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Sparks TC, Crouse GD, Benko Z, Demeter D, Giampietro NC, Lambert W, Brown AV. The spinosyns, spinosad, spinetoram, and synthetic spinosyn mimics - discovery, exploration, and evolution of a natural product chemistry and the impact of computational tools. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:3637-3649. [PMID: 32893433 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have long been a source of insecticidal crop protection products. Like many macrolide NPs, the spinosyns originated from a soil inhibiting microorganism (Saccharopolyspora spinosa). More than 20 years after initial registration, the spinosyns remain a unique class of NP-based insect control products that presently encompass two insecticidal active ingredients, spinosad, a naturally occurring mixture of spinosyns, and spinetoram, a semi-synthetic spinosyn product. The exploration and exploitation of the spinosyns has, unusually, been tied to an array of computational tools including artificial intelligence (AI)-based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) and most recently computer-aided modeling and design (CAMD). The AI-based QSAR directly lead to the discovery of spinetoram, while the CAMD studies have recently resulted in the discovery and building of a series of synthetic spinosyn mimics. The most recent of these synthetic spinosyn mimics show promise as insecticides targeting lepidopteran insect pests as demonstrated by field studies wherein the efficacy has been shown to be comparable to spinosad and spinetoram. These and a range of other aspects related to the exploration of the spinosyns over the past 30 years are reviewed herein. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D Crouse
- Corteva Agriscience, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zoltan Benko
- Corteva Agriscience, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Demeter
- Corteva Agriscience, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - William Lambert
- Corteva Agriscience, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Annette V Brown
- Corteva Agriscience, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Creemer LC, Giampietro NC, Lambert W, Yap MC, deBoer GJ, Adelfinskaya Y, Castetter S, Wessels FJ. Pro-insecticidal approach towards increasing in planta activity. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:752-760. [PMID: 27414472 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adrenergic mode of action was investigated for the development of potential new insecticides. Clonidine-related analogs were tested against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Clonidine analogs lack translation owing to a possible vacuole-trapping mechanism. Physical property modulation via a prodrug approach was attempted to overcome this mechanism. RESULTS Clonidine showed insecticidal activity against M. persicae and B. tabaci. A prodrug of a known open-chain analog of clonidine was developed. While the prodrug had decreased pKa and increased lipophilicity and displayed good activity against M. persicae B. tabaci, the activity did not translate to cotton. Metabolic studies showed that the prodrug was quickly metabolized to the parent compound, and was further metabolized to a known vacuole-trapped oxazoline analog. CONCLUSIONS Adrenergic active compounds, such as clonidine analogs, show potential as insecticides; however, a designed prodrug approach did not overcome the lack of translation in this case. Studies confirmed that the synthesized prodrug analog metabolized in planta to the proposed vacuole-trapped compound. One possible explanation for the failure of this approach is that the rate of metabolism and vacuole trapping is faster than translaminar flow, and therefore the released pesticide is not biologically available to the target organism. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurice C Yap
- Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Johnson PL, Renga JM, Galliford CV, Whiteker GT, Giampietro NC. Synthesis of Novel Fluoropicolinate Herbicides by Cascade Cyclization of Fluoroalkyl Alkynylimines. Org Lett 2015; 17:2905-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Johnson
- Discovery Chemistry and ‡Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville
Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - James M. Renga
- Discovery Chemistry and ‡Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville
Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Christopher V. Galliford
- Discovery Chemistry and ‡Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville
Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Gregory T. Whiteker
- Discovery Chemistry and ‡Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville
Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Natalie C. Giampietro
- Discovery Chemistry and ‡Process Chemistry, Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville
Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Giampietro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Jeff W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - John P. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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Lemen GS, Giampietro NC, Hay MB, Wolfe JP. Influence of hydroxylamine conformation on stereocontrol in Pd-catalyzed isoxazolidine-forming reactions. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2533-40. [PMID: 19239234 PMCID: PMC2663962 DOI: 10.1021/jo8027399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed carboamination reactions between N-Boc-O-(but-3-enyl)hydroxylamine derivatives and aryl or alkenyl bromides afford cis-3,5- and trans-4,5-disubstituted isoxazolidines in good yield with up to >20:1 dr. The diastereoselectivity observed in the formation of cis-3,5-disubstituted isoxazolidines is superior to selectivities typically obtained in other transformations, such as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, that provide these products. In addition, the stereocontrol in the C-N bond-forming Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions of N-Boc-O-(but-3-enyl)hydroxylamines is significantly higher than that of related C-O bond-forming carboetherification reactions of N-benzyl-N-(but-3-enyl)hydroxylamine derivatives. This is likely due to a stereoelectronic preference for cyclization via transition states in which the Boc group is placed in a perpendicular orientation relative to the plane of the developing ring, which derives from the conformational equilibria of substituted hydroxylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia S. Lemen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
| | - Natalie C. Giampietro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
| | - Michael B. Hay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
| | - John P. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
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Giampietro NC, Wolfe JP. Stereoselective synthesis of cis- or trans-3,5-disubstituted pyrazolidines via Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions: use of allylic strain to control product stereochemistry through N-substituent manipulation. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12907-11. [PMID: 18774811 DOI: 10.1021/ja8050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of either trans- or cis-3,5-disubstituted pyrazolidines is accomplished via Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions of unsaturated hydrazine derivatives. The products are obtained in good yield with up to >20:1 diastereoselectivity. Stereocontrol is achieved by modulating the degree of allylic strain in the transition state for syn-aminopalladation through a simple modification of the substrate N(2)-substituent. The pyrazolidine products can be further transformed to 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolines via deprotection/oxidation, or to substituted 1,3-diamines via N-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Giampietro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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