, have been widely investigated in recent years. In the case of Grätzel-type cells, TiO2 colloids are usually spin-coated onto an electrode and then sintered. Later, such electrodes are immersed in dye solution to sensitize the TiO2 layer for fabrication of photovoltaic cells. In the current study, an attempt was made to fabricate photovoltaic cells using a layer-by-layer technique. Based on such a method, ordered substituted phthalocyanine or conducting polythiophene-sensitized TiO2 multilayers were fabricated at the molecular level. Buildup of multilayer films of copper phthalocyanine-capped TiO2 and poly(thiophene-3-acetic acid)/TiO2 was monitored by increments in the UV-visible absorption and the frequency decrease of quartz crystal microbalance. The ordered multilayers were further characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical and photoelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ding
- Department of Biophysical M&O Sciences and Technologies, Genoa University, Corso Europa 30, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Yang W, Rozamus LW, Narula S, Rollins CT, Yuan R, Andrade LJ, Ram MK, Phillips TB, van Schravendijk MR, Dalgarno D, Clackson T, Holt DA. Investigating protein-ligand interactions with a mutant FKBP possessing a designed specificity pocket. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1135-42. [PMID: 10737745 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using structure-based design and protein mutagenesis we have remodeled the FKBP12 ligand binding site to include a sizable, hydrophobic specificity pocket. This mutant (F36V-FKBP) is capable of binding, with low or subnanomolar affinities, novel synthetic ligands possessing designed substituents that sterically prevent binding to the wild-type protein. Using binding and structural analysis of bumped compounds, we show here that the pocket is highly promiscuous-capable of binding a range of hydrophobic alkyl and aryl moieties with comparable affinity. Ligand affinity therefore appears largely insensitive to the degree of occupancy or quality of packing of the pocket. NMR spectroscopic analysis indicates that similar ligands can adopt radically different binding modes, thus complicating the interpretation of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- ARIAD Gene Therapeutics, 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4234, USA
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Lynch BA, Minor C, Loiacono KA, van Schravendijk MR, Ram MK, Sundaramoorthi R, Adams SE, Phillips T, Holt D, Rickles RJ, MacNeil IA. Simultaneous assay of Src SH3 and SH2 domain binding using different wavelength fluorescence polarization probes. Anal Biochem 1999; 275:62-73. [PMID: 10542110 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
pp60(c-src) is a prototypical nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and may play a role in diseases as diverse as cancer and osteoporosis. In Src, the SH3 domain (Src homology 3) binds proteins at specific, proline-rich sequences, while the SH2 domain (Src homology 2) binds phosphotyrosine-containing sequences. Inhibition of Src SH3 and SH2 domain function is of potential therapeutic value because of their importance in signaling pathways involved in disease states. We have developed dual-wavelength fluorescent peptide probes for both the Src SH3 and the Src SH2 domains, which allow the simultaneous measurement of compounds binding to each domain in assays based on the technique of fluorescence polarization. We demonstrate the utility of these probes in a dual-binding assay (suitable for high-throughput screening) to study the interactions of various peptides with these domains, including a sequence from the rat protein p130(CAS) which has been reported to bind simultaneously to both Src SH3 and SH2 domains. Utilizing this dual-binding assay, we confirm that sequences from p130(CAS) can simultaneously bind Src via both its SH3 and its SH2 domains. We also use the dual-binding assay as an internal control to identify substances which inhibit SH3 and SH2 binding via nonspecific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lynch
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Ram MK, Andrade LJ, Phillips TB, van Schravendijk MR. Identification of UDP-linked murein precursors as contaminants in recombinant proteins of low molecular weight. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 17:305-11. [PMID: 10545280 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The A(280)/A(260) ratio of a purified protein is frequently used as an indication of the purity of the preparation with respect to nucleic acids. We show here that for low-molecular-weight recombinant proteins purified from Escherichia coli, a low A(280)/A(260) ratio can also result from contamination with UDP-linked murein precursors derived from bacterial cell wall metabolism. Although these precursors are small molecules of molecular weight 1000-1200, they comigrate in gel filtration with recombinant human FKBP (MW 11,820). This gel filtration behavior, which is distinct from that of unmodified mononucleotides, does not reflect binding interactions with FKBP, but is an intrinsic property of these precursors. Therefore, these molecules would be expected to copurify with other low-molecular-weight proteins, especially in the abbreviated purification protocols made possible by freeze-thaw release of recombinant proteins from E. coli (Johnson, B. H., and Hecht, M. H. (1994) BioTechnology 12, 1357-1360). Several alternative strategies are discussed for integrating these findings into the design of improved purification procedures for low-molecular-weight recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ram
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Vu CB, Corpuz EG, Merry TJ, Pradeepan SG, Bartlett C, Bohacek RS, Botfield MC, Eyermann CJ, Lynch BA, MacNeil IA, Ram MK, van Schravendijk MR, Violette S, Sawyer TK. Discovery of potent and selective SH2 inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4088-98. [PMID: 10514279 DOI: 10.1021/jm990229t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues has been shown to be potent and selective SH2 inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, a potential therapeutic target for immune suppression. These compounds typically are 200-400-fold more potent than the native, monophosphorylated tetrapeptide sequences. When compared with the high-affinity zeta-1-ITAM peptide (Ac-NQL-pYNELNLGRREE-pYDVLD-NH(2), wherein pY refers to phosphotyrosine) some of the best 1,2, 4-oxadiazole analogues are approximately 1 order of magnitude less active. This series of compounds displays an unprecedented level of selectivity over the closely related tyrosine kinase Syk, as well as other SH2-containing proteins such as Src and Grb2. Gel shift studies using a protein construct consisting only of C-terminal ZAP-70 SH2 demonstrate that these compounds can effectively engage this particular SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Vu
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4234, USA
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Hatada MH, Lu X, Laird ER, Green J, Morgenstern JP, Lou M, Marr CS, Phillips TB, Ram MK, Theriault K. Molecular basis for interaction of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 with the T-cell receptor. Nature 1995; 377:32-8. [PMID: 7659156 DOI: 10.1038/377032a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the tandem SH2 domains of human ZAP-70 in complex with a peptide derived from the zeta-subunit of the T-cell receptor reveals an unanticipated interaction between the two domains. A coiled coil of alpha-helices connects the two SH2 domains, producing an interface that constitutes one of the two critical phosphotyrosine binding sites. These and other unique features provide the molecular basis for highly selective association of ZAP-70 with the T-cell receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hatada
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4234, USA
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Taylor JA, Karas JL, Ram MK, Green OM, Seidel-Dugan C. Activation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor Fc epsilon RI in RBL-2H3 cells is inhibited by Syk SH2 domains. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:4149-57. [PMID: 7623809 PMCID: PMC230653 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.8.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-mediated aggregation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, Fc epsilon RI, results in the activation of multiple signaling pathways, leading to the release of mediators of the allergic response. One of the earliest responses to receptor stimulation is the tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta and gamma subunits of Fc epsilon RI and the association of the tyrosine kinase Syk with the phosphorylated receptor. This association is mediated by the SH2 domains of Syk and is believed to be critical for activating signaling pathways resulting in mediator release. To examine the importance of the interaction of Syk with Fc epsilon RI in signaling events following receptor activation, we introduced a protein containing the SH2 domains of Syk into streptolysin O-permeabilized RBL-2H3 cells. The Syk SH2 domains completely inhibited degranulation and leukotriene production following receptor aggregation, and they blocked the increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation observed after receptor activation. Inhibition was specific for Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling, since degranulation of cells activated by alternative stimuli was not blocked by the Syk SH2 domains. A protein containing a point mutation in the carboxy-terminal SH2 domain which abolishes phosphotyrosine binding was not inhibitory. In addition, inhibition of degranulation was reversed by pretreatment of the SH2 domains with a tyrosine phosphorylated peptide corresponding to the tyrosine-based activation motif found in the gamma subunit of Fc epsilon RI, the nonphosphorylated peptide had no effect. The association of Syk with the tyrosine-phosphorylated gamma subunit of the activated receptor was blocked by the Syk SH2 domains, and deregulation in cells activated by clustering of Syk directly without Fc epsilon RI aggregation was not affected by the Syk SH2 domains. These results demonstrate that the association of Syk with the activated Fc epsilon RI is critical for both early and late events following receptor activation and confirm the key role Syk plays in signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Taylor
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Shiue L, Green J, Green OM, Karas JL, Morgenstern JP, Ram MK, Taylor MK, Zoller MJ, Zydowsky LD, Bolen JB. Interaction of p72syk with the gamma and beta subunits of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, Fc epsilon RI. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:272-81. [PMID: 7528327 PMCID: PMC231950 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.1.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein tyrosine kinases is one of the initial events following aggregation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (Fc epsilon RI) on RBL-2H3 cells, a model mast cell line. The protein tyrosine kinase p72syk (Syk), which contains two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, is activated and associates with phosphorylated Fc epsilon RI subunits after receptor aggregation. In this report, we used Syk SH2 domains, expressed in tandem or individually, as fusion proteins to identify Syk-binding proteins in RBL-2H3 lysates. We show that the tandem Syk SH2 domains selectively associate with tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of the gamma and beta subunits of Fc epsilon RI. The isolated carboxy-proximal SH2 domain exhibited a significantly higher affinity for the Fc epsilon RI subunits than did the amino-proximal domain. When in tandem, the Syk SH2 domains showed enhanced binding to phosphorylated gamma and beta subunits. The conserved tyrosine-based activation motifs contained in the cytoplasmic domains of the gamma and beta subunits, characterized by two YXXL/I sequences in tandem, represent potential high-affinity binding sites for the dual SH2 domains of Syk. Peptide competition studies indicated that Syk exhibits a higher affinity for the phosphorylated tyrosine activation motif of the gamma subunit than for that of the beta subunit. In addition, we show that Syk is the major protein in RBL-2H3 cells that is affinity isolated with phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the phosphorylated gamma subunit motif. These data suggest that Syk associates with the gamma subunit of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E through an interaction between the tandem SH2 domains of SH2 domains of Syk and the phosphorylated tyrosine activation motif of the gamma subunit and that Syk may be the major signaling protein that binds to Fc epsilon RI tyrosine activation motif of the gamma subunit and that Syk may be the major signaling protein that binds to Dc epsilon tyrosine activation motifs in RBL-2H3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shiue
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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