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Siwińska N, Żak-Bochenek A, Paszkowska M, Karczewski M, Długopolska D, Haider W. Retrospective Evaluation of the Most Frequently Observed Histological Changes in Duodenal and Rectal Mucosal Biopsies in Horses with Recurrent Colic. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243527. [PMID: 36552447 PMCID: PMC9774437 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colic, a condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract of horses, manifests as severe pain and may be a life-threatening condition. It is possible to distinguish between an acute, disposable process, as well as recurrent colic symptoms (abdominal pain) caused by an ongoing chronic inflammatory process. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of the histopathological findings of duodenal and rectal samples taken from horses with recurrent colic, with the aim to determine the frequency and extent of inflammation. The samples, i.e., duodenal biopsy (60 samples) and rectal biopsy (17 samples), were taken from 77 horses showing recurrent colic symptoms. Histopathological examination included staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The examination included evaluation of the superficial epithelium, mucosal lamina propria, and submucosa. All samples from the duodenum and rectum showed the presence of leukocyte infiltration in the mucosal lamina propria. The most frequently observed cellular infiltration was a moderate infiltration consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells in duodenum and mixed populations of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophilia in the rectum. Mott cells were also noted among the inflammatory infiltrates. More than one-fourth of the horses were found to have shortened intestinal villi. The results presented here showed the involvement of inflammation in the course of recurrent colic, which can be both its cause (by impairing motility and absorption) and its effect (as a result of obstruction or ischemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żak-Bochenek
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Maciej Karczewski
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Długopolska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Frączkowska K, Trzebuniak Z, Żak A, Siwińska N. Measurement of Selected Renal Biochemical Parameters in Healthy Adult Donkeys Considering the Influence of Gender, Age and Blood Freezing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1748. [PMID: 34208098 PMCID: PMC8230895 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reference values of the serum and urine biochemical parameters have not been well-studied in donkeys. This study aimed to assess the normal values of the selected renal biomarkers, such as: serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, total protein (TP), electrolytes and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine protein concentration (UPC), urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR), the urine gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTP)-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine-to-urine creatinine ratio (sCr/uCr), serum BUN-to-serum creatinine ratio (sBUN/sCr) and UPC-to-TP ratio, as well as the fractional electrolyte excretion of sodium (FENa) and potassium (FEK) in donkeys. The effects of age, gender and deep freezing of the serum material were investigated. Sixty-five healthy adult donkeys were involved in this study. The results showed higher BUN and TP values and lower albumin, UPCR, FENa and FEK levels in donkeys when compared to the reference values in horses. A significant gender relationship for creatinine and BUN was found. Age influenced the values of albumin, TP, potassium and chlorine. Potassium, sodium and SDMA did not show significant concentration changes after freezing. The study results demonstrated that horse reference range values for some parameters cannot be applied to donkey samples. Only a few of the serum parameters were not affected by freezing, and this should be taken into account when storing biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Frączkowska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zuzanna Trzebuniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.F.); (Z.T.)
| | - Agnieszka Żak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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Szczepankiewicz B, Pasławska U, Siwińska N, Plens K, Pasławski R. Evaluation of the diagnostic value of the renal resistive index as a marker of the subclinical development of cardiorenal syndrome in MMVD dogs. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 22:1470320321995082. [PMID: 33730896 PMCID: PMC8010829 DOI: 10.1177/1470320321995082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs inevitably causes renal
dysfunction. These interactions are known as the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS).
The main aims of the study were to evaluate whether renal resistive index
(RRI) may be useful as a non-invasive marker in subclinical stage of kidney
injury in dogs with MMVD and to compare RRI with SDMA and Cyst C. Methods: Forty-four dogs were divided into two groups: control—15 healthy dogs
and the heart group—29 dogs with MMVD (ACVIM class Cc). Study
protocol included: anamnesis, clinical examination, electrocardiography,
echocardiography, chest radiography, abdominal ultrasonography with
measurements of the renal resistive index (RRI), urine, and blood
analysis. Results: The RRI in the heart group was significantly higher
0.725 ± 0.035 versus control group
0.665 ± 0.028
(p < 0.00085). The RRI cut-off
point in dogs with stable chronic heart failure (CHF) under 8 years
is 0.775, in older 0.64. RRI was similar in MMVD dogs treated with
ACE-I + furosemide and dogs treated
ACE-I + torasemide + pimobendan + spironolactone.
There was no correlation between RRI and SDMA or Cyst C. Conclusion: RRI is more sensitive than creatinine, SDMA and Cyst C to reveal kidney
injury in MMVD dogs class Cc younger than 8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Robert Pasławski
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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Siwińska N, Pasławska U, Bąchor R, Szczepankiewicz B, Żak A, Grocholska P, Szewczuk Z. Evaluation of podocin in urine in horses using qualitative and quantitative methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240586. [PMID: 33057359 PMCID: PMC7561189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
No sensitive method for diagnosing early kidney dysfunction in horses has been identified so far. Many studies carried out in humans and small animals show that podocin can be useful to diagnose various kidney diseases, mainly affecting the glomeruli. The aim of this study was to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of podocin in urine samples obtained from healthy horses, horses with clinical kidney dysfunction and horses at risk of acute kidney injury. The study objectives aimed to assess: (1) whether the selected podocin tryptic peptide for LC-MS-MRM allows for podocin detection in horse; and (2) whether the species-specific ELISA test makes this detection possible as well;, (3) whether the chosen methods are sensitive enough to detect kidney dysfunction and glomerular injury, (4) whether the results of the tests applying both methods correspond with one another, (5) whether the results correlate with the hematological and biochemical data. The signals that may indicate the presence of trypsin fragments of podocin were found in three healthy horses, all the horses diagnosed with kidney dysfunction and half of the animals at risk for acute kidney injury. The concentration of podocin, diagnosed with the ELISA test was as follows: from 0.19 to 1.2 ng/ml in healthy animals, from 0.19 to 20.0 ng/ml in AKI horses, from 0.29 to 5.71 ng/ml in horses at risk for acute kidney injury. The results of both methods corresponded significantly. Podocin may be a potential biomarker of clinical kidney disease in horses and may be used in the detection of glomerular injury. However, its use is limited by the possibility of physiological podocyturia. LC-MS-MRM seems to be a more sensitive method to evaluate the presence of podocin than the ELISA test, whilst selected tryptic peptides of podocin appear to apply to horses. The ELISA test showed greater effectiveness in excluding the disease than in confirming it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Żak A, Siwińska N, Chełmecka E, Bażanów B, Romuk E, Adams A, Niedźwiedź A, Stygar D. Effects of Advanced Age, Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Insulin Dysregulation on Serum Antioxidant Markers in Horses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050444. [PMID: 32455574 PMCID: PMC7278619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to assess the impact of age, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and insulin dysregulation (ID) in horses on selected oxidative stress markers. The study includes 32 horses, divided into three groups: “young” adult group (aged 8–16 years old) “geriatric” group (aged 18–24 years old) and the “PPID” group (aged 15–31 years old). The PPID group was further divided into two subgroups: PPID ID+ and PPID ID− based on presence or absence of ID. We measured serum antioxidant stress markers in all horses: total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ceruloplasmin (CER), lipofuscin (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiols concentrations (containing sulfhydryl group -SH) as well as enzymatic systems: total superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytoplasmic SOD (CuZnSOD), mitochondrial SOD activity (MnSOD). Total serum thiols were significantly lower in the geriatric group and in the PPID group compared to the young group. The MnSOD concentration was higher in the PPID ID+ group compared to the PPID ID−. LPS and MDA concentrations were lower in the PPID ID+ group compared to the PPID ID− group. In the selected study groups of horses, older age, the presence of PPID and ID in the case of PPID had no effect on the studied oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Żak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.S.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Elżbieta Chełmecka
- Department of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Romuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Amanda Adams
- Department of Veterinary Science, MH Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Artur Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.S.); (A.N.)
| | - Dominika Stygar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland;
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Siwińska N, Łuczka A, Żak A, Słowikowska M, Niedźwiedź A. Assessment of sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and its excretion with stool in silesian foals. Pol J Vet Sci 2019; 22:337-343. [PMID: 31269357 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.129225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess sand accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract and fecal sand excretion in Silesian foals using three diagnostic methods and taking into account the sex and age of the animals. Another aim of the study was to compare the three diagnostic methods. The study was carried out on 21 clinically healthy Silesian foals (10 females and 11 males) from 9-28 weeks old grazed on permanent pasture. The sand intake was assessed using a sedimentation test, abdominal ultrasonography and a quantitative evaluation of sand per 100 g of stool. In the sedimentation test, the sand was palpable in the stool of 57.1% of the horses, and clearly visible in 42.9% of the animals. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of sand in the gastrointestinal tract in 66.7% of the horses. It was limited to a single location in 60% of the horses, while it was present in several regions in 40% of the horses. The mean amount of sand was 0.14 ± 0.33 g per 100 g of stool. It did not exceed 0.1g in 71.4% foals, while it ranged from 0.1-0.5 g in 23.8% foals. In 4.8% of the animals, it amounted to 1.6 g per 100 g of stool. There was no correlation between age and gender and the results. There was a positive correlation between the ultrasound examination and the sedimentation test. Sand may be accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of foals without any clinical signs. The amount of sand excreted in the stool is not an indicator of the amount of sand accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract. An abdominal ultrasound examination should be combined with a sedimentation test for more specific results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Łuczka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Żak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Słowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Szczepankiewicz B, Bąchor R, Pasławski R, Siwińska N, Pasławska U, Konieczny A, Szewczuk Z. Evaluation of Tryptic Podocin Peptide in Urine Sediment Using LC-MS-MRM Method as a Potential Biomarker of Glomerular Injury in Dogs with Clinical Signs of Renal and Cardiac Disorders. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173088. [PMID: 31454880 PMCID: PMC6749423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The early asymptomatic stage of glomerular injury is a diagnostic challenge in the course of renal and extra-renal disease, e.g., heart insufficiency. It was found that podocin, a podocyte-specific protein present in the urine, may serve as a biomarker in the diagnosis of glomerular disease in humans and animals including glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, amyloidosis, or nephropathy. Therefore, there is a need of development of the sensitive and straightforward method of urinary podocin identification. In this work, we report our extended research under the glomerular injury investigation in dogs by application of clinical examination and LC-MS-MRM method in the identification of canine podocin in urine samples. The LC-MS-MRM method is based on the identification of podocin tryptic peptide with the 218H-AAEILAATPAAVQLR-OH232 sequence. The model peptide was characterized by the highest ionization efficiency of all the proposed model podocin tryptic peptides in a canine urine sediment according to the LC-MS/MS analysis. The obtained results revealed the presence of the model peptide in 40.9% of dogs with MMVD (active glomerular injury secondary to heart disease = cardiorenal syndrome-CRS) and 33.3% dogs with chronic kidney disease. The potential applicability of the developed methodology in the analysis of podocin in canine urine sediments was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Remigiusz Bąchor
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Pasławski
- Veterinary Centre Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwińska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland
- Veterinary Centre Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Andrzej Konieczny
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szewczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Siwińska N, Żak A, Słowikowska M, Kubiak K, Jaworski Z, Niedzwiedź A. Morphology and elemental analysis of free range and stabled Polish Konik horses hair using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Pol J Vet Sci 2018; 21:65-72. [PMID: 29624024 DOI: 10.24425/119023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair is a more biologically stable material than other tissues and contains a relatively constant level of minerals, drugs or toxins. The content of essential elements in hair depends on dietary and non-dietary factors. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effect of diet on the elemental composition and morphological properties of the hair of healthy Polish Konik horses. Mane hair was collected from 19 horses living in The National Park in Popielno in Poland. Six of these horses were free-ranged all year with permanent access to pasture, while 13 horses were kept in the stable and fed oats, hay and straw. The samples were analyzed using a Scanning Electron Microscope combined with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Each hair was analyzed for its microscopic appearance and elemental Mg, Si, S, Ca, Mn, Co, Zn and Se content. No significant changes in the morphological properties and elemental composition were observed. There was inter- individual variability in element content between horses in both groups, but this did not affect their health. The comparison of the present results with other studies shows that the level of elements in the hair of Polish Konik horses is significantly lower than in healthy horses of other breeds. The traditional feeding plan containing pasture, oats and hay does not contain a sufficient amount of main mineral elements. Further investigation is needed to explain the effect of diet and maintenance on the mineral balance of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Siwińska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Żak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Słowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Kubiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Z Jaworski
- Department of Horse Breeding and Riding, University of Warmia and Mazury, Prawocheńskiego 2, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Niedzwiedź
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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