1
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Lanièce Delaunay C, Martínez-Baz I, Sève N, Domegan L, Mazagatos C, Buda S, Meijer A, Kislaya I, Pascu C, Carnahan A, Oroszi B, Ilić M, Maurel M, Melo A, Sandonis Martín V, Trobajo-Sanmartín C, Enouf V, McKenna A, Pérez-Gimeno G, Goerlitz L, de Lange M, Rodrigues AP, Lazar M, Latorre-Margalef N, Túri G, Castilla J, Falchi A, Bennett C, Gallardo V, Dürrwald R, Eggink D, Guiomar R, Popescu R, Riess M, Horváth JK, Casado I, García MDC, Hooiveld M, Machado A, Bacci S, Kaczmarek M, Kissling E. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 BA.1/BA.2 lineages among adults and adolescents in a multicentre primary care study, Europe, December 2021 to June 2022. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300403. [PMID: 38551095 PMCID: PMC10979526 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.13.2300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundScarce European data in early 2021 suggested lower vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages than previous variants.AimWe aimed to estimate primary series (PS) and first booster VE against symptomatic BA.1/BA.2 infection and investigate potential biases.MethodsThis European test-negative multicentre study tested primary care patients with acute respiratory symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 in the BA.1/BA.2-dominant period. We estimated PS and booster VE among adults and adolescents (PS only) for all products combined and for Comirnaty alone, by time since vaccination, age and chronic condition. We investigated potential bias due to correlation between COVID-19 and influenza vaccination and explored effect modification and confounding by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsAmong adults, PS VE was 37% (95% CI: 24-47%) overall and 60% (95% CI: 44-72%), 43% (95% CI: 26-55%) and 29% (95% CI: 13-43%) < 90, 90-179 and ≥ 180 days post vaccination, respectively. Booster VE was 42% (95% CI: 32-51%) overall and 56% (95% CI: 47-64%), 22% (95% CI: 2-38%) and 3% (95% CI: -78% to 48%), respectively. Primary series VE was similar among adolescents. Restricting analyses to Comirnaty had little impact. Vaccine effectiveness was higher among older adults. There was no signal of bias due to correlation between COVID-19 and influenza vaccination. Confounding by previous infection was low, but sample size precluded definite assessment of effect modification.ConclusionPrimary series and booster VE against symptomatic infection with BA.1/BA.2 ranged from 37% to 42%, with similar waning post vaccination. Comprehensive data on previous SARS-CoV-2 infection would help disentangle vaccine- and infection-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noémie Sève
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Lisa Domegan
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clara Mazagatos
- National Centre of Epidemiology, CIBERESP, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silke Buda
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Irina Kislaya
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catalina Pascu
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Beatrix Oroszi
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maja Ilić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health (CIPH), Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Aryse Melo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Bioresources network (PIBnet), Plateforme de Microbiologie Mutualisée (P2M), Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Virus des Infections Respiratoires (CNR VIR), Paris, France
| | - Adele McKenna
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gloria Pérez-Gimeno
- National Centre of Epidemiology, CIBERESP, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luise Goerlitz
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marit de Lange
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mihaela Lazar
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Gergő Túri
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Charlene Bennett
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Virtudes Gallardo
- Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Eggink
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Judit Krisztina Horváth
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Itziar Casado
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Del Carmen García
- Subdirección de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Mérida, Spain
| | | | - Ausenda Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlena Kaczmarek
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Maurel M, Howard J, Kissling E, Pozo F, Pérez-Gimeno G, Buda S, Sève N, McKenna A, Meijer A, Rodrigues AP, Martínez-Baz I, Mlinarić I, Latorre-Margalef N, Túri G, Lazăr M, Mazagatos C, Echeverria A, Abela S, Bourgeois M, Machado A, Dürrwald R, Petrović G, Oroszi B, Jancoriene L, Marin A, Husa P, Duffy R, Dijkstra F, Gallardo García V, Goerlitz L, Enouf V, Bennett C, Hooiveld M, Guiomar R, Trobajo-Sanmartín C, Višekruna Vučina V, Samuelsson Hagey T, Lameiras Azevedo AS, Castilla J, Xuereb G, Delaere B, Gómez V, Tolksdorf K, Bacci S, Nicolay N, Kaczmarek M, Rose AM. Interim 2023/24 influenza A vaccine effectiveness: VEBIS European primary care and hospital multicentre studies, September 2023 to January 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400089. [PMID: 38390651 PMCID: PMC10899813 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.8.2400089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses circulated in Europe from September 2023 to January 2024, with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominance. We provide interim 2023/24 influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) estimates from two European studies, covering 10 countries across primary care (EU-PC) and hospital (EU-H) settings. Interim IVE was higher against A(H1N1)pdm09 than A(H3N2): EU-PC influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 IVE was 53% (95% CI: 41 to 63) and 30% (95% CI: -3 to 54) against influenza A(H3N2). For EU-H, these were 44% (95% CI: 30 to 55) and 14% (95% CI: -32 to 43), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francisco Pozo
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- National Centre for Microbiology, National Influenza Reference Laboratory, WHO-National Influenza Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Pérez-Gimeno
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silke Buda
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noémie Sève
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Adele McKenna
- HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Paula Rodrigues
- Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA - CIBERESP, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivan Mlinarić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Gergő Túri
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihaela Lazăr
- Cantacuzino National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Clara Mazagatos
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Stephen Abela
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit (IDCU), Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Msida, Malta
| | - Marc Bourgeois
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Ausenda Machado
- Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Beatrix Oroszi
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Epidemiology and Surveillance Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ligita Jancoriene
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexandru Marin
- Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petr Husa
- University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Roisin Duffy
- HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Virtudes Gallardo García
- Servicio de Vigilancia y Salud Laboral, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Consejería de Salud y Consumo, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Luise Goerlitz
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Centre National de Référence Virus des Infections Respiratoire (CNR VIR), Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charlene Bennett
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Raquel Guiomar
- Laboratório Nacional Referência Gripe e outros Vírus Respiratórios, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Ana Sofía Lameiras Azevedo
- Servicio de vigilancia y control epidemiológico, Subdirección general de Epidemiología y Vigilancia de la Salud, Dirección General de Salud pública, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA - CIBERESP, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gerd Xuereb
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
- Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit (IDCU), Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Msida, Malta
| | - Bénédicte Delaere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Verónica Gómez
- Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kristin Tolksdorf
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Respiratory Infections Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Nicolay
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlena Kaczmarek
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Espinosa-Gongora C, Berg C, Rehn M, Varg JE, Dillner L, Latorre-Margalef N, Székely AJ, Andersson E, Movert E. Early detection of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 lineage through integrated genomic surveillance of wastewater and COVID-19 cases in Sweden, weeks 31 to 38 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300595. [PMID: 37971659 PMCID: PMC10655203 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.46.2300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 Omicron subvariant was first detected in wastewater in Sweden in week 31 2023, using 21 highly specific markers from the 50 investigated. We report BA.2.86's introduction and subsequent spread to all 14 regions performing wastewater sampling, and on 70 confirmed COVID-19 cases, along with the emergence of sublineages JN.1 and JN.2. Further, we investigated two novel mutations defining the unique BA.2.86 branching in Sweden. Our integrated approach enabled variant tracking, offering evidence for well-informed public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Espinosa-Gongora
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
- ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Berg
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
| | - Moa Rehn
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
| | - Javier Edo Varg
- Swedish Environmental Epidemiology Center (SEEC), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Dillner
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Anna J Székely
- Swedish Environmental Epidemiology Center (SEEC), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmi Andersson
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
| | - Elin Movert
- Public Health Agency of Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten), Solna, Sweden
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4
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Wille M, Tolf C, Latorre-Margalef N, Fouchier RAM, Halpin RA, Wentworth DE, Ragwani J, Pybus OG, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Evolutionary features of a prolific subtype of avian influenza A virus in European waterfowl. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac074. [PMID: 36128050 PMCID: PMC9477075 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is ubiquitous in waterfowl and is detected annually at high prevalence in waterfowl during the Northern Hemisphere autumn. Some AIV subtypes are globally common in waterfowl, such as H3N8, H4N6, and H6N2, and are detected in the same populations at a high frequency, annually. In order to investigate genetic features associated to the long-term maintenance of common subtypes in migratory ducks, we sequenced 248 H4 viruses isolated across 8 years (2002–9) from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southeast Sweden. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both H4 and N6 sequences fell into three distinct lineages, structured by year of isolation. Specifically, across the 8 years of the study, we observed lineage replacement, whereby a different HA lineage circulated in the population each year. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the HA lineages illustrated key differences in regions of the globular head of hemagglutinin that overlap with established antigenic sites in homologous hemagglutinin H3, suggesting the possibility of antigenic differences among these HA lineages. Beyond HA, lineage replacement was common to all segments, such that novel genome constellations were detected across years. A dominant genome constellation would rapidly amplify in the duck population, followed by unlinking of gene segments as a result of reassortment within 2–3 weeks following introduction. These data help reveal the evolutionary dynamics exhibited by AIV on both annual and decadal scales in an important reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jayna Ragwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE751 85, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
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5
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Nouri M, Latorre-Margalef N, Czopek A, Råberg L. Cross-reactivity of antibody responses to Borrelia afzelii OspC: Asymmetry and host heterogeneity. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 91:104793. [PMID: 33652116 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tick-transmitted bacterium Borrelia afzelii consists of a number of antigenically different strains - often defined by outer surface protein C (OspC) genotype - that coexist at stable frequencies in host populations. To investigate how host antibody responses affect strain coexistence, we measured antibody cross-reactivity to three different OspC types (OspC 2, 3 and 9) in three different strains of laboratory mice (BALB/c, C3H and C57BL/6). The extent of cross-reactivity differed between mouse strains, being higher in C3H than BALB/c and C57BL/6. In one of three pairwise comparisons of OspC types (OspC2 vs OspC9), there was evidence for asymmetry of cross-reactivity, with antibodies to OspC2 cross-reacting more strongly with OspC9 than vice versa. These results indicate that the extent of antibody-mediated competition between OspC types may depend on the composition of the host population, and that such competition may be asymmetric. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding the coexistence of OspC types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Nouri
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Czopek
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Råberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Segovia KM, França MS, Bahnson CS, Latorre-Margalef N, Stallknecht DE. Are Microneutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays Comparable? Serological Results from Influenza Experimentally Infected Mallard Ducks. Avian Dis 2020; 63:138-144. [PMID: 31131570 DOI: 10.1637/11886-042718-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is commonly used to assess the humoral immune response against influenza A viruses (IAV). However, the microneutralization (MN) assay has been reported to have higher sensitivity when testing sera from humans and other species. Our objective was to determine the agreement between MN and HI assays and compare the proportion of positive samples detected by both methods in sera of mallards primary infected with the A/mallard/MN/Sg-000169/ 2007 (H3N8) virus and subsequently inoculated with homosubtypic or heterosubtypic IAV. Overall, we found poor to fair agreement (prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa [PABAK], 0.03-0.35) between MN and HI assays in serum samples collected 2 weeks after H3N8 inoculation; the observed agreement increased to moderate or substantial in samples collected 4 to 5 weeks postinoculation (WPI) (PABAK, 0.52-0.75). The MN assay detected a higher proportion of positive samples compared with HI assays in serum samples collected 2 WPI (P = 0.01). This difference was not observed in samples collected 4 WPI. Also, a boosting effect in MN and HI titers was observed when birds were subsequently inoculated with IAV within the same H3 clade. This effect was not observed when birds were challenged with viruses that belong to a different HA clade. In summary, the agreement between assays varies depending on the postinfection sample collection time point and the similarity between the antigens used for the assays. Additionally, subsequent exposure of ducks to homosubtypic or heterosubtypic strains might affect the observed agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Segovia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Monique S França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Charlie S Bahnson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606,
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7
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Wille M, Latorre-Margalef N, Tolf C, Halpin R, Wentworth D, Fouchier RAM, Raghwani J, Pybus OG, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8-H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey025. [PMID: 30151242 PMCID: PMC6101617 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is ubiquitous in waterfowl. In the northern hemisphere IAV prevalence is highest during the autumn and coincides with a peak in viral subtype diversity. Although haemagglutinin subtypes H1-H12 are associated with waterfowl hosts, subtypes H8-H12 are detected very infrequently. To better understand the role of waterfowl in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, we sequenced H8-H12 viruses isolated from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from 2002 to 2009. These rare viruses exhibited varying ecological and phylodynamic features. The Eurasian clades of H8 and H12 phylogenies were dominated by waterfowl sequences; mostly viruses sequenced in this study. H11, once believed to be a subtype that infected charadriiformes (shorebirds), exhibited patterns more typical of common virus subtypes. Finally, subtypes H9 and H10, which have maintained lineages in poultry, showed markedly different patterns: H10 was associated with all possible NA subtypes and this drove HA lineage diversity within years. Rare viruses belonging to subtypes H8-H12 were highly reassorted, indicating that these rare subtypes are part of the broader IAV pool. Our results suggest that waterfowl play a role in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, but we recommend additional sampling of non-traditional hosts to better understand the reservoirs of these rare viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Conny Tolf
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Halpin
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David Wentworth
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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8
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Nykvist M, Gillman A, Söderström Lindström H, Tang C, Fedorova G, Lundkvist Å, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, Järhult JD. In vivo mallard experiments indicate that zanamivir has less potential for environmental influenza A virus resistance development than oseltamivir. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2937-2949. [PMID: 29139346 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors are a cornerstone of influenza pandemic preparedness before vaccines can be mass-produced and thus a neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant pandemic is a serious threat to public health. Earlier work has demonstrated the potential for development and persistence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza A viruses exposed to environmentally relevant water concentrations of the drug when infecting mallards, the natural influenza reservoir that serves as the genetic base for human pandemics. As zanamivir is the major second-line neuraminidase inhibitor treatment, this study aimed to assess the potential for development and persistence of zanamivir resistance in an in vivo mallard model; especially important as zanamivir will probably be increasingly used. Our results indicate less potential for development and persistence of resistance due to zanamivir than oseltamivir in an environmental setting. This conclusion is based on: (1) the lower increase in zanamivir IC50 conferred by the mutations caused by zanamivir exposure (2-17-fold); (2) the higher zanamivir water concentration needed to induce resistance (at least 10 µg l-1); (3) the lack of zanamivir resistance persistence without drug pressure; and (4) the multiple resistance-related substitutions seen during zanamivir exposure (V116A, A138V, R152K, T157I and D199G) suggesting lack of one straight-forward evolutionary path to resistance. Our study also adds further evidence regarding the stability of the oseltamivir-induced substitution H275Y without drug pressure, and demonstrates the ability of a H275Y-carrying virus to acquire secondary mutations, further boosting oseltamivir resistance when exposed to zanamivir. Similar studies using influenza A viruses of the N2-phylogenetic group of neuraminidases are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Nykvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Gillman
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Söderström Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Michelle Wille
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Latorre-Margalef N, Brown JD, Fojtik A, Poulson RL, Carter D, Franca M, Stallknecht DE. Competition between influenza A virus subtypes through heterosubtypic immunity modulates re-infection and antibody dynamics in the mallard duck. PLoS Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28640898 PMCID: PMC5481145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our overall hypothesis is that host population immunity directed at multiple antigens will influence the prevalence, diversity and evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) in avian populations where the vast subtype diversity is maintained. To investigate how initial infection influences the outcome of later infections with homologous or heterologous IAV subtypes and how viruses interact through host immune responses, we carried out experimental infections in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallards were pre-challenged with an H3N8 low-pathogenic IAV and were divided into six groups. At five weeks post H3N8 inoculation, each group was challenged with a different IAV subtype (H4N5, H10N7, H6N2, H12N5) or the same H3N8. Two additional pre-challenged groups were inoculated with the homologous H3N8 virus at weeks 11 and 15 after pre-challenge to evaluate the duration of protection. The results showed that mallards were still resistant to re-infection after 15 weeks. There was a significant reduction in shedding for all pre-challenged groups compared to controls and the outcome of the heterologous challenges varied according to hemagglutinin (HA) phylogenetic relatedness between the viruses used. There was a boost in the H3 antibody titer after re-infection with H4N5, which is consistent with original antigenic sin or antigenic seniority and suggest a putative strategy of virus evasion. These results imply competition between related subtypes that could regulate IAV subtype population dynamics in nature. Collectively, we provide new insights into within-host IAV complex interactions as drivers of IAV antigenic diversity that could allow the circulation of multiple subtypes in wild ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, Pennsylvania State University, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alinde Fojtik
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deborah Carter
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monique Franca
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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10
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Wille M, Latorre-Margalef N, Tolf C, Stallknecht DE, Waldenström J. No evidence for homosubtypic immunity of influenza H3 in Mallards following vaccination in a natural experimental system. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1420-1431. [PMID: 27997047 PMCID: PMC5347849 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is an important reservoir species for influenza A viruses (IAV), and in this host, prevalence and virus diversity are high. Studies have demonstrated the presence of homosubtypic immunity, where individuals are unlikely to be reinfected with the same subtype within an autumn season. Further, evidence for heterosubtypic immunity exists, whereby immune responses specific for one subtype offer partial or complete protection against related HA subtypes. We utilized a natural experimental system to determine whether homo- or heterospecific immunity could be induced following experimental vaccination. Thirty Mallards were vaccinated with an inactivated H3, H6 or a sham vaccine and after seroconversion were exposed to naturally infected wild conspecifics. All ducks were infected within 2 days and had both primary and secondary infections. Overall, there was no observable difference between groups; all individuals were infected with H3 and H10 IAV. At the cessation of the experiment, most individuals had anti-NP antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against H10. Not all individuals had H3 neutralizing antibodies. The isolated H3 IAVs revealed genetic dissimilarity to the H3 vaccine strain, specifically substitutions in the vicinity of the receptor-binding site. There was no evidence of vaccine-induced homosubtypic immunity to H3, a likely result of both a poor H3 immune response in the ducks and H3 immune escape. Likewise, there was no observed heterosubtypic protection related to H6 vaccination. This study highlights the need for experimental approaches to assess how exposure to pathogens and resulting immune processes translates to individual and population disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - N Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - C Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - D E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - J Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
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11
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Segovia KM, Stallknecht DE, Kapczynski DR, Stabler L, Berghaus RD, Fotjik A, Latorre-Margalef N, França MS. Adaptive Heterosubtypic Immunity to Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Experimentally Infected Mallards. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170335. [PMID: 28107403 PMCID: PMC5249058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mallards are widely recognized as reservoirs for Influenza A viruses (IAV); however, host factors that might prompt seasonality and trends in subtype diversity of IAV such as adaptive heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) are not well understood. To investigate this, we inoculated mallards with a prevailing H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) subtype in waterfowl to determine if prior infection with this virus would be protective against heterosubtypic infections with the H4N6, H10N7 and H14N5 LPAIV subtypes after one, two and three months, respectively. Also, we investigated the effect of cumulative immunity after sequential inoculation of mallards with these viruses in one-month intervals. Humoral immunity was assessed by microneutralization assays using a subset of representative LPAIV subtypes as antigens. Our results indicate that prior inoculation with the H3N8 virus confers partial protective immunity against subsequent heterosubtypic infections with the robustness of HSI related to the phylogenetic similarity of the HA protein of the strains used. Furthermore, induced HSI was boosted and followed by repeated exposure to more than one LPAIV subtype. Our findings provide further information on the contributions of HSI and its role in the dynamics of IAV subtype diversity in mallards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Segovia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darrell R. Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Stabler
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roy D. Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alinde Fotjik
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monique S. França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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13
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Avril A, Grosbois V, Latorre-Margalef N, Gaidet N, Tolf C, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Capturing individual-level parameters of influenza A virus dynamics in wild ducks using multistate models. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Avril
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS); Linnaeus University; SE-39182 Kalmar Sweden
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- CIRAD; Campus International de Baillarguet; 34398 Montpellier France
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS); Linnaeus University; SE-39182 Kalmar Sweden
- Department of Population Health; College of Veterinary Medicine; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Nicolas Gaidet
- CIRAD; Campus International de Baillarguet; 34398 Montpellier France
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS); Linnaeus University; SE-39182 Kalmar Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Centre; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; SE-751 85 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS); Linnaeus University; SE-39182 Kalmar Sweden
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14
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Bucukovski J, Latorre-Margalef N, Stallknecht DE, Miller BL. A Multiplex Label-Free Approach to Avian Influenza Surveillance and Serology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134484. [PMID: 26241048 PMCID: PMC4524619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza serology has traditionally relied on techniques such as hemagglutination inhibition, microneutralization, and ELISA. These assays are complex, challenging to implement in a format allowing detection of several types of antibody-analyte interactions at once (multiplex), and troublesome to implement in the field. As an alternative, we have developed a hemagglutinin microarray on the Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR) platform. AIR provides sensitive, rapid, and label-free multiplex detection of targets in complex analyte samples such as serum. In preliminary work, we demonstrated the application of this array to the testing of human samples from a vaccine trial. Here, we report the application of an expanded label-free hemagglutinin microarray to the analysis of avian serum samples. Samples from influenza virus challenge experiments in mallards yielded strong, selective detection of antibodies to the challenge antigen in most cases. Samples acquired in the field from mallards were also analyzed, and compared with viral hemagglutinin inhibition and microneutralization assays. We find that the AIR hemagglutinin microarray can provide a simple and robust alternative to standard methods, offering substantially greater information density from a simple workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bucukovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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15
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Lewis NS, Verhagen JH, Javakhishvili Z, Russell CA, Lexmond P, Westgeest KB, Bestebroer TM, Halpin RA, Lin X, Ransier A, Fedorova NB, Stockwell TB, Latorre-Margalef N, Olsen B, Smith G, Bahl J, Wentworth DE, Waldenström J, Fouchier RAM, de Graaf M. Influenza A virus evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics in Eurasian wild birds: a phylogenetic and phylogeographical study of whole-genome sequence data. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2050-2060. [PMID: 25904147 PMCID: PMC4681060 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a natural host reservoir in wild waterbirds and the potential to spread to other host species. Here, we investigated the evolutionary, spatial and temporal dynamics of avian IAVs in Eurasian wild birds. We used whole-genome sequences collected as part of an intensive long-term Eurasian wild bird surveillance study, and combined this genetic data with temporal and spatial information to explore the virus evolutionary dynamics. Frequent reassortment and co-circulating lineages were observed for all eight genomic RNA segments over time. There was no apparent species-specific effect on the diversity of the avian IAVs. There was a spatial and temporal relationship between the Eurasian sequences and significant viral migration of avian IAVs from West Eurasia towards Central Eurasia. The observed viral migration patterns differed between segments. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges faced when analysing these surveillance and sequence data, and the caveats to be borne in mind when drawing conclusions from the apparent results of such analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zurab Javakhishvili
- Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim B Westgeest
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xudong Lin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Amy Ransier
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | | | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gavin Smith
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Justin Bahl
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Olson SH, Parmley J, Soos C, Gilbert M, Latorre-Margalef N, Hall JS, Hansbro PM, Leighton F, Munster V, Joly D. Sampling strategies and biodiversity of influenza A subtypes in wild birds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90826. [PMID: 24599502 PMCID: PMC3944928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are recognized as the natural reservoir of avian influenza A viruses (AIV), but across high and low pathogenic AIV strains, scientists have yet to rigorously identify most competent hosts for the various subtypes. We examined 11,870 GenBank records to provide a baseline inventory and insight into patterns of global AIV subtype diversity and richness. Further, we conducted an extensive literature review and communicated directly with scientists to accumulate data from 50 non-overlapping studies and over 250,000 birds to assess the status of historic sampling effort. We then built virus subtype sample-based accumulation curves to better estimate sample size targets that capture a specific percentage of virus subtype richness at seven sampling locations. Our study identifies a sampling methodology that will detect an estimated 75% of circulating virus subtypes from a targeted bird population and outlines future surveillance and research priorities that are needed to explore the influence of host and virus biodiversity on emergence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Parmley
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre – Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Hall
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phillip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederick Leighton
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Damien Joly
- Metabiota, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Latorre-Margalef N, Tolf C, Grosbois V, Avril A, Bengtsson D, Wille M, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Long-term variation in influenza A virus prevalence and subtype diversity in migratory mallards in northern Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140098. [PMID: 24573857 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on long-term circulation of pathogens in wildlife populations are seldom collected, and hence understanding of spatial-temporal variation in prevalence and genotypes is limited. Here, we analysed a long-term surveillance series on influenza A virus (IAV) in mallards collected at an important migratory stopover site from 2002 to 2010, and characterized seasonal dynamics in virus prevalence and subtype diversity. Prevalence dynamics were influenced by year, but retained a common pattern for all years whereby prevalence was low in spring and summer, but increased in early autumn with a first peak in August, and a second more pronounced peak during October-November. A total of 74 haemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) combinations were isolated, including all NA and most HA (H1-H12) subtypes. The most common subtype combinations were H4N6, H1N1, H2N3, H5N2, H6N2 and H11N9, and showed a clear linkage between specific HA and NA subtypes. Furthermore, there was a temporal structuring of subtypes within seasons based on HA phylogenetic relatedness. Dissimilar HA subtypes tended to have different temporal occurrence within seasons, where the subtypes that dominated in early autumn were rare in late autumn, and vice versa. This suggests that build-up of herd immunity affected IAV dynamics in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS ), Linnaeus University, , Kalmar 391 82, Sweden, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA 30602, USA, International Research Center in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD)-UPR AGIRs, Animal and Integrate Risk Management, , Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier 34398, France, Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, , Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, , Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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18
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Gillman A, Muradrasoli S, Söderström H, Nordh J, Bröjer C, Lindberg RH, Latorre-Margalef N, Waldenström J, Olsen B, Järhult JD. Resistance mutation R292K is induced in influenza A(H6N2) virus by exposure of infected mallards to low levels of oseltamivir. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71230. [PMID: 23951116 PMCID: PMC3741332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) is problematic as these drugs constitute the major treatment option for severe influenza. Extensive use of the NAI oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) results in up to 865 ng/L of its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) in river water. There one of the natural reservoirs of influenza A, dabbling ducks, can be exposed. We previously demonstrated that an influenza A(H1N1) virus in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to 1 µg/L of OC developed oseltamivir resistance through the mutation H274Y (N2-numbering). In this study, we assessed the resistance development in an A(H6N2) virus, which belongs to the phylogenetic N2 group of neuraminidases with distinct functional and resistance characteristics. Mallards were infected with A(H6N2) while exposed to 120 ng/L, 1.2 µg/L or 12 µg/L of OC in their sole water source. After 4 days with 12 µg/L of OC exposure, the resistance mutation R292K emerged and then persisted. Drug sensitivity was decreased ≈13,000-fold for OC and ≈7.8-fold for zanamivir. Viral shedding was similar when comparing R292K and wild-type virus indicating sustained replication and transmission. Reduced neuraminidase activity and decrease in recovered virus after propagation in embryonated hen eggs was observed in R292K viruses. The initial, but not the later R292K isolates reverted to wild-type during egg-propagation, suggesting a stabilization of the mutation, possibly through additional mutations in the neuraminidase (D113N or D141N) or hemagglutinin (E216K). Our results indicate a risk for OC resistance development also in a N2 group influenza virus and that exposure to one NAI can result in a decreased sensitivity to other NAIs as well. If established in influenza viruses circulating among wild birds, the resistance could spread to humans via re-assortment or direct transmission. This could potentially cause an oseltamivir-resistant pandemic; a serious health concern as preparedness plans rely heavily on oseltamivir before vaccines can be mass-produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gillman
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- Section of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Nordh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Bröjer
- Section of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wille M, Tolf C, Avril A, Latorre-Margalef N, Wallerström S, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Frequency and patterns of reassortment in natural influenza A virus infection in a reservoir host. Virology 2013; 443:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Latorre-Margalef N, Grosbois V, Wahlgren J, Munster VJ, Tolf C, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infections in mallards may explain existence of multiple virus subtypes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003443. [PMID: 23818849 PMCID: PMC3688562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds, particularly duck species, are the main reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV) in nature. However, knowledge of IAV infection dynamics in the wild bird reservoir, and the development of immune responses, are essentially absent. Importantly, a detailed understanding of how subtype diversity is generated and maintained is lacking. To address this, 18,679 samples from 7728 Mallard ducks captured between 2002 and 2009 at a single stopover site in Sweden were screened for IAV infections, and the resulting 1081 virus isolates were analyzed for patterns of immunity. We found support for development of homosubtypic hemagglutinin (HA) immunity during the peak of IAV infections in the fall. Moreover, re-infections with the same HA subtype and related prevalent HA subtypes were uncommon, suggesting the development of natural homosubtypic and heterosubtypic immunity (p-value = 0.02). Heterosubtypic immunity followed phylogenetic relatedness of HA subtypes, both at the level of HA clades (p-value = 0.04) and the level of HA groups (p-value = 0.05). In contrast, infection patterns did not support specific immunity for neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. For the H1 and H3 Clades, heterosubtypic immunity showed a clear temporal pattern and we estimated within-clade immunity to last at least 30 days. The strength and duration of heterosubtypic immunity has important implications for transmission dynamics of IAV in the natural reservoir, where immune escape and disruptive selection may increase HA antigenic variation and explain IAV subtype diversity. Influenza A viruses (IAV) infect a range of hosts, with the largest diversity being found in waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks. In these hosts, IAV causes only mild disease, while viruses that infect other hosts, such as poultry, horses or humans, can cause fatal infections. In fact, all known pandemic flu viruses have contained gene segments that originated in the wild bird reservoir. We sampled a wild population of Mallards over eight seasons and characterized infection histories in 7728 birds. For hemagglutinin (HA) the subtype recoveries indicated that once a Mallard has been infected, re-infection with the same HA subtype is uncommon within the next month, clearly indicating homosubtypic immunity. Moreover, we found evidence for natural heterosubtypic immunity, where phylogenetically related HA subtypes at clade and group levels were less common in re-infections than expected. On the contrary no specific patterns of immunity was found for neuraminidase subtypes. IAVs exist in numerous antigenic subtypes that co-circulate. The strength of heterosubtypic immunity in natural infections provides evidence that HA subtypes compete over hosts and that immune escape may result in positive selection for HA antigenic variation in the virus, and thus explain IAV subtype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- International Research Center in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD)–UPR AGIRs, Animal and Integrate Risk Management, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - John Wahlgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnæus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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21
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Tolf C, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, Bengtsson D, Gunnarsson G, Grosbois V, Hasselquist D, Olsen B, Elmberg J, Waldenström J. Individual variation in influenza A virus infection histories and long-term immune responses in Mallards. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61201. [PMID: 23637797 PMCID: PMC3634042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild dabbling ducks (genus Anas) are the main reservoir for influenza A virus (IAV) in the Northern Hemisphere. Current understanding of disease dynamics and epidemiology in this virus-host system has primarily been based on population-level surveillance studies and infection experiments conducted in laboratory settings. Using a combined experimental-natural approach with wild-strain captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), we monitored individual IAV infection histories and immunological responses of 10 birds over the course of 15 months. This is the first detailed study to track natural IAV infection histories over several seasons amongst the same individuals growing from juvenile to adults. The general trends in the infection histories of the monitored birds reflected seasonal variation in prevalence at the population level. However, within the study group there were significant differences between individuals in infection frequency as well as in short and long term anti-IAV antibody response. Further observations included individual variation in the number of infecting virus subtypes, and a strong tendency for long-lasting hemagglutinin-related homosubtypic immunity. Specifically, all infections in the second autumn, except one, were of different subtypes compared to the first autumn. The variation among birds concerning these epidemiologically important traits illustrates the necessity for IAV studies to move from the level of populations to examine individuals in order to further our understanding of IAV disease and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Michelle Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bengtsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Gunnarsson
- Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Björn Olsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Elmberg
- Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Järhult JD, Muradrasoli S, Wahlgren J, Söderström H, Orozovic G, Gunnarsson G, Bröjer C, Latorre-Margalef N, Fick J, Grabic R, Lennerstrand J, Waldenström J, Lundkvist A, Olsen B. Environmental levels of the antiviral oseltamivir induce development of resistance mutation H274Y in influenza A/H1N1 virus in mallards. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24742. [PMID: 21931841 PMCID: PMC3171471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is the most widely used drug against influenza infections and is extensively stockpiled worldwide as part of pandemic preparedness plans. However, resistance is a growing problem and in 2008–2009, seasonal human influenza A/H1N1 virus strains in most parts of the world carried the mutation H274Y in the neuraminidase gene which causes resistance to the drug. The active metabolite of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is poorly degraded in sewage treatment plants and surface water and has been detected in aquatic environments where the natural influenza reservoir, dabbling ducks, can be exposed to the substance. To assess if resistance can develop under these circumstances, we infected mallards with influenza A/H1N1 virus and exposed the birds to 80 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 80 µg/L of OC through their sole water source. By sequencing the neuraminidase gene from fecal samples, we found that H274Y occurred at 1 µg/L of OC and rapidly dominated the viral population at 80 µg/L. IC50 for OC was increased from 2–4 nM in wild-type viruses to 400–700 nM in H274Y mutants as measured by a neuraminidase inhibition assay. This is consistent with the decrease in sensitivity to OC that has been noted among human clinical isolates carrying H274Y. Environmental OC levels have been measured to 58–293 ng/L during seasonal outbreaks and are expected to reach µg/L-levels during pandemics. Thus, resistance could be induced in influenza viruses circulating among wild ducks. As influenza viruses can cross species barriers, oseltamivir resistance could spread to human-adapted strains with pandemic potential disabling oseltamivir, a cornerstone in pandemic preparedness planning. We propose surveillance in wild birds as a measure to understand the resistance situation in nature and to monitor it over time. Strategies to lower environmental levels of OC include improved sewage treatment and, more importantly, a prudent use of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef D Järhult
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Kraus RHS, van Hooft P, Waldenström J, Latorre-Margalef N, Ydenberg RC, Prins HHT. Avian influenza surveillance with FTA cards: field methods, biosafety, and transportation issues solved. J Vis Exp 2011:2832. [PMID: 21847074 PMCID: PMC3211123 DOI: 10.3791/2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) infect many mammals, including humans1. These AIVs are diverse in their natural hosts, harboring almost all possible viral subtypes2. Human pandemics of flu originally stem from AIVs3. Many fatal human cases during the H5N1 outbreaks in recent years were reported. Lately, a new AIV related strain swept through the human population, causing the 'swine flu epidemic'4. Although human trading and transportation activity seems to be responsible for the spread of highly pathogenic strains5, dispersal can also partly be attributed to wild birds6, 7. However, the actual reservoir of all AIV strains is wild birds. In reaction to this and in face of severe commercial losses in the poultry industry, large surveillance programs have been implemented globally to collect information on the ecology of AIVs, and to install early warning systems to detect certain highly pathogenic strains8-12. Traditional virological methods require viruses to be intact and cultivated before analysis. This necessitates strict cold chains with deep freezers and heavy biosafety procedures to be in place during transport. Long-term surveillance is therefore usually restricted to a few field stations close to well equipped laboratories. Remote areas cannot be sampled unless logistically cumbersome procedures are implemented. These problems have been recognised13, 14 and the use of alternative storage and transport strategies investigated (alcohols or guanidine)15-17. Recently, Kraus et al.18 introduced a method to collect, store and transport AIV samples, based on a special filter paper. FTA cards19 preserve RNA on a dry storage basis20 and render pathogens inactive upon contact21. This study showed that FTA cards can be used to detect AIV RNA in reverse-transcription PCR and that the resulting cDNA could be sequenced and virus genes and determined. In the study of Kraus et al.18 a laboratory isolate of AIV was used, and samples were handled individually. In the extension presented here, faecal samples from wild birds from the duck trap at the Ottenby Bird Observatory (SE Sweden) were tested directly to illustrate the usefulness of the methods under field conditions. Catching of ducks and sample collection by cloacal swabs is demonstrated. The current protocol includes up-scaling of the work flow from single tube handling to a 96-well design. Although less sensitive than the traditional methods, the method of FTA cards provides an excellent supplement to large surveillance schemes. It allows collection and analysis of samples from anywhere in the world, without the need to maintaining a cool chain or safety regulations with respect to shipping of hazardous reagents, such as alcohol or guanidine.
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24
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Orozovic G, Latorre-Margalef N, Wahlgren J, Muradrasoli S, Olsen B. Degenerate primers for PCR amplification and sequencing of the avian influenza A neuraminidase gene. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:94-8. [PMID: 20837063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the design of degenerate primers and their use for synthesis of full-length avian influenza A neuramindase (NA). Each reaction was performed using either two forward primers and one reverse primer, or one forward primer and one reverse primer. Both primer combinations had comparable amplification efficiencies for all NA subtypes (1-9). A total of 115 virus strains, including both field isolates and reference strains, were amplified successfully using these degenerate primer sets. Of the sequences amplified, 108 strains (93.9%) resulted in near full-length NA cDNAs after two readings with one forward primer and one reverse primer. Of the remaining sequences, five strains (4.3%) yielded reads with enough information for subtype categorization by BLAST although they were of insufficient quality for assembly. One strain (0.9%) yielded different subtypes from both sequence reads whereas the other one (0.9%) was not possible to assemble and subtype. This successful demonstration of these degenerate primers for the amplification and sequencing of all avian NA subtypes suggests that these primers could be employed in the avian influenza surveillance program as well as studies of antiviral resistance, virus ecology or viral phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Orozovic
- Linneaus University, Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Barlastgatan 11, Kalmar, Sweden.
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25
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Gunnarsson G, Jourdain E, Waldenström J, Helander B, Lindberg P, Elmberg J, Latorre-Margalef N, Olsen B. Zero prevalence of influenza A virus in two raptor species by standard screening. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:387-90. [PMID: 19877810 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease can have severe impact on animal populations, especially in rare species. Baseline data for atypical host species are missing for a range of infectious diseases, although such hosts are potentially more affected than the normal vectors and reservoir species. If highly pathogenic avian influenza strikes rare birds of prey, this may have crucial impact on the predator species itself, but also on the food web in which it interacts. Here we present the first large-scale screening of raptors that regularly consume birds belonging to the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Influenza A virus prevalence was studied in two rare raptors, the white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Nestlings were screened for active (181 white-tailed sea eagles and 168 peregrine falcons) and past (123 white-tailed sea eagles and 6 peregrine falcons) infection in 2006-2007, and an additional 20 succumbed adult white-tailed sea eagles were sampled in 2003-2006. Neither high- nor low-pathogenic influenza infections were found in our sample, but this does not rule out that the former may have major impact on rare raptors and their food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Gunnarsson
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden.
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26
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Latorre-Margalef N, Gunnarsson G, Munster VJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Elmberg J, Olsen B, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Brudin L, Waldenström J. Does influenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or
vice versa
? A reply to Flint and Franson. Proc Biol Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Gunnarsson
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Elmberg
- Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Thord Fransson
- Bird Ringing Centre, Swedish Museum of Natural History104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Brudin
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Kalmar County Hospital391 85 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Latorre-Margalef N, Gunnarsson G, Munster VJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Elmberg J, Olsen B, Wallensten A, Haemig PD, Fransson T, Brudin L, Waldenström J. Effects of influenza A virus infection on migrating mallard ducks. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:1029-36. [PMID: 19129127 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir of influenza A virus is waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks (genus Anas). Although it has long been assumed that waterfowl are asymptomatic carriers of the virus, a recent study found that low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) infection in Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) negatively affected stopover time, body mass and feeding behaviour. In the present study, we investigated whether LPAI infection incurred ecological or physiological costs to migratory mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in terms of body mass loss and staging time, and whether such costs could influence the likelihood for long-distance dispersal of the avian influenza virus by individual ducks. During the autumn migrations of 2002-2007, we collected faecal samples (n=10918) and biometric data from mallards captured and banded at Ottenby, a major staging site in a flyway connecting breeding and wintering areas of European waterfowl. Body mass was significantly lower in infected ducks than in uninfected ducks (mean difference almost 20 g over all groups), and the amount of virus shed by infected juveniles was negatively correlated with body mass. There was no general effect of infection on staging time, except for juveniles in September, in which birds that shed fewer viruses stayed shorter than birds that shed more viruses. LPAI infection did not affect speed or distance of subsequent migration. The data from recaptured individuals showed that the maximum duration of infection was on average 8.3 days (s.e. 0.5), with a mean minimum duration of virus shedding of only 3.1 days (s.e. 0.1). Shedding time decreased during the season, suggesting that mallards acquire transient immunity for LPAI infection. In conclusion, deteriorated body mass following infection was detected, but it remains to be seen whether this has more long-term fitness effects. The short virus shedding time suggests that individual mallards are less likely to spread the virus at continental or intercontinental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, and Kalmar County Hospital, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Ellström P, Latorre-Margalef N, Griekspoor P, Waldenström J, Olofsson J, Wahlgren J, Olsen B. Sampling for low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus in wild Mallard ducks: oropharyngeal versus cloacal swabbing. Vaccine 2008; 26:4414-6. [PMID: 18586061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wallensten A, Munster VJ, Latorre-Margalef N, Brytting M, Elmberg J, Fouchier RA, Fransson T, Haemig PD, Karlsson M, Lundkvist Å, Osterhaus AD, Stervander M, Waldenström J, Olsen B. Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:404-11. [PMID: 17552093 PMCID: PMC2725893 DOI: 10.3201/eid1303.061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted large-scale, systematic sampling of influenza type A virus in migratory waterfowl (mostly mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) at Ottenby Bird Observatory, southeast Sweden. As with previous studies, we found a higher prevalence in fall than spring, and among juveniles compared with adults. However, in contrast to other studies, we found that prevalence in spring was sometimes high (mean 4.0%, highest 9.5%). This finding raises the possibility that ducks are capable of perpetuating influenza A virus of different subtypes and subtype combinations throughout the year and from 1 year to the next. Isolation of the H5 and H7 subtypes was common, which suggests risk for transmission to sensitive domestic animals such as poultry. We argue that wild bird screening can function as a sentinel system, and we give an example of how it could have been used to forecast a remote and deadly outbreak of influenza A in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar, Sweden
- Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mia Brytting
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Malin Karlsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Björn Olsen
- Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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