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Bange EM, Han NA, Wileyto P, Kim JY, Gouma S, Robinson J, Greenplate AR, Hwee MA, Porterfield F, Owoyemi O, Naik K, Zheng C, Galantino M, Weisman AR, Ittner CAG, Kugler EM, Baxter AE, Oniyide O, Agyekum RS, Dunn TG, Jones TK, Giannini HM, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Babady NE, Kumar A, Widman AJ, DeWolf S, Boutemine SR, Roberts C, Budzik KR, Tollett S, Wright C, Perloff T, Sun L, Mathew D, Giles JR, Oldridge DA, Wu JE, Alanio C, Adamski S, Garfall AL, Vella LA, Kerr SJ, Cohen JV, Oyer RA, Massa R, Maillard IP, Maxwell KN, Reilly JP, Maslak PG, Vonderheide RH, Wolchok JD, Hensley SE, Wherry EJ, Meyer NJ, DeMichele AM, Vardhana SA, Mamtani R, Huang AC. CD8 + T cells contribute to survival in patients with COVID-19 and hematologic cancer. Nat Med 2021; 27:1280-1289. [PMID: 34017137 PMCID: PMC8291091 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer have high mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the immune parameters that dictate clinical outcomes remain unknown. In a cohort of 100 patients with cancer who were hospitalized for COVID-19, patients with hematologic cancer had higher mortality relative to patients with solid cancer. In two additional cohorts, flow cytometric and serologic analyses demonstrated that patients with solid cancer and patients without cancer had a similar immune phenotype during acute COVID-19, whereas patients with hematologic cancer had impairment of B cells and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody responses. Despite the impaired humoral immunity and high mortality in patients with hematologic cancer who also have COVID-19, those with a greater number of CD8 T cells had improved survival, including those treated with anti-CD20 therapy. Furthermore, 77% of patients with hematologic cancer had detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. Thus, CD8 T cells might influence recovery from COVID-19 when humoral immunity is deficient. These observations suggest that CD8 T cell responses to vaccination might provide protection in patients with hematologic cancer even in the setting of limited humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Bange
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Han
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Wileyto
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Y Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Robinson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madeline A Hwee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florence Porterfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olutosin Owoyemi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karan Naik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cathy Zheng
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Galantino
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariel R Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A G Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily M Kugler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olutwatosin Oniyide
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roseline S Agyekum
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas G Dunn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tiffanie K Jones
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather M Giannini
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison E Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Esther Babady
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam J Widman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sawsan R Boutemine
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Roberts
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krista R Budzik
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Tollett
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carla Wright
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tara Perloff
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, NY, USA
| | - Lova Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfred L Garfall
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel J Kerr
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine V Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, NY, USA
| | - Randall A Oyer
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Massa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan P Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John P Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Maslak
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela M DeMichele
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Santosha A Vardhana
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ronac Mamtani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Bange EM, Han NA, Wileyto P, Kim JY, Gouma S, Robinson J, Greenplate AR, Porterfield F, Owoyemi O, Naik K, Zheng C, Galantino M, Weisman AR, Ittner CA, Kugler EM, Baxter AE, Oniyide O, Agyekum RS, Dunn TG, Jones TK, Giannini HM, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Babady NE, Kumar A, Widman AJ, DeWolf S, Boutemine SR, Roberts C, Budzik KR, Tollett S, Wright C, Perloff T, Sun L, Mathew D, Giles JR, Oldridge DA, Wu JE, Alanio C, Adamski S, Garfall AL, Vella L, Kerr SJ, Cohen JV, Oyer RA, Massa R, Maillard IP, Maxwell KN, Reilly JP, Maslak PG, Vonderheide RH, Wolchok JD, Hensley SE, Wherry EJ, Meyer N, DeMichele AM, Vardhana SA, Mamtani R, Huang AC. CD8 T cells compensate for impaired humoral immunity in COVID-19 patients with hematologic cancer. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-162289. [PMID: 33564756 PMCID: PMC7872363 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-162289/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients have increased morbidity and mortality from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the underlying immune mechanisms are unknown. In a cohort of 100 cancer patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, we found that patients with hematologic cancers had a significantly higher mortality relative to patients with solid cancers after accounting for confounders including ECOG performance status and active cancer status. We performed flow cytometric and serologic analyses of 106 cancer patients and 113 non-cancer controls from two additional cohorts at Penn and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Patients with solid cancers exhibited an immune phenotype similar to non-cancer patients during acute COVID-19 whereas patients with hematologic cancers had significant impairment of B cells and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. High dimensional analysis of flow cytometric data revealed 5 distinct immune phenotypes. An immune phenotype characterized by CD8 T cell depletion was associated with a high viral load and the highest mortality of 71%, among all cancer patients. In contrast, despite impaired B cell responses, patients with hematologic cancers and preserved CD8 T cells had a lower viral load and mortality. These data highlight the importance of CD8 T cells in acute COVID-19, particularly in the setting of impaired humoral immunity. Further, depletion of B cells with anti-CD20 therapy resulted in almost complete abrogation of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, but was not associated with increased mortality compared to other hematologic cancers, when adequate CD8 T cells were present. Finally, higher CD8 T cell counts were associated with improved overall survival in patients with hematologic cancers. Thus, CD8 T cells likely compensate for deficient humoral immunity and influence clinical recovery of COVID-19. These observations have important implications for cancer and COVID-19-directed treatments, immunosuppressive therapies, and for understanding the role of B and T cells in acute COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Bange
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas A. Han
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Wileyto
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Justin Y. Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Florence Porterfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Olutosin Owoyemi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Karan Naik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Cathy Zheng
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ariel R. Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline A.G. Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Emily M. Kugler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Olutwatosin Oniyide
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Roseline S. Agyekum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas G. Dunn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffanie K. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Heather M. Giannini
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Madison E. Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - N. Esther Babady
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Anita Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Adam J Widman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Carla Wright
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Tara Perloff
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital
| | - Lova Sun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer E. Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alfred L. Garfall
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Vella
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Samuel J. Kerr
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital
| | - Justine V. Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital
| | - Randall A. Oyer
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital
| | - Ryan Massa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Ivan P. Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kara N. Maxwell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - John P. Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Peter G. Maslak
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Robert H. Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Nuala Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Angela M. DeMichele
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Santosha A. Vardhana
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
| | - Ronac Mamtani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander C. Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
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