Biomechanical comparison of human trunk and thigh muscle activity during walking and horseback riding activity

INTRODUCTION

Hippotherapy is a physical therapy tool that utilizes horseback riding to improve strength, coordination, gait, and balance. These benefits may be linked to similarities in kinematics and muscle activation between horseback riding and normal human gait, but this is not well represented in the literature, especially for muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between muscle activation of horseback riding and healthy human gait.

METHODS

The muscle activation of nine healthy female participants (age 18-22) were recorded during walking and horseback riding trials using surface electromyography (EMG). Muscles analyzed include rectus abdominis, lumbar erector spinae, rectus femoris and biceps femoris. Activation waveforms during walking and riding were generated, and from this average and maximum contraction magnitudes were recorded.

RESULTS

Average muscle activation was significantly greater in riding for the left (p = 0.008) and right (p = 0.04) biceps femoris. Additionally, average and maximal activation of the left erector spinae were significantly greater in riding (W = 4; critical value for W at n = 9 is 5). Remaining differences in muscle activation between walking and riding were non-significant.

DISCUSSION

Peak and average muscle activation magnitude across the gait cycle were similar for most muscle groups. When present, differences were greater in riding. Despite these similarities, EMG waveforms displayed more predictable temporal patterns in walking.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that hippotherapy could be used to elicit muscle excitation similar to that of normal gait, which may have promising implications for rehabilitation targeting gait correction.

Identification Accuracy of Safety-Relevant Environmental Sounds in Adult Cochlear Implant Users

OBJECTIVE

Examine cochlear implant (CI) users' ability to identify safety-relevant environmental sounds, imperative for safety, independence, and personal well-being.

METHODS

Twenty-one experienced adult CI users completed an Environmental Sound Identification (ESI) test consisting of 42 common environmental sounds, 28 of which were relevant to personal safety, along with 14 control sounds. Prior to sound identification, participants were shown sound names and asked to rate the familiarity and, separately, relevance to safety of each corresponding sound on a 1-5 scale.

RESULTS

Overall ESI accuracy was 57% correct for the safety-relevant sounds and 55% correct for control sounds. Participants rated safety-relevant sounds as more important to safety and more familiar than the non-safety sounds. ESI accuracy significantly correlated with familiarity ratings.

CONCLUSION

The present findings suggest mediocre ESI accuracy in postlingual adult CI users for safety-relevant and other environmental sounds. Deficits in the identification of these sounds may put CI listeners at increased risk of accidents or injuries and may require a specific rehabilitation program to improve CI outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 Laryngoscope, 133:2388-2393, 2023.