Assessment of antiarthritic potential of Asparagus dumosus using formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritic models in rats via modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers and mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, RANKL, OPG, TNF-α and COX-2

Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases including arthritis. Despite the traditional use of Asparagus dumosus in arthritis, it has not been studied yet for its effectiveness in arthritis. This study was aimed to explore the antiarthritic potential of A. dumosus in formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats. Body weight, arthritic index, hepatic oxidative stress, hematological, biochemical and inflammatory markers were assessed using ELISA, whilst qRT-PCR studies were carried out for the mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, RANKL, OPG, TNF-α and COX-2 genes. GCMS and HPLC analysis were performed to identify the secondary metabolites of A. dumosus. From day 8 to 28 post-administration of formaldehyde and CFA, oral administration of A. dumosus (600, 300 and 150 mg/kg) showed a noteworthy improvement (p < 0.001) in the body weights, immune organ weights, serum levels of rheumatoid (RA) factor, C-reactive protein, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in arthritic rats similar to the effect of piroxicam and methotrexate. Subsequently, the administration of A. dumosus to formaldehyde and CFA-challenged rats, caused a marked decrease (p < 0.001) in the mRNA expression of IL-1b, IL-6, OPG, RANKL, TNF-α and COX-2 genes in treated rats. Likewise, when assessed for antioxidant potential, A. dumosus produced a pronounced (p < 0.001) reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, whilst a dose-dependent (p < 0.001) increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities was recorded. GCMS profiling of A. dumosus presented benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, 1-decanol and undecane as plant compositions, whereas HPLC fingerprinting displayed quercetin, benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-, gallic acid and cinnamic acid as plants constituents. These results depict that A. dumosus possesses anti-arthritic effect mediated possibly through attenuation of arthritic indices, chronic inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers along with down-regulation in the mRNA expression of arthritic candid genes.

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Hydromethanolic Extract: Bioactive Compounds Identification, Hypotensive Mechanism, and Cardioprotective Potential Exploration

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley (FIP), a member of the Papaveraceae family, has a documented history of use in traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular ailments, particularly hypertension, and has shown substantial therapeutic efficacy among native cultures worldwide. However, the identification of bioactive compounds and the mechanism of hypotensive effect with the cardioprotective potential investigations are yet to be determined. The study aimed to identify bioactive compounds, explore the hypotensive mechanism and cardioprotective potential, and assess the safety of Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley hydromethanolic extract (Fip.Cr). LC ESI-MS/MS analysis was performed to identify the bioactive compounds. In vitro experiments were conducted on isolated rat aorta and atria, and an in vivo invasive BP measurement model was used. Acute and subacute toxicities were assessed for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Isoproterenol (ISO) was used to develop the rats' myocardial infarction damage model. The mRNA levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and the abundance level of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus were measured by qRT-PCR. The hypotensive effect of FIP bioactive compounds was also investigated using in silico methods. Fip. Cr LC ESI-MS/MS analysis discovered 33 bioactive compounds, including alkaloids and flavonoids. In isolated rat aorta, Fip.Cr reversed contractions induced by K+ (80 mM), demonstrating a calcium entry-blocking function, and had a vasorelaxant impact on phenylephrine (PE) (1 μM)-induced contractions unaffected by L-NAME, ruling out endothelial NO participation. Fip.Cr caused negative chronotropic and inotropic effects in isolated rat atria unaffected by atropine pretreatment, eliminating cardiac muscarinic receptor involvement. Safety evaluation showed no major adverse effects. In vivo, invasive BP measurement demonstrated a hypotensive effect comparable to verapamil. Fip.Cr protected the rats from ISO-induced MI interventions significantly in biometrical and cardiac serum biochemical indicators and histological examinations by reducing inflammation via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and elevating Firmicutes and Lactobacillus levels. The network pharmacology study revealed that the FIP hypotensive mechanism might involve MMP9, JAK2, HMOX1, NOS2, NOS3, TEK, SERPINE1, CCL2, and VEGFA. The molecular docking study revealed that FIP bioactive compounds docked better with CAC1C_ HUMAN than verapamil. These findings demonstrated that Fip.Cr's hypotensive mechanism may include calcium channel blocker activity. Fip.Cr ameliorated ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats by attenuating inflammation, which might be via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and may prove beneficial for treating MI.

Polyherbal extract improves glycometabolic control in alloxan-induced diabetic rats via down-regulating the MAPK/JNK pathway, modulating Nrf-2/Keap-1 expression, and stimulating insulin signaling

Objectives

This study focused on the evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of polyherbal extract (PHE), containing Cassia absus (L.), Gymnema sylvestre (R. Br.), Nigella sativa (L.), and Piper nigrum (L.), in alloxan-induced diabetes model.

Materials and Methods

In vitro, HPLC characterization, DPPH scavenging assay, and α-amylase inhibition test were conducted. In vivo, acute oral toxicity of PHE was assessed. Alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats (n=6) were orally treated with PHE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/day) and glibenclamide (GLB; 10 mg/kg/day) for six consecutive weeks. Then, biochemical biomarkers, oxidative stress parameters, histopathological examination, and mRNA expression levels (RT-qPCR) were determined.

Results

The presence of polyphenols in PHE was confirmed in correlation to marked DPPH scavenging (IC50: 1.60 mg/ml) and α-amylase inhibition (IC50: 0.82 mg/ml). PHE demonstrated no toxicity in rats up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. In diabetic rats, PHE dose-dependently ameliorated the serum levels of glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), leptin, and glucokinase (GCK). Also, PHE substantially alleviated serum inflammatory markers (TNF-α and CRP) and oxidative stress indicators (MDA, SOD, and CAT) in pancreatic tissues. PHE, particularly at 600 mg/kg, attenuated cellular oxidative stress via modulating the mRNA expression levels of genes regulating MAPK/JNK (Mapk-8, Traf-4, and Traf-6) and Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathways and promoted insulin signaling through up-regulating insulin signaling cascade (Pdx-1, Ins-1, and Ins-2), as compared to GLB. Furthermore, histopathological findings supported the aforementioned results.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that polyherbal extract has promising antioxidant and antidiabetic activities by modulating the MAPK/JNK, Nrf-2/Keap-1, and insulin signaling pathways.

Curcumin Co-Encapsulation Potentiates Anti-Arthritic Efficacy of Meloxicam Biodegradable Nanoparticles in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Animal Model

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of curcumin and meloxicam co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin (nCur) and meloxicam (nMlx) alone and in combination (nCur/Mlx) were used to characterize zeta size and potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency (%), compound-polymer interactions (FT-IR analysis), and surface morphology (SEM imaging). In vivo, Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with curcumin, meloxicam, curcumin plus meloxicam, nCur, nMlx, and nCur/Mlx for 28 consecutive days. Results showed that nCur, nMlx, and nCur/Mlx significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced paw swelling and arthritic score, restored body weight and the immune organ index (thymus and spleen), as well as attenuated serum inflammatory markers (RF, CRP, and PGE2) and oxidative stress parameters (MDA, SOD, and CAT) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats compared to free compounds. In addition, mono- and dual-compound-loaded nanoparticles significantly (p ≤ 0.05) down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ), and modulated OPG and RANKL expressions in paw tissue. The aforementioned results were further confirmed through radiological and histopathological examinations. Furthermore, the anti-arthritic effect of nCur/Mlx was notably (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced compared to nCur or nMlx alone. In conclusion, the co-nanoencapsulation of curcumin could potentiate the anti-arthritic activity of meloxicam and could provide a novel therapeutic approach for the formulation of nanocarrier pharmaceutical products for the management of arthritis.

Phytochemical analysis and gastroprotective effect of Stellaria media (L.) Vill. methanolic extract on piroxicam-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats

Stellaria media L. has traditionally been used to treat inflammatory and gastrointestinal ailments. This study aimed to phytochemically characterize the S. media extract and explore its anti-ulcer efficacy against piroxicam-induced stomach lesions in Wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis was performed and antioxidant capacity of extract was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. In vivo, piroxicam (30mg/kg) was administered to induce gastric ulceration. Gastro protective effect of S. media extract was observed at 150, 300 and 450mg/kg, respectively. While omeprazole (20mg/kg) was used as a conventional anti-ulcer drug. After oral treatment for 14 days, stomach acidic secretions, ulcerogenic indices, hematological markers and oxidative stress parameters were assessed along with histological examination. The existence of polyphenol contents in S. media extract was confirmed in correlation to a marked DPPH inhibition (IC50 27.94µg/mL). S. media extract resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in gastric pH while a decrease in acid volume, acidity and ulceration. Also, S. media extract administration restored the impaired hematological markers (RBCs, Hb, WBCs and PLTs) and decreased oxidative stress by reducing oxidants (TOS and MDA) while raising antioxidants (TAC and CAT). Furthermore, gastric histological results corroborated the aforementioned findings. Conclusively, S. media could provide a promising protective effect against drug-induced gastric ulceration.

Anti-Pyretic, Analgesic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Meloxicam and Curcumin Co-Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles in Acute Experimental Models

Herein, we evaluated the in vivo effects of meloxicam and curcumin co-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles in experimental acute models of pyrexia, nociception, and inflammation. Seven groups (n = 6) were designed for each investigation and pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.): the control group, meloxicam (4 mg/kg b.w.), curcumin (15 mg/kg b.w.), and equivalent content containing PLGA capped nanoparticles of meloxicam (Mlx-NP) and curcumin (Cur-NP) alone and in combination (Mlx-Cur-NP; at two doses). The results showed that PLGA encapsulation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the in vivo activities of each compound. Furthermore, co-encapsulation of meloxicam and curcumin potentiated the anti-pyretic effect on yeast-induced pyretic rats, anti-nociceptive effect on nociception induced in rats by formalin and heat, and anti-edematogenic activity in xylene-induced ear edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner. In carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in rats, meloxicam and curcumin co-loading (Mlx-Cur-NP) resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) inhibition of paw inflammation, reduction in TNF-α and PGE2 levels, downregulation of expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), as well as a decrease in histopathological changes and TNF-α immunoexpression in paw tissues. Moreover, Mlx-Cur-NP demonstrated noteworthy potentiation in pharmacological effects compared to free compounds and mono-compound-loaded nanoparticles. Thus, the association of meloxicam with curcumin in a biodegradable nanocarrier system could provide a promising anti-pyretic, anti-nociceptive, and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approach for acute conditions.

Development and bioassessment of high nutria-omega 5 cookies through animal modeling

The food industry generates a diverse range of waste byproducts during fruit processing, which can be repurposed to create functional foods and other valuable commodities. In this particular study, leftover agro-waste from pomegranate juice was valorized to obtain pomegranate seed oil (PSO), while utilizing sunflower oilseed cake to produce sunflower meal protein concentrate (SMPC). These two extracted components were then combined as ingredients to produce High Nutria Omega 5 (HNO5) cookies. To ensure the quality and viability of pomegranate seed oil, a comprehensive set of laboratory analytical procedures were employed to evaluate its characteristics. Subsequently, different ratios of pomegranate seed oil and sunflower meal protein concentrate were utilized to develop the HNO5 cookie products. These cookies underwent thorough sensory, physicochemical, storage, and proximate evaluations as well as efficacy studies to assess their overall nutritional quality and shelf-life properties. As compared to the control feed, the findings of the renal and liver functional tests indicated a favorable effect on ALT, AST, ALP, serum urea, creatinine, albumin, globulins, total proteins, and A/G ratio. The results revealed that PSO and SMPC cookies containing 15% PSO and 15% SMPC exhibited stability in numerous physicochemical and sensory assessments. The punicic acid in HNO5 cookies significantly reduced the effects of starvation in rats and progressively improved several metabolic processes and overall health profiles. Graphical Abstract.

Effect of iron-fortified jamun leather on the Asunra-induced anemia in Sprague Dawley rats

Introduction

Micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins are required in a minute quantity but play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. Therefore, deficiency in one of them can lead to lethal health conditions. Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies across the world and is affecting women and children.

Methods

The present study aimed to investigate the anti-anaemic effect of fortified jamun leather on anaemia biomarkers and haematology in anaemic female Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were used in 4 groups. Iron deficiency anaemia was induced by oral administration of the Asunra drug. The treatments were fed at two dosage levels i.e., 40 and 60% iron-fortified leather. All animals were treated for 60 days and the parameters including biochemical, and histopathology of the kidney and liver were examined.

Results

The experiment's findings showed that the group fed with iron-fortified leather (G₃) succeeded significantly (P < 0.05) in restoring the serum iron (98.68 ± 2.88 μg/dL), haemoglobin (12.41 ± 0.32 g/dL), ferritin (24.54 ± 1.98 ng/mL) and haematocrit levels (39.30 ± 1.66%) at the end of the 60 days period. Additionally, the treated group's mean values for transferrin and total iron binding capacity were lower than those of the anaemic rats, indicating an improvement in iron levels. The microscopic analysis revealed that treatments had no toxic effects on the kidney and liver tissues, except in the diseased group, which had necrosis and irregular cell structure.

Conclusion

Conclusively, iron-fortified jamun leather helped improve iron deficiency biomarkers and imparted a non-toxic effect on tissues in rats.

Association of a high-fat diet with I-FABP as a biomarker of intestinal barrier dysfunction driven by metabolic changes in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

The epithelial lining of the gut expresses intestinal fatty-acid binding proteins (I-FABPs), which increase in circulation and in plasma concentration during intestinal damage. From the perspective of obesity, the consumption of a diet rich in fat causes a disruption in the integrity of the gut barrier and an increase in its permeability.

HYPOTHESIS

There is an association between the expression of I-FABP in the gut and various metabolic changes induced by a high-fat (HF) diet.

METHODS

Wistar albino rats (n = 90) were divided into three groups (n = 30 per group), viz. One control and two HF diet groups (15 and 30%, respectively) were maintained for 6 weeks. Blood samples were thus collected to evaluate the lipid profile, blood glucose level and other biochemical tests. Tissue sampling was conducted to perform fat staining and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

HF diet-fed rats developed adiposity, insulin resistance, leptin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased expression of I-FABP in the small intestine compared to the control group. Increased I-FABP expression in the ileal region of the intestine is correlated significantly with higher fat contents in the diet, indicating that higher I-FABP expression occurs due to increased demand of enterocytes to transport lipids, leading to metabolic alterations.

CONCLUSION

In summary, there is an association between the expression of I-FABP and HF diet-induced metabolic alterations, indicating that I-FABP can be used as a biomarker for intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Anti-arthritic effects of geranium essential oil loaded chitosan nanoparticles in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritic rats through down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines

Geranium essential oil (GEO) has been widely used in aromatherapy and traditional medicines. Nanoencapsulation, a novel technique has emerged to overcome the environmental degradation and less oral bioavailability of essential oils. This work was undertaken to encapsulate geranium essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles (GEO-CNPs) by ionic gelation technique and to explore anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory potential in FCA-induced arthritic model in rats. The GEO was characterized by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GCFID) and the nanosuspension was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-rays diffraction (XRD). The Wistar albino rats (n = 32) were separated into four groups; Group 1 and 2 were considered as normal and arthritic controls. Group 3 was positive control that received oral celecoxib for 21 days while Group 4 was treated with oral GEO-CNPs after the induction of arthritis. Hind paw ankle joints diameters were weekly measured throughout the study and significant decrease (5.5 ± 0.5 mm) was observed in GEO-CNPs treatment group in comparison to arthritic group (9.17 ± 0.52 mm). Blood samples were drawn at end for evaluation of hematological, biochemical and inflammatory biomarkers. A significant upregulation of red blood cells and hemoglobin while downregulation of white blood cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) was observed. Ankles were transected for the histopathological and radiographic examination after animals were sacrificed which confirmed the alleviation of necrosis along cellular infiltration. It was concluded that GEO-CNPs were found to possess excellent therapeutic potential and promising candidates to reduce FCA-induced arthritis.

Phytochemical screening of Prunus avium for its antioxidative and anti-mutagenic potential against DMBA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis

Scope

Prunus avium fruit is the richer source of phenolics known to exert anticancer and anti-invasive activities. The study aimed at elucidating antiproliferative and chemo-preventive potential of sweet cherries (P. avium) against the in vivo hepatocarcinoma model.

Methods and results

The quantification of ultrasound-assisted extract (UAE) of P. avium depicted anthocyanins, ferulic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, syringic acid and p- and m-coumaric acids as major phytochemicals. The hepatocarcinoma (HCC) was induced in rats through intraperitoneal administration of DMBA (20 mg/kg B.W) once a week for the period of eight weeks. The intragastric administration of P. avium UAE, as cotreatment (500 mg/Kg B.W) to treatment group, significantly (p < 0.01) attenuated the raised serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as total oxidative stress (TOS) and enhanced total antioxidant capacity TAOC in contrast to diseased rats. Moreover, microscopic examination of hepatic tissues confirmed the pleomorphism, nests of neoplastic hepatocytes and necrosis in HCC-bearing rats as compared to extract-fed rats, where these necrotic changes were suppressed. Besides, qRT-PCR analysis of hepatic tissues demonstrated the higher mRNA expression of CHEK1, CHEK2 and P21/CDKN1α genes, while downexpression of ATM gene in extract fed rats, further denoting the anti-mutagenic potential.

Conclusion

Consequently, the polyphenol-rich sweet cherries UAE exhibited antiproliferative and chemo-preventive potential by reducing tumor biomarkers, serum transaminases and oxidative stress, as well as enhancing antioxidant status. It further upregulated the downstream targets of ATM signaling cascade.

Analyzing cross-talk of EPO and EGF genes along with evaluating therapeutic potential of Cinnamomum verum in cigarette-smoke-induced lung pathophysiology in rat model

The integrity of the distal alveolar epithelium is crucial for lung regeneration following an injury. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum verum extract; cross-talk of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) genes in a smoke-induced lung injury rat model. For experimentation (n = 27), albino rats were divided equally into three groups, i.e., negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatment group (TG). Cigarette smoke was exposed to PC and TG (4 CG/day). C. verum was given orally (350 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Decapitation (n = 3) was done on 14th, 18th, and 21st days, respectively. Analyses (hematology, biochemical, high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], histology, and gene expression) were carried out and results were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of C. verum was done to identify the presence of phenolic constituents which showed high concentrations of quercetin and P-coumaric acid. Serum oxidative parameters such as total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, and hematological parameters such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cells were significantly (p < .05) elevated in the PC group; however, these parameters were significantly (p < .05) improved in TG. While total antioxidant capacity and serum parameters such as total protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly (p < .05) reduced in the PC group but significantly improved (p < .05) in TG. Histological analysis revealed that smoke exposure resulted in a measurable increase in alveolar septal thickening while ethanolic extract of C. verum greatly ameliorated the histopathological changes in the lung alveoli. The gene expression analysis of EGF and EPO genes showed a significant upregulation (p < .05) of both genes in PC group while in TG, the level of both genes downregulated, in which lung damage was ameliorated due to cytoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of C. verum.

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Moringa oleifera for its utilization in the management of hepatic injury

Introduction

Phytochemicals present in Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaves have performed several physiological functions in human system such as anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and antiatherogenic functions.

Methods

Phytochemical and antioxidant potential of M. oleifera leaves extracts were measured. Histopathology, biochemical analysis, and gene expression tests were performed on serum, blood, and liver in animal model.

Results and discussions

The toxic dose of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP) induced severe structural and functional changes in liver. Pre-treatment with M. oleifera ameliorated organ injury by normalizing the level of liver biomarkers and serum proteins. A low expression level of MAPK-8, TRAF-4, and TRAF-6 genes was observed in the M. oleifera treated group in comparison to positive control (hepatotoxic rats). M. oleifera leaves pretreatment amended APAP induced apoptosis and replenished hepatic cells. M. oleifera leaves extract as low-cost and sustainable treatment could be used in pharmaceutical industry for reducing hepatic degenerative changes in non-communicable diseases.

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) fruit extract alleviates oxidative stress through activation of dual oxidases and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling cascades in high-fat-diet associated atherosclerosis rats

Atherosclerosis is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic inflammation associated with progressive thickening and hardening of the large to medium-sized arteries due to plaque formation. The study aims to evaluate the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic efficacy of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) fruit extract against the high-fat-diet associated atherosclerotic rat model. In-vitro qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of OFI fruit extract revealed the significant presence of total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents. In-vitro antioxidant activity of fruit extract was determined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and FRAP assays that have shown their protective efficacy against the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Results revealed that the level of total oxidant stress was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced and down expression levels of dual oxidases (Duox, Duoxa-1, and Duox-2) in all the treatment groups (I, II, III) as compared with positive control were observed. The total antioxidant capacity was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all treatment groups in comparison with the positive control group and higher expression level of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway (Nfe-212, NFR-1, and Keap-1) was observed in all the treatment groups compared with the positive control group. Histopathological examination of the aorta showed that high-fat diet markedly increased endothelial lining and thickness of tunica media and adventitia, with irregular media segments having wavy laminae, and a significant increase in entropy of fibers disposition was observed. Conclusively, OFI fruit extract has shown promising protective, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory efficacy through the restoration of normal parenchyma in high-fat dieting-associated oxidative stress and endothelial inflammation.

Therapeutic efficacy of spirulina against ovalbumin and cigarette smoke-induced asthma-specific stress biomarkers in Sprague-Dawley rats

Due to the high prevalence of allergies and asthma, awareness about allergens and therapeutic use of functional foods and nutraceuticals have gained immense attention. Spirulina powder is being used as health-boosting and antioxidant agent against several ailments owing to its unique nutritional profile. Considering its antioxidant role, the current study was focused on exploring therapeutic role of spirulina against stress biomarkers in asthmatic model. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of spirulina against allergic asthma-specific oxidative stress biomarkers, a model feed trial was conducted and rats were divided into four groups (n = 10). G_0-I (negative control), G_0-II (positive control), whereas G_I (spirulina) and G₂ (salbutamol) served as treatment groups. Salbutamol is a chemical compound which is used in several antiallergic medicines because it works as bronchodilator. G₂ group was given salbutamol for comparison of results. For asthma induction, rats were given intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin on 7th, 14th, and 21st day. Treatment groups were given spirulina powder (500 mg/kg body weight) and salbutamol (1 mg/kg), respectively, after the induction of asthma. All three asthmatic groups were also exposed to cigarette smoke daily along with respective treatment for 4 weeks. Asthma induction caused an increase in total cell count in bronchioalveolar fluid (BALF), while spirulina treatment reduced total cells in BALF by 33.50% and salbutamol by 41.7%. Level of interleukins (IL) like IL-4 decreased by 33.32% & 48.56% in G₁ and G₂. Similarly, IL-5 and IL-13 levels reduced by 40.9% & 49.9% and 18.62% & 38.02%, respectively, in G₁ and G₂. Serum levels of Immunoglobin-E (Ig-E) declined by 29.70% and 52.82%, while histamine levels were 26.23% & 45.58% less at the end of study in comparison to positive control. Moreover, histological analysis of lung tissue revealed that both spirulina and salbutamol effectively reduced ovalbumin and cigarette smoke-induced moderate to severe necrosis, architectural changes, and congestion. It was concluded that salbutamol showed better results however, spirulina also effectively reduced mild to moderate allergic symptoms in dose-dependent manner. Nutraceutical and functional foods are considered helpful in mitigating oxidative stress-mediated health problems. Spirulina has its unique nutritional profile including phycobiliproteins, phytochemicals, and antioxidant vitamins which make it useful against several ailments. Considering its antioxidant role, current study was focused on exploring therapeutic efficacy of spirulina against stress biomarkers in asthmatic model. Outcomes of present research also demonstrated beneficial effect of spirulina in modulating allergic symptoms. In this regard, ancient concept of "medicine food homology" can be implemented and spirulina can be incorporated in food for additional benefits. However, further research regarding safety aspects is needed for its use in clinical practice for humans.

Phytochemical characterization of Morus nigra fruit ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract for its cardioprotective potential

The current work investigated the phytochemical profile of ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract of Morus nigra (M. nigra) fruit. FTIR analysis of M. nigra fruit extract revealed the presence of alcohols (O-H), alkanes (C-H stretch), alkenes (C=C), and alkynes (C≡C). The HPLC analysis quantified the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, and kaempferol. Furthermore, the cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of M. nigra fruit was investigated. Cholesterol supplementation (2%) in the daily diet and exposure to cigarette smoke (2 cigarettes twice a day) were to induce hypertension in rats. The experimental animals were categorized into four groups: G0 (negative control), G1 (positive control), G2 (standard drug), and G3 (M. nigra fruit). The fruit extract administration at 300 mg/kg BW/day orally for 2 months significantly (p < .001) enhanced the activities of serum and cardiac tissue antioxidants in hypertensive rats. Meanwhile, the fruit extract reduced the elevated serum lipid profile while significantly increasing the high-density lipoproteins in G3 than G1 and G2. The increase in blood pressure, liver transaminases, and serum lactate dehydrogenase also reduced significantly in M. nigra fruit extract-treated rats. Histopathological findings revealed mild normalization of cardiac myocytes with central nuclei, branching, and cross-striations. Consequently, the M. nigra fruit extract exerted the cardioprotective potential via increasing the antioxidant enzymes and reducing the lipids, lactate dehydrogenase, liver transaminases, and blood pressure. The therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit can be due to flavonols and phenolic acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present work quantified the Morus nigra fruit phytochemicals and its significant role in reducing lipid markers and blood pressure and improving antioxidant status in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and exposed to cigarette smoke. Conclusively, the inclusion of M. nigra fruit in daily diet could improve the cardiac health of the individuals. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit and its isolated constituents in modulating the gene expression against cardiac problems can explore after clinical trials and standardization in higher animals.

Prophylactic role of olive fruit extract against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley rats

Cigarette smoke exposure increases the production of free radicals leading to initiation of several pathological conditions by triggering the oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade. Olive fruit owing to its unique phytochemical composition possesses antioxidant, immune modulatory, and anti-inflammatory potential. Considering the compositional alterations in olive fruits during ripening, the current experimental trail was designed to investigate the prophylactic role of green and black olives against the oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in rats. Purposely, rats were divided into five different groups: NC (negative control; normal diet), PC [positive control; normal diet + smoke exposure (SE)], drug (normal diet + SE + citalopram), GO (normal diet + SE + green olive extract), and BO (normal diet + SE + black olive extract). Rats of all groups were exposed to cigarette smoke except "NC" and were sacrificed for collection of blood and organs after 28 days of experimental trial. The percent reduction in total oxidative stress by citalopram and green and black olive extracts in serum was 29.72, 58.69, and 57.97%, respectively, while the total antioxidant capacity increased by 30.78, 53.94, and 43.98%, accordingly in comparison to PC. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced by 29.63, 42.59, and 45.70% in drug, GO, and BO groups, respectively. Likewise, green and black olive extracts reduced the leakage of hepatic enzymes in sera, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 23.44 and 25.80% and 35.62 and 37.61%, alanine transaminase (ALT) by 42.68 and 24.39% and 51.04 and 35.41%, and aspartate transaminase (AST) by 31.51 and 16.07% and 40.50 and 27.09% from PC and drug group, respectively. Additionally, olive extracts also maintained the antioxidant pool, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in serum. Furthermore, histological examination revealed that olive extracts prevented the cigarette smoke-induced necrosis, pyknotic alterations, and congestion in the lung, hepatic, and renal parenchyma. Besides, gene expression analysis revealed that olive extracts and citalopram decreased the brain and lung damage caused by stress-induced upregulation of NRF-2 and MAPK signaling pathways. Hence, it can be concluded that olives (both green and black) can act as promising antioxidant in alleviating the cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress.

Evaluating the anti-arthritic potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in FCA induced Sprague Dawley rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune progressive disease, associated with many pathophysiological consequences. Owing to the adverse effects and higher costs of pharmaceuticals, people are now looking for complementary and alternative remedies. In this milieu, the present study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of walnuts against FCA-induced arthritis in rat models. Purposely, 50 Sprague Dawley rats were housed in a well-ventilated animal room and separated into 5 groups of 10 rats each. The rats were categorized as G₀ (negative control), G₁ (positive control, i.e., FCA induced untreated arthritic rats), G₂ (arthritic rats treated with MTX), G₃ (arthritic rats treated with walnut feed), and G₄ (arthritic rats treated with walnut extract), with an efficacy trial lasting for 42 days. The physical analysis explicated that paw swelling was significantly improved by 10%-12.8% in treatment groups after the intervention when compared with positive control. Moreover, biochemical analyses revealed significantly lower levels of ESR, CRP, and RF in rats treated with walnut-based interventions when compared to positive control. ESR values were decreased by 62.4% and 69.92% in G₃ and G₄ , whereas CRP levels were improved by 56.20% and 77.78% in G₃ and G₄ when compared with G₁ . Likewise, RF values decreased in G₂ , G₃ , and G₄ by 64.71%, 55.88%, and 69.24%, respectively when compared to G₁ . The histological examination demonstrated the potential role of walnut-based interventions in reducing the severity of disease by decreasing cell infiltration, bone erosion, and paw inflammation. Meanwhile, the gene expression analysis revealed that walnut-based interventions protected the paw joints from damage by downregulating the RANKL-OPG pathway. Conclusively, walnut feed and extract may serve as potent anti-arthritic interventions with no side effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Plant-based therapeutics are effective in the prevention and management of various chronic diseases. The current research explored the anti-arthritic potential of walnuts. Walnut feed and extract effectively reduced the serum arthritic biomarkers as well as downregulated the genes involved in bone destruction. Thus, the inclusion of dietary ingredients having therapeutic potential such as walnuts may be synchronized in clinical practices to ameliorate arthritis.

Acacia jacquemontii ethyl acetate extract reduces hyperglycemia and pro-inflammatory markers while increasing endogenous antioxidant potential in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Acacia jacquemontii possess has numerous traditional therapeutic uses. The rationale of this study was to investigate the role of Acacia jacquemontii ethyl acetate extract (AJEAE) in the downregulation of hyperglycemia. The current study was performed in two parts, in vitro, through characterization (high-performance liquid chromatography), estimation of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylassay), and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the studied extract, and in vivo using Wistar rats in which animals were divided into five groups NC, DC, GL, AJEAE 250 mg/kg, and AJEAE 500 mg/kg. The effects of AJEAE on fasting plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c), lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, nitic oxide, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated. Our findings confirmed the presence of quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, M-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid in AJEAE. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents in AJEAE were 83.83 mg GAE/g and 77.06 mg QE/g, respectively. Significant inhibition of DPPH (69.470%/1 mg/ml) and α-amylase (71.8%/1 mg/ml) activities were exhibited by AJEAE. Alloxan-injected rats showed marked hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, and increased inflammatory marker levels as compared to normal control (p < 0.001). Additionally, raised levels of triglyceride (139.7 ± 2.771), total cholesterol (198.7 ± 1.856), very low-density lipoprotein (33.43 ± 0.2728), low-density lipoprotein (155.5 ± 2.754), lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (p < 0.001) and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (17.20 ± 0.1732), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). AJEAE significantly (p < 0.05) improved the aforementioned parameters and the protective efficacy was comparable to glibenclamide. Histopathological findings also evidenced the anti-hyperglycemic properties of AJEAE through regeneration of pancreatic β cells. Conclusively, our findings demonstrated the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pancreatic beta β cell regenerative properties of AJEAE against alloxan-induced diabetes.

Neuroprotective effects of Olea europaea L. fruit extract against cigarette smoke-induced depressive-like behaviors in Sprague-Dawley rats

Depression is broadly acclaimed as a mental health anomaly and despite advancements in the development of antidepressant drugs, they are linked with side effects. Dietary modifications and medicinal plants like olives can be used as effective strategies due to their antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antiinflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties. Considering the compositional alterations in olive fruits during ripening, the antidepressant potential of olive fruits at different degrees of ripeness, that is, un-ripened (green) and ripened (black) was investigated. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: G₀ (Normal diet), G₁ (Normal diet + smoke exposure (SE), G₂ (Normal diet + SE + Citalopram), G₃ (Normal diet + SE + Green olive extract), and G₄ (Normal diet + SE + Black olive extract). Depressive-like behaviors were induced in all groups through cigarette smoke exposure except G₀ . Green and black olive extracts prevented depressive behaviors by reducing the immobility time of rats in forced swim test and tail suspension test while increased the latency to respond in hot plate assay. Moreover, lipid peroxidation in brain tissue was reduced with citalopram, green, and black olive extracts. Additionally, treatments also enhanced the antioxidant pool of brain tissues. Histological examination revealed that olive extracts and citalopram prevented cigarette smoke-induced moderate to severe necrosis and congestion in the brain parenchyma and elucidated antidepressant potential by improving the expression of monoamine oxidase-A, solute carrier family 6 member 4, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes. Conclusively, olives may act as a promising antidepressant agent in ameliorating cigarette smoke-induced depressive-like behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Olive extracts at both ripening stages revealed an antidepressant-like effect almost similar to the standard antidepressant drug and also prevented oxidative damages. Therefore, from the current findings, it can be recommended that food ingredients with antidepressant potential like olives should be incorporated in future interventions to combat depression/psychiatric anomalies and diet therapy should be encouraged to alleviate lifestyle-related disorders.

Therapeutic potential of quinoa seed extract as regenerative and hepatoprotective agent in induced liver injury wistar rat model

The liver is a fundamental metabolic organ that performs many essential functions including the detoxification of toxic substances present in the body. Exposure to various toxicants leads the liver towards hepatic injury. This study was planned to estimate the hepatoprotective and regenerative efficacy of Quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa) extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage. At a dose of 1ml/kg (153.8mg/kg) body weight carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used intraperitoneally to induce hepatic injury in Wistar rats. Silymarin (30mg/kg body weight, p.o.), an antioxidant was used as a reference standard drug. Subsequently, ethanolic extract of Quinoa seeds (QEE) was administered at 400 and 600mg/kg body weight through oral gavage. Various biochemical and regenerative biomarkers were assessed to evaluate the potential efficacy of QEE in liver tissue regeneration. Results revealed that QEE administration significantly reduced the CCl4-induced raised quantities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total oxidative stress (TOS) while, significantly improved the level of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), albumin and total protein concentration in QEE treated groups. The expression level of IGF-1, FOXA-2, Stmn-2, SPP-1 was found significantly down-expressed. It is concluded that QEE treatment has the regenerative and hepatoprotective effect.

Antipyretic and antinociceptive potential of Ricinus communis L. and Withania somnifera L. hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats: A comparative study

The present study was designed to evaluate the antipyretic and antinociceptive activities of R. communis leaves and W. somnifera roots hydroalcoholic extracts in Wistar rats. To assess the antipyretic activity, Brewer's yeast suspension was used to induce hyperthermia. Antinociceptive activity was observed using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced paw licking reflex and heat-induced pain models. R. communis and W. somnifera extracts were used at 150, 250 and 500mg/kg. Results showed that administration of both plants significantly (p<0.001) lowered rectal temperature (°C) in a dose-dependent manner from 1h to 4h of study. R. communis and W. somnifera extracts showed a dose-dependent reduction in abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid and decreased the paw licking reflex in formalin-induced nociceptive response. In the heat test, R. communis and W. somnifera extracts exhibited significant (p<0.001) analgesic effects evidenced as an increase in latency time. However, R. communis exhibited prominent antipyretic and antinociceptive activities at 250 and 500mg/kg as compared to W. somnifera. Conclusively, R. communis and W. somnifera could be a potential source of antipyretic and analgesic agents which require further studies.

Anti-arthritic activity of Ricinus communis L. and Withania somnifera L. extracts in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats via modulating inflammatory mediators and subsiding oxidative stress

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of Ricinus communis leaves' and Withania somnifera roots' hydroalcoholic extracts in Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HPLC and FT-IR analysis detected pharmacologically important phytocompounds in both plant extracts. Oral treatments including methotrexate (MTX; 3 mg/kg twice a week) and extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day were initiated after arthritis induction. Changes in paw swelling, arthritic score, body weight, organ indices (thymus and spleen), hematological and biochemical parameters, and pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine expression using qRT-PCR were assessed. Oxidative stress markers in hepatic tissue were determined. Histopathological and radiological examinations were also performed.

RESULTS

RCE (R. communis extract) and WSE (W. somnifera extract) demonstrated a reduction in paw swelling, arthritic score, and restoration of body weight and organ indices. Hematological parameters, serum inflammatory markers such as CRP and RF, and liver function markers of arthritic rats were significantly (P<0.01) ameliorated with RCE and WSE treatment. Both plants persuasively down-regulated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17a, TNF-α, and RANKL and up-regulated IL-4, INF-γ, and OPG relative expression as well as alleviating hepatic oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological and radiological findings revealed a marked reduction in tissue inflammation and bone erosion in extracts treated groups.

CONCLUSION

The study findings suggest that R. communis leaves and W. somnifera roots have markedly subsided inflammation and improved health through modulating pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and reducing oxidative stress.

Cell membrane enveloped polymeric nanosponge for detoxification of chlorpyrifos poison: In vitro and in vivo studies

Organophosphates are highly toxic compounds as they are involved in irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, causing various neurotoxic effects via acetylcholine accumulation throughout the nervous system. Traditional treatments for organophosphate poisoning are not effective enough to overcome all the toxic effects. There is a need for alternate treatment of life threatening poisoning of organophosphates. For this purpose a biomimetic nanosponge of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) is prepared, characterized and analysed as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning. In this nanosponge red blood cell membranes are used for coating poly lactic co-glycolic acid nanoparticles. In vitro studies are conducted to investigate the retention of acetylcholinesterase activity on the prepared nanosponge as well as to assess the scavenging ability of prepared nanosponge for model organophosphate, chlorpyrifos. In vivo studies are conducted to evaluate the detoxification potential of nanosponge in rabbit model, poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity of nanosponge/chlorpyrifos complex is also studied in survived rabbits and the data is analysed statistically.

Efficacy of Euphorbia helioscopia in context to a possible connection between antioxidant and antidiabetic activities: a comparative study of different extracts

Background

Euphorbia helioscopia, conventionally known as sun spurge, has been used as a traditional medicine to treat different diseases owing to its reported antitumor, antiviral and antioxidant activities.

Methods

The current research was formulated to assess the in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic ability of Euphorbia helioscopia subsequent to the phytochemical analysis of its various extracts. For this purpose, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared using the whole dried plant. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was done to evaluate the total flavonoid components (TFC) and total phenolic components (TPC) in the extracts. A total of seven phenolic and three flavonoid contents were documented and quantified using HPLC. Antioxidant values were found by DPPH^● assay, FRAP and ABTS assays. The antidiabetic potential of the extracts was evaluated by measuring the inhibition ability of the activity of enzymes α amylase and α glucosidase.

Results

After analyzing statistically, the results showed that methanolic extract possesses the highest TFC and TPC values while aqueous extract encompassed the lowest level of these contents. Invitro results showed that methanolic extract of the Euphorbia helioscopia has the maximum antioxidant capability since it showed the highest scavenging ability towards the DPPH^● (IC₅₀ value = 0.06 ± 0.02 mg/ml), FRAP (758.9 ± 25.1 μMFe^+ 2/g), and ABTS (689 ± 25.94 μMTEq/g) due to the presence of high TPC (24.77 ± 0.35 mgGAEq/g) and TFC (17.95 ± 0.32 mgQEq/g) values. Antidiabetic activity in terms of inhibition potential of α amylase and α glucosidase activity was also observed maximum in methanolic extract having lowest IC₅₀ value (0.4 ± 0.01 mg/ml and 0.45 ± 0.01 mg/ml respectively) and minimum in the aqueous extract (IC₅₀ value = 0.57 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.76 ± 0.1 mg/ml respectively).

Conclusion

The experiment outcomes have shown that Euphorbia helioscopia extracts used in the current study contain antioxidant and antidiabetic activities; however, it is highest in its methanolic extract. The presence of the same trend towards the highest antidiabetic activity of the methanolic extract in terms of maximum inhibiting activity of α amylase and α glucosidase enzymes suggests a close association of TFC and TPC in minimizing diabetes.

Fish protein intake is a novel dietary approach for managing diabetes-associated complications in diabetic Wistar rat model

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with short term as well as long-term undesirable complications caused by persistent hyperglycemia. Recently, there has been emerging evidence that natural foods and their bioactive compounds are the key contributors to the treatment of diabetes and associated complications. This study was designed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of a fish protein-rich diet for managing diabetes and associated complications in the diabetic Wistar rat model. A high-protein (HP) diet (45% and 55% fish protein rich in ω3 fatty acids) was given to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 28 days. Blood samples were collected for monitoring serum glucose, oxidative stress markers, lipid profile, kidney function markers, serum proteins, and liver function markers. Results indicated that there was a noteworthy control (p < .05) of serum glucose, oxidative stress, and lipid profile in HP diet treated diabetic rats. Treatment with 45% and 55% fish diet appreciably improved the concentration of serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and exhibited a vibrant improvement in renal functions. Our results confirmed that the HP diet restored total protein and albumin concentration in blood. The HP diet treatment also restored the normal serum aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase concentration.

Potential role of probiotic species in ameliorating oxidative stress, effect on liver profile and hormones in male albino rat model

Probiotics are living micro-organism preparations which can vigorously inhibit the probable pathogens colonization in the gut microbial ecology. Current experiment was designed to investigate the efficacy of imported probiotic species compared with the indigenous probiotics species on the oxidative stress, enzymes, and hormones in animal model. Thirty Albino rats were equally divided into three groups with 10 rats ( n = 10) in each group as Control (C), supplemented with imported probiotic species (IP), and supplemented with indigenous probiotics species (InP) for 21 days under controlled environment. The evaluation of treatments was done by testing the serum oxidative stress markers, liver enzymes (Aspartate transaminase and Alanine aminotransferase), lipid profile, and hormonal dynamics including Lutinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), and growth hormone (GH) in albino male rats. Results revealed that use of indigenous probiotic species significantly ( p < 0.05) reduces the oxidative stress and improves the antioxidant capacity; liver enzymes, total cholesterol, and LDL-Cholesterol were also reduced significantly ( p < 0.05) in InP as compared to IP group. Moreover, results of hormones including LH, FSH, and GH explored that indigenous probiotics have significant ( p < 0.05) potential to improve these hormones as compared to imported probiotics. Although, it could be concluded that InP have beneficial role in preventing the body from oxidative stress as well as in improving the blood parameters but comprehensive studies are required to investigate the detail gut ecology of the indigenous species which will definitely a strong support in preparing a more suitable local probiotic supplement.

Influence of Ocimum sanctum (L.) Extract on the Activity of Gliclazide in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Rats

Ocimum sanctum L. is widely used as traditional remedy to manage hyperglycemia. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous-methanolic extract of O. sanctum leaves (OSE) on the anti-diabetic activity of gliclazide in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan (120 mg/kg b.w.) in rats. Treatments including OSE (100 mg/kg b.w.), gliclazide (100 mg/kg b.w.), and in combination were given daily to diabetic rats till the 21st day of study. Body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were determined at regular intervals, while blood and organ samples were taken at the end of the study for biochemical and histopathological studies. Results showed that treatments exhibited anti-hyperglycemic activity through significantly (p [ 0.05) restoring body weight, fasting blood glucose level, and serum levels of glucose, insulin and HbA1c. The anti-lipidemic activity was noticed as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-/low density-lipoproteins (HDL-C, LDL-C) levels were restored in treated diabetic rats. Ameliorative effects of treatments were observed as significant (p [ 0.05) reduction in serum levels of liver function biomarkers (alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; AST, alkaline phosphatase; ALP and bilirubin; BIL) and restoration of oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase; CAT, superoxide dismutase; SOD and malondialdehyde; MDA) in liver tissue. Histopathological findings supported these results as an increase in pancreatic islets size and protective effects on liver tissue was observed in diabetic rats treated with gliclazide and OSE alone and their combination. Conclusively, the combination of OSE and gliclazide produced a synergistic anti-diabetic effect as compared to that of alone treatment.

Detection of Paracetamol as substrate of the gut microbiome

Gut microbiome, a new organ; represent targets to alter pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Recently, in vitro trials endorsed the idea that orally administered drugs interact and some of their quantity may be taken up by normal microbiome during transit through gut. Such transport mechanisms in microbiome may compete for drug with the host itself. Currently, no data confirms specific transport system for paracetamol uptake by gut microbiome. In vivo trial was conducted in normal healthy male rats (n=36). Paracetamol was administered orally in a single dose of 75mg/kg to isolate microbial mass after transit of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours post drug administration. Paracetamol absorbance by microbiome was pursued by injecting extracted microbial lysate in RP-HPLC-UV with C18 column under isocratic conditions at 207nm using acetonitrile and water (25:75 v/v) pH 2.50 as mobile phase. Paracetamol absorbance (14.10±0.75μg/mg of microbial mass) and percent dose recovery (13.16±0.55%) seen at transit of 4 hours was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to other groups. Study confirms the hypothesis of homology between membrane transporters of the gut microbiome and intestinal epithelium. Orally administered drugs can be absorbed by gut microbes competitively during transit in small intestine and it varies at various transit times.

Comparative study of adjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy of docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in female breast cancer

Purpose

This retrospective study presents a comparative analysis of the overall survival and toxicities, as side effects, of docetaxel plus cyclophosphamide (TC) and doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC). The study measured their efficacies during adjuvant chemotherapy, treating Pakistani breast cancer patients by validating the results obtained, with the published analysis of the same treatment given to US patients.

Patients and methods

Between June 2015 and September 2017, for four chemotherapy cycles, 189 patients out of 358 received TC (75 mg/m² of docetaxel, 600 mg/m² of cyclophosphamide) and 169 were treated with AC (60 mg/m² of doxorubicin, 600 mg/m² of cyclophosphamide). On the basis of using pathological markers to assess patients, toxicities, as side effects, (due to docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) were listed in the database of this study. Common factors with respect to common terminology criteria for adverse events version 5.0 and side effects listed in MedlinePlus, NIH US database, and from the database of this study were then separated to be included in comparison for this study. Statistically, chi-squared test was used at α=0.05.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the proportions of patients with vomiting, extreme tiredness, diarrhea, mild anemia, stability, and overall survival because P-value >0.05. However, AC remained less toxic (P-value <0.05) by 22.6%, 25.7%, 25.3%, 12.4%, 20.8%, and 16.4% compared to TC for changes in taste, muscle pain, burning hands, change in hemoglobin level, moderate anemia, and needing blood transfusion respectively, whereas TC remained less toxic by 52.9%, 32.5%, and 26.3% for dizziness, weight loss, and sores in throat and mouth, respectively.

Conclusion

At 27 months, TC was more toxic than AC, whereas both combinations had the same overall survival rate.

Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes): A Species with Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, and Hepatoprotective Activities in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Lentinus edodes is a culinary-medicinal mushroom that has an established history of use in Asian therapies. The mushroom offers well-documented beneficial health effects such as antihypercholesterolemic, antitumor, and antibacterial activities. In this study, dried powder of L. edodes fruiting bodies was used to evaluate immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant effects in hypercholesterolemic rats. Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups: the control (CON) group, the hypercholesterolemia-only group (HCG), and the L. edodes group (LEG). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats in the HCG and LEG by feeding cholesterol and cholic acid in a chow maintenance diet (CMD) for 24 days. The CON group was fed the CMD throughout the experiment. The HCG continued on the high-cholesterol diet without any L. edodes supplement. The LEG was fed the high-cholesterol diet supplemented with L. edodes for an additional 42 days. Various biological health biomarkers, such as total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, arylesterase, paraoxonase activity, and liver enzymes in serum were studied to evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective responses. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in each group through a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. The total oxidant status decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after administration of L. edodes in the diet. The cell-mediated immune response significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the LEG. The significant decrease in liver enzymes supports the hepatoprotective effect of L. edodes. In conclusion, the results show the immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities of L. edodes supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Haematopoietic effects of Angelica sinensis root cap polysaccharides against lisinopril-induced anaemia in albino rats

CONTEXT

Angelica sinensis L. (Umbelliferae) has medicinal properties.

OBJECTIVES

The present study evaluates the haematopoietic effects of A. sinensis polysaccharides (ASP) against lisinopril-induced anaemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty healthy adult male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). Group I was control group. Group II was treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI, 20 mg/kg/day) to induce anaemia. In group III, erythropoietin (EPO, 100 IU/kg/each) was administered in combination with ACEI. Group IV was treated with ASP (1 g/kg/day), extracted from A. sinensis root caps. In Group V, ASP (1 g/kg/day) was treated with ACEI. After 28 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for haematological and histopathological analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

The results showed that ACEI significantly reduced the haemoglobin (Hb, 10.0 g/dL), packed cell volume (PCV, 39.5%), red blood cells (RBCs, 6.2 million/mm³), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 53.5 fL) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH, 16.2 pg/cell) values. In the group treated with ASP, the Hb (13.7 g/dL) and RBCs (7.8 million/mm³) increased significantly (p < 0.05). The combination of ASP and ACEI led to the significant (p < 0.05) reduction in Hb (10.7 g/dL), PCV (33.3%), RBCs (6.0 million/mm³), MCV (54.42 fL) and MCH (16.44 pg/cell) values. While histopathological examination of the liver and kidney cells showed a mild degree of toxicity in the ASP-treated group.

CONCLUSION

ASP has a potentiating effect on haematological parameters when given alone. However, when administered simultaneously with lisinopril, it showed an unfavourable effect with more complicated anaemia so it should not be used with ACEIs.