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Kraemer S, Moens J, Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis M, Bara S, Beeks K, Chhetri P, Chrysalidis K, Claessens A, Cocolios TE, Correia JGM, Witte HD, Ferrer R, Geldhof S, Heinke R, Hosseini N, Huyse M, Köster U, Kudryavtsev Y, Laatiaoui M, Lica R, Magchiels G, Manea V, Merckling C, Pereira LMC, Raeder S, Schumm T, Sels S, Thirolf PG, Tunhuma SM, Van Den Bergh P, Van Duppen P, Vantomme A, Verlinde M, Villarreal R, Wahl U. Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer. Nature 2023; 617:706-710. [PMID: 37225880 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The radionuclide thorium-229 features an isomer with an exceptionally low excitation energy that enables direct laser manipulation of nuclear states. It constitutes one of the leading candidates for use in next-generation optical clocks1-3. This nuclear clock will be a unique tool for precise tests of fundamental physics4-9. Whereas indirect experimental evidence for the existence of such an extraordinary nuclear state is substantially older10, the proof of existence has been delivered only recently by observing the isomer's electron conversion decay11. The isomer's excitation energy, nuclear spin and electromagnetic moments, the electron conversion lifetime and a refined energy of the isomer have been measured12-16. In spite of recent progress, the isomer's radiative decay, a key ingredient for the development of a nuclear clock, remained unobserved. Here, we report the detection of the radiative decay of this low-energy isomer in thorium-229 (229mTh). By performing vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy of 229mTh incorporated into large-bandgap CaF2 and MgF2 crystals at the ISOLDE facility at CERN, photons of 8.338(24) eV are measured, in agreement with recent measurements14-16 and the uncertainty is decreased by a factor of seven. The half-life of 229mTh embedded in MgF2 is determined to be 670(102) s. The observation of the radiative decay in a large-bandgap crystal has important consequences for the design of a future nuclear clock and the improved uncertainty of the energy eases the search for direct laser excitation of the atomic nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Kraemer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium.
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| | - Janni Moens
- KU Leuven, Quantum Solid State Physics, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Silvia Bara
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kjeld Beeks
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Arno Claessens
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - João G M Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Hilde De Witte
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Ferrer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarina Geldhof
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Niyusha Hosseini
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yuri Kudryavtsev
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- Department Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Scherionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Razvan Lica
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vladimir Manea
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sebastian Raeder
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Scherionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schumm
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Sels
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Piet Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Wahl
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Portugal
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2
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Yakushev A, Lens L, Düllmann CE, Khuyagbaatar J, Jäger E, Krier J, Runke J, Albers HM, Asai M, Block M, Despotopulos J, Di Nitto A, Eberhardt K, Forsberg U, Golubev P, Götz M, Götz S, Haba H, Harkness-Brennan L, Herzberg RD, Heßberger FP, Hinde D, Hübner A, Judson D, Kindler B, Komori Y, Konki J, Kratz J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lahiri S, Lommel B, Maiti M, Mistry AK, Mokry C, Moody KJ, Nagame Y, Omtvedt JP, Papadakis P, Pershina V, Rudolph D, Samiento L, Sato T, Schädel M, Scharrer P, Schausten B, Shaughnessy DA, Steiner J, Thörle-Pospiech P, Toyoshima A, Trautmann N, Tsukada K, Uusitalo J, Voss KO, Ward A, Wegrzecki M, Wiehl N, Williams E, Yakusheva V. On the adsorption and reactivity of element 114, flerovium. Front Chem 2022; 10:976635. [PMID: 36092655 PMCID: PMC9453156 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.976635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Flerovium (Fl, element 114) is the heaviest element chemically studied so far. To date, its interaction with gold was investigated in two gas-solid chromatography experiments, which reported two different types of interaction, however, each based on the level of a few registered atoms only. Whereas noble-gas-like properties were suggested from the first experiment, the second one pointed at a volatile-metal-like character. Here, we present further experimental data on adsorption studies of Fl on silicon oxide and gold surfaces, accounting for the inhomogeneous nature of the surface, as it was used in the experiment and analyzed as part of the reported studies. We confirm that Fl is highly volatile and the least reactive member of group 14. Our experimental observations suggest that Fl exhibits lower reactivity towards Au than the volatile metal Hg, but higher reactivity than the noble gas Rn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: A. Yakushev,
| | - L. Lens
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - E. Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J. Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J. Runke
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H. M. Albers
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Despotopulos
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - A. Di Nitto
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Eberhardt
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - M. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - F. P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Hinde
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D. Judson
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B. Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - J. Konki
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J.V. Kratz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - N. Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Lahiri
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | - B. Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - A. K. Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. Mokry
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - K. J. Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Y. Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | | | - P. Papadakis
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - V. Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - T.K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Scharrer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D. A. Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - J. Steiner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Thörle-Pospiech
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - N. Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | | | - K.-O. Voss
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Ward
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M. Wegrzecki
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Electron Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - N. Wiehl
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - E. Williams
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - V. Yakusheva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Yakushev A, Lens L, Düllmann CE, Block M, Brand H, Calverley T, Dasgupta M, Di Nitto A, Götz M, Götz S, Haba H, Harkness-Brennan L, Herzberg RD, Heßberger FP, Hinde D, Hübner A, Jäger E, Judson D, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Komori Y, Konki J, Kratz J, Krier J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lommel B, Lorenz C, Maiti M, Mistry A, Mokry C, Nagame Y, Papadakis P, Såmark-Roth A, Rudolph D, Runke J, Sarmiento L, Sato T, Schädel M, Scharrer P, Schausten B, Steiner J, Thörle-Pospiech P, Toyoshima A, Trautmann N, Uusitalo J, Ward A, Wegrzecki M, Yakusheva V. First Study on Nihonium (Nh, Element 113) Chemistry at TASCA. Front Chem 2021; 9:753738. [PMID: 34917588 PMCID: PMC8669335 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.753738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nihonium (Nh, element 113) and flerovium (Fl, element 114) are the first superheavy elements in which the 7p shell is occupied. High volatility and inertness were predicted for Fl due to the strong relativistic stabilization of the closed 7p 1/2 sub-shell, which originates from a large spin-orbit splitting between the 7p 1/2 and 7p 3/2 orbitals. One unpaired electron in the outermost 7p 1/2 sub-shell in Nh is expected to give rise to a higher chemical reactivity. Theoretical predictions of Nh reactivity are discussed, along with results of the first experimental attempts to study Nh chemistry in the gas phase. The experimental observations verify a higher chemical reactivity of Nh atoms compared to its neighbor Fl and call for the development of advanced setups. First tests of a newly developed detection device miniCOMPACT with highly reactive Fr isotopes assure that effective chemical studies of Nh are within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - L. Lens
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Brand
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T. Calverley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M. Dasgupta
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Di Nitto
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - R-D. Herzberg
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - F. P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Hinde
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E. Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D. Judson
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - J. Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - J. Konki
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J.V. Kratz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N. Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - M. Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - A.K. Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch. Mokry
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y. Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - P. Papadakis
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - D. Rudolph
- Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Runke
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - T.K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Scharrer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J. Steiner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Thörle-Pospiech
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - N. Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Uusitalo
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A. Ward
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M. Wegrzecki
- Łukasiewicz-Instytut Mikroelektroniki I Fotoniki, Warsaw, Poland
| | - V. Yakusheva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Laatiaoui M, Buchachenko AA, Viehland LA. Laser Resonance Chromatography of Superheavy Elements. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:023002. [PMID: 32701345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.023002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy constitutes the historical path to accumulate basic knowledge on the atom and its structure. Former work based on fluorescence and resonance ionization spectroscopy enabled identifying optical spectral lines up to element 102, nobelium. The new challenges faced in this research field are the refractory nature of the heavier elements and the decreasing production yields. A new concept of ion-mobility-assisted laser spectroscopy is proposed to overcome the sensitivity limits of atomic structure investigations persisting in the region of the superheavy elements. The concept offers capabilities of both broadband-level searches and high-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy of synthetic elements beyond nobelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Laatiaoui
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexei A Buchachenko
- CEST, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Nobel Street 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow District 142432, Russia
| | - Larry A Viehland
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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5
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Visentin G, Laatiaoui M, Viehland LA, Buchachenko AA. Mobility of the Singly-Charged Lanthanide and Actinide Cations: Trends and Perspectives. Front Chem 2020; 8:438. [PMID: 32528933 PMCID: PMC7262671 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current status of gaseous transport studies of the singly-charged lanthanide and actinide ions is reviewed in light of potential applications to superheavy ions. The measurements and calculations for the mobility of lanthanide ions in He and Ar agree well, and they are remarkably sensitive to the electronic configuration of the ion, namely, whether the outer electronic shells are 6s, 5d6s or 6s2. The previous theoretical work is extended here to ions of the actinide family with zero electron orbital momentum: Ac+ (7s2, 1S), Am+ (5f77s 9S°), Cm+ (5f77s2 8S°), No+ (5f147s 2S), and Lr+ (5f147s2 1S). The calculations reveal large systematic differences in the mobilities of the 7s and 7s2 groups of ions and other similarities with their lanthanide analogs. The correlation of ion-neutral interaction potentials and mobility variations with spatial parameters of the electron distributions in the bare ions is explored through the ionic radii concept. While the qualitative trends found for interaction potentials and mobilities render them appealing for superheavy ion research, lack of experimental data and limitations of the scalar relativistic ab initio approaches in use make further efforts necessary to bring the transport measurements into the inventory of techniques operating in "one atom at a time" mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Visentin
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Larry A Viehland
- Science Department, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexei A Buchachenko
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Theoretical Department, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
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6
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Mosat P, Heßberger FP, Ackermann D, Andel B, Antalic S, Block M, Hofmann S, Kalaninova Z, Kindler B, Laatiaoui M, Lommel B, Mistry A, Nishio K, Piot J, Sulignano B, Vostinar M. Spontaneous fission of rutherfordium isotopes - total kinetic energies. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201922301043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isotopes 255,256,258Rf were produced in the fusion-evaporation reactions 50Ti + 207,208Pb and 50Ti + 209Bi at GSI Darmstadt, using the velocity filter SHIP. Total kinetic energies of fragments from spontaneous fission for these isotopes were evaluated with a correction to pulse-height defect.
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7
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Lens L, Yakushev A, Düllmann CE, Asai M, Ballof J, Block M, David HM, Despotopulos J, Di Nitto A, Eberhardt K, Even J, Götz M, Götz S, Haba H, Harkness-Brennan L, Heßberger FP, Herzberg RD, Hoffmann J, Hübner A, Jäger E, Judson D, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Komori Y, Konki J, Kratz JV, Krier J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lahiri S, Lommel B, Maiti M, Mistry AK, Mokry C, Moody K, Nagame Y, Omtvedt JP, Papadakis P, Pershina V, Runke J, Schädel M, Scharrer P, Sato T, Shaughnessy D, Schausten B, Thörle-Pospiech P, Trautmann N, Tsukada K, Uusitalo J, Ward A, Wegrzecki M, Wiehl N, Yakusheva V. Online chemical adsorption studies of Hg, Tl, and Pb on SiO2 and Au surfaces in preparation for chemical investigations on Cn, Nh, and Fl at TASCA. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2017-2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Online gas-solid adsorption studies with single-atom quantities of Hg, Tl, and Pb, the lighter homologs of the superheavy elements (SHE) copernicium (Cn, Z=112), nihonium (Nh, Z=113), and flerovium (Fl, Z=114), were carried out using short-lived radioisotopes. The interaction with Au and SiO2 surfaces was studied and the overall chemical yield was determined. Suitable radioisotopes were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions, isolated in the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA, and flushed rapidly to an adjacent setup of two gas chromatography detector arrays covered with SiO2 (first array) and Au (second array). While Tl and Pb adsorbed on the SiO2 surface, Hg interacts only weakly and reached the Au-covered array. Our results contribute to elucidating the influence of relativistic effects on chemical properties of the heaviest elements by providing experimental data on these lighter homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lens
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Emanuel Düllmann
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Masato Asai
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Jochen Ballof
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Section Isolde, Cern , 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Michael Block
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Helena May David
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | | | - Antonio Di Nitto
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Klaus Eberhardt
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Julia Even
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation , Technology University of Groningen , 9747 AA Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Götz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Stefan Götz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Peter Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Rodi D. Herzberg
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Annett Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Egon Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Daniel Judson
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | | | - Joonas Konki
- Section Isolde, Cern , 1211 Geneva , Switzerland
- Department of Physics , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Jens Volker Kratz
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jörg Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Mustapha Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Chemical Sciences Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 700064 Kolkata , India
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Moumita Maiti
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , 247667 Uttarakhand , India
| | - Andrew K. Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Christoph Mokry
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ken Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA 94551 , USA
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | | | | | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jörg Runke
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Paul Scharrer
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Dawn Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA 94551 , USA
| | - Brigitta Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Petra Thörle-Pospiech
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Trautmann
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 319-1195 Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Juha Uusitalo
- Department of Physics , University of Jyväskylä , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Physics , University of Liverpool , L69 7ZE Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Norbert Wiehl
- Institut für Kernchemie , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität , 55122 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| | - Vera Yakusheva
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
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8
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Chhetri P, Ackermann D, Backe H, Block M, Cheal B, Droese C, Düllmann CE, Even J, Ferrer R, Giacoppo F, Götz S, Heßberger FP, Huyse M, Kaleja O, Khuyagbaatar J, Kunz P, Laatiaoui M, Lautenschläger F, Lauth W, Lecesne N, Lens L, Minaya Ramirez E, Mistry AK, Raeder S, Van Duppen P, Walther T, Yakushev A, Zhang Z. Precision Measurement of the First Ionization Potential of Nobelium. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:263003. [PMID: 30004781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.263003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important atomic properties governing an element's chemical behavior is the energy required to remove its least-bound electron, referred to as the first ionization potential. For the heaviest elements, this fundamental quantity is strongly influenced by relativistic effects which lead to unique chemical properties. Laser spectroscopy on an atom-at-a-time scale was developed and applied to probe the optical spectrum of neutral nobelium near the ionization threshold. The first ionization potential of nobelium is determined here with a very high precision from the convergence of measured Rydberg series to be 6.626 21±0.000 05 eV. This work provides a stringent benchmark for state-of-the-art many-body atomic modeling that considers relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects and paves the way for high-precision measurements of atomic properties of elements only available from heavy-ion accelerator facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chhetri
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Ackermann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027-14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - H Backe
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher Weg 45, D 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Cheal
- Department of Physics, Oxford Street, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Droese
- Institut für Physik, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 6, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ch E Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Even
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R Ferrer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Giacoppo
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Götz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F P Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Kaleja
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Kunz
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - M Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Lautenschläger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - W Lauth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher Weg 45, D 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Lecesne
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 55027-14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - L Lens
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Fritz-Strassmann Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - E Minaya Ramirez
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire Orsay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91406 Orsay, France
| | - A K Mistry
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Raeder
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Th Walther
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse 1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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9
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Raeder S, Ackermann D, Backe H, Beerwerth R, Berengut JC, Block M, Borschevsky A, Cheal B, Chhetri P, Düllmann CE, Dzuba VA, Eliav E, Even J, Ferrer R, Flambaum VV, Fritzsche S, Giacoppo F, Götz S, Heßberger FP, Huyse M, Kaldor U, Kaleja O, Khuyagbaatar J, Kunz P, Laatiaoui M, Lautenschläger F, Lauth W, Mistry AK, Minaya Ramirez E, Nazarewicz W, Porsev SG, Safronova MS, Safronova UI, Schuetrumpf B, Van Duppen P, Walther T, Wraith C, Yakushev A. Probing Sizes and Shapes of Nobelium Isotopes by Laser Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:232503. [PMID: 29932712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.232503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, ground-state nuclear moments of the heaviest nuclei could only be inferred from nuclear spectroscopy, where model assumptions are required. Laser spectroscopy in combination with modern atomic structure calculations is now able to probe these moments directly, in a comprehensive and nuclear-model-independent way. Here we report on unique access to the differential mean-square charge radii of ^{252,253,254}No, and therefore to changes in nuclear size and shape. State-of-the-art nuclear density functional calculations describe well the changes in nuclear charge radii in the region of the heavy actinides, indicating an appreciable central depression in the deformed proton density distribution in ^{252,254}No isotopes. Finally, the hyperfine splitting of ^{253}No was evaluated, enabling a complementary measure of its (quadrupole) deformation, as well as an insight into the neutron single-particle wave function via the nuclear spin and magnetic moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raeder
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Ackermann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 55027, F-14076 Caen, France
| | - H Backe
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Beerwerth
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J C Berengut
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - M Block
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Cheal
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Chhetri
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ch E Düllmann
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - V A Dzuba
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - E Eliav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Even
- KVI-CART, University of Groningen, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Ferrer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - V V Flambaum
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - F Giacoppo
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Götz
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F P Heßberger
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - U Kaldor
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Kaleja
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Khuyagbaatar
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Kunz
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - M Laatiaoui
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Lautenschläger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - W Lauth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A K Mistry
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - W Nazarewicz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and FRIB Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S G Porsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of NRC "Kurchatov Institute," Gatchina, Leningrad District 188300, Russia
| | - M S Safronova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - U I Safronova
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - B Schuetrumpf
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Walther
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Wraith
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A Yakushev
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Ferrer R, Barzakh A, Bastin B, Beerwerth R, Block M, Creemers P, Grawe H, de Groote R, Delahaye P, Fléchard X, Franchoo S, Fritzsche S, Gaffney LP, Ghys L, Gins W, Granados C, Heinke R, Hijazi L, Huyse M, Kron T, Kudryavtsev Y, Laatiaoui M, Lecesne N, Loiselet M, Lutton F, Moore ID, Martínez Y, Mogilevskiy E, Naubereit P, Piot J, Raeder S, Rothe S, Savajols H, Sels S, Sonnenschein V, Thomas JC, Traykov E, Van Beveren C, Van den Bergh P, Van Duppen P, Wendt K, Zadvornaya A. Towards high-resolution laser ionization spectroscopy of the heaviest elements in supersonic gas jet expansion. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14520. [PMID: 28224987 PMCID: PMC5322538 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant laser ionization and spectroscopy are widely used techniques at radioactive ion beam facilities to produce pure beams of exotic nuclei and measure the shape, size, spin and electromagnetic multipole moments of these nuclei. However, in such measurements it is difficult to combine a high efficiency with a high spectral resolution. Here we demonstrate the on-line application of atomic laser ionization spectroscopy in a supersonic gas jet, a technique suited for high-precision studies of the ground- and isomeric-state properties of nuclei located at the extremes of stability. The technique is characterized in a measurement on actinium isotopes around the N=126 neutron shell closure. A significant improvement in the spectral resolution by more than one order of magnitude is achieved in these experiments without loss in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ferrer
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Barzakh
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - B Bastin
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - R Beerwerth
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.,Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Creemers
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Grawe
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R de Groote
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Delahaye
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - X Fléchard
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - S Franchoo
- Institute de Physique Nucléaire (IPN) d'Orsay, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - L P Gaffney
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Ghys
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,SCK·CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - W Gins
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Granados
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Heinke
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Hijazi
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - M Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Kron
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yu Kudryavtsev
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Laatiaoui
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Lecesne
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - M Loiselet
- Université catholique de Louvain, Centre de Ressources du Cyclotron, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - F Lutton
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - I D Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35 (YFL), Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Y Martínez
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,CERN, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - E Mogilevskiy
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - P Naubereit
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Piot
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - S Raeder
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Rothe
- CERN, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - H Savajols
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - S Sels
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Sonnenschein
- Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35 (YFL), Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - J-C Thomas
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - E Traykov
- GANIL, CEA/DRF-CNRS/IN2P3, B.P. 55027, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - C Van Beveren
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Van den Bergh
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Wendt
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Zadvornaya
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Khuyagbaatar J, Yakushev A, Düllmann CE, Ackermann D, Andersson LL, Asai M, Block M, Boll RA, Brand H, Cox DM, Dasgupta M, Derkx X, Di Nitto A, Eberhardt K, Even J, Evers M, Fahlander C, Forsberg U, Gates JM, Gharibyan N, Golubev P, Gregorich KE, Hamilton JH, Hartmann W, Herzberg RD, Heßberger FP, Hinde DJ, Hoffmann J, Hollinger R, Hübner A, Jäger E, Kindler B, Kratz JV, Krier J, Kurz N, Laatiaoui M, Lahiri S, Lang R, Lommel B, Maiti M, Miernik K, Minami S, Mistry A, Mokry C, Nitsche H, Omtvedt JP, Pang GK, Papadakis P, Renisch D, Roberto J, Rudolph D, Runke J, Rykaczewski KP, Sarmiento LG, Schädel M, Schausten B, Semchenkov A, Shaughnessy DA, Steinegger P, Steiner J, Tereshatov EE, Thörle-Pospiech P, Tinschert K, Torres De Heidenreich T, Trautmann N, Türler A, Uusitalo J, Ward DE, Wegrzecki M, Wiehl N, Van Cleve SM, Yakusheva V. 48Ca+249Bk fusion reaction leading to element Z = 117: long-lived α-decaying 270Db and discovery of 266Lr. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:172501. [PMID: 24836239 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.172501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The superheavy element with atomic number Z=117 was produced as an evaporation residue in the (48)Ca+(249)Bk fusion reaction at the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA at GSI Darmstadt, Germany. The radioactive decay of evaporation residues and their α-decay products was studied using a detection setup that allowed measuring decays of single atomic nuclei with half-lives between sub-μs and a few days. Two decay chains comprising seven α decays and a spontaneous fission each were identified and are assigned to the isotope (294)117 and its decay products. A hitherto unknown α-decay branch in (270)Db (Z = 105) was observed, which populated the new isotope (266)Lr (Z = 103). The identification of the long-lived (T(1/2) = 1.0(-0.4)(+1.9) h) α-emitter (270)Db marks an important step towards the observation of even more long-lived nuclei of superheavy elements located on an "island of stability."
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Affiliation(s)
- J Khuyagbaatar
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ch E Düllmann
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - D Ackermann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - M Asai
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - M Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R A Boll
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - H Brand
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D M Cox
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - M Dasgupta
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - X Derkx
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Di Nitto
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Eberhardt
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Even
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Evers
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | | | - J M Gates
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Gharibyan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | | | - K E Gregorich
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J H Hamilton
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - W Hartmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R-D Herzberg
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - F P Heßberger
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D J Hinde
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J Hoffmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Hollinger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Hübner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E Jäger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J V Kratz
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Krier
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - N Kurz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Laatiaoui
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Lahiri
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - R Lang
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Maiti
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - K Miernik
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S Minami
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Mistry
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - C Mokry
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Nitsche
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - G K Pang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Papadakis
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom and University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - D Renisch
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Roberto
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - J Runke
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K P Rykaczewski
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - M Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - B Schausten
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - D A Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Steinegger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Steiner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - E E Tereshatov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Thörle-Pospiech
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Tinschert
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - N Trautmann
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Türler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland and University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Uusitalo
- University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - D E Ward
- Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Wegrzecki
- Institute of Electron Technology, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Wiehl
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S M Van Cleve
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - V Yakusheva
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Moralejo A, Baixeras C, Bastieri D, Bednarek W, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Blanch O, Böck R, Bretz T, Chilingarian A, A Coarasa J, Colombo E, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, De Angelis A, De los Reyes R, De Lotto B, Domingo C, Domingo E, Dorner D, Ferenc D, Fernández E, Flix J, Fonseca V, Font L, Galante N, Gaug M, Garczarczyk M, Gebauer J, Giannitrapani R, Giller M, Goebel F, Hengstebeck T, Jacon P, Jager OCD, Kalekin O, Kestel M, Kim KS, Kneiske T, Laatiaoui M, Laille A, Lindfors E, Longo F, López M, López J, Lorenz E, Lucarelli F, Mannheim K, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Mase K, Merck M, Meucci M, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moralejo A, Oña-Wilhelmi E, Orduña R, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pavel N, Pegna R, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Pin M, Robert A, Saggion A, Sánchez A, Sartori P, Scalzotto V, Shinozaki K, Sillanpaa A, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Stepanian A, Stiehler R, Takalo L, Teshima M, Tonello N, Torres A, Turini N, Viertel G, Vitale V, Volkov S, Wagner R, Wibig T, Wittek W. The MAGIC Telescope for Gamma-Ray Astronomy above 30 GeV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1009-9271/3/s1/531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Albert J, Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antoranz P, Armada A, Asensio M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartelt M, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Bavikadi SR, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bisesi E, Bock RK, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Ciprini S, Coarasa JA, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Curtef V, Danielyan V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, Domingo-SantamariÌa E, Dorner D, Doro M, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, FernaÌndez E, Firpo R, Flix J, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fuchs M, Galante N, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Giller M, Goebel F, Hakobyan D, Hayashida M, Hengstebeck T, HoÌhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Isar PG, Jacon P, Kalekin O, Kosyra R, Kranich D, Laatiaoui M, Laille A, Lenisa T, Liebing P, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, LoÌpez J, LoÌpez M, Lorenz E, Lucarelli F, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mannheim K, Mansutti O, Mariotti M, MartiÌnez M, Mase K, Mazin D, Merck C, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moralejo A, Nilsson K, OnÌa-Wilhelmi E, OrdunÌa R, Otte N, Oya I, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pavel N, Pegna R, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Poller M, Pooley G, Prandini E, Raymers A, Rhode W, RiboÌ M, Rico J, Riegel B, Rissi M, Robert A, Romero GE, RuÌgamer S, Saggion A, SaÌnchez A, Sartori P, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schmitt R, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, SillanpaÌaÌ A, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tonello N, Torres A, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wibig T, Wittek W, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303. Science 2006; 312:1771-3. [PMID: 16709745 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microquasars are binary star systems with relativistic radio-emitting jets. They are potential sources of cosmic rays and can be used to elucidate the physics of relativistic jets. We report the detection of variable gamma-ray emission above 100 gigaelectron volts from the microquasar LS I 61 + 303. Six orbital cycles were recorded. Several detections occur at a similar orbital phase, which suggests that the emission is periodic. The strongest gamma-ray emission is not observed when the two stars are closest to one another, implying a strong orbital modulation of the emission or absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Albert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Aliu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Anderhub
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Antoranz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Armada
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Asensio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Baixeras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Barrio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Bartelt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Bartko
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Bastieri
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. R. Bavikadi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Bednarek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Berger
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Bigongiari
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Biland
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Bisesi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. K. Bock
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Bordas
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Bosch-Ramon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Britvitch
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Camara
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Carmona
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Chilingarian
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Ciprini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Coarasa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Commichau
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. L. Contreras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Cortina
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Curtef
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Danielyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Dazzi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. De Angelis
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. de los Reyes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. De Lotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Domingo-SantamariÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Dorner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Doro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Errando
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fagiolini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Ferenc
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. FernaÌndez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Firpo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Flix
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. V. Fonseca
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Font
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fuchs
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Galante
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Giller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Goebel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Hakobyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Hengstebeck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. HoÌhne
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Hose
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. C. Hsu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. G. Isar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Jacon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Kalekin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Kosyra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Kranich
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Laille
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Lenisa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Liebing
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lindfors
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Lombardi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Longo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lorenz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Lucarelli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Majumdar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Maneva
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mannheim
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Mansutti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. MartiÌnez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mase
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Merck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meucci
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meyer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Miranda
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Mizobuchi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Moralejo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Nilsson
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. OnÌa-Wilhelmi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. OrdunÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Otte
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Oya
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Paneque
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Paoletti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Paredes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Pasanen
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Pascoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Pauss
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Pavel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Pegna
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Peruzzo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Piccioli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Poller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Pooley
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Prandini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Raymers
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Rhode
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. RiboÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. Riegel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Rissi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Robert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. E. Romero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. RuÌgamer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Saggion
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SaÌnchez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Sartori
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scalzotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scapin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Schmitt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Schweizer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Shayduk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Shinozaki
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. N. Shore
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Sidro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SillanpaÌaÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Sobczynska
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Stamerra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. S. Stark
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Takalo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Temnikov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Tescaro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Tonello
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. F. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Turini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Vankov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Vitale
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. M. Wagner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Wibig
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Wittek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Zanin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Zapatero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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