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Schucan Bird K, Stokes N, Rivas C, Tomlinson M, Delve M, Gordon L, Gregory A, Lawrence K, O’Reilly N. Training Informal Supporters to Improve Responses to Victim-Survivors of Domestic Violence and Abuse: A Systematic Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:1568-1584. [PMID: 37649408 PMCID: PMC10913311 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Informal supporters (friends, family, colleagues, and community members) play a crucial role in societal-wide responses to victim-survivors of domestic violence and abuse. Familial and social networks, however, report a sense of helplessness and difficulties in knowing how to respond. This mixed method systematic review examines the effectiveness, and perceived effectiveness, of training informal supporters to improve their responses to victim-survivors. A novel conceptual framework was developed to underpin the review. A systematic search of four electronic databases, specialist repositories, and websites were used to identify empirical research (in academic or gray literature). Eleven included studies examined educational interventions that aimed to improve responses from informal supporters. Quality appraisal was undertaken, and studies were judged to be "good enough" for synthesis. The studies in the review indicated that informal supporters recognized the value of training for building understanding and equipping them with the skills to respond to victim-survivors. The synthesis identified statistically significant improvements in the knowledge and attitudes of informal supporters in the immediate and short-term following training. Using a behavior change model to frame the evidence, the review found that training/educational activities prime informal supporters to respond to victim-survivors, as well as enhancing their capacity and motivation to do so. This increases the likelihood that informal supporters will take action to support victim-survivors of abuse. We don't know, however, what type of support they will provide and/or whether it would be judged to be helpful by victim-survivors.
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Townsley H, Gahir J, Russell TW, Greenwood D, Carr EJ, Dyke M, Adams L, Miah M, Clayton B, Smith C, Miranda M, Mears HV, Bailey C, Black JRM, Fowler AS, Crawford M, Wilkinson K, Hutchinson M, Harvey R, O’Reilly N, Kelly G, Goldstone R, Beale R, Papineni P, Corrah T, Gilson R, Caidan S, Nicod J, Gamblin S, Kassiotis G, Libri V, Williams B, Gandhi S, Kucharski AJ, Swanton C, Bauer DLV, Wall EC. COVID-19 in non-hospitalised adults caused by either SARS-CoV-2 sub-variants Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4/5 or Delta associates with similar illness duration, symptom severity and viral kinetics, irrespective of vaccination history. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294897. [PMID: 38512960 PMCID: PMC10956747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron rapidly evolved over 2022, causing three waves of infection due to sub-variants BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5. We sought to characterise symptoms and viral loads over the course of COVID-19 infection with these sub-variants in otherwise-healthy, vaccinated, non-hospitalised adults, and compared data to infections with the preceding Delta variant of concern (VOC). METHODS In a prospective, observational cohort study, healthy vaccinated UK adults who reported a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or lateral flow test, self-swabbed on alternate weekdays until day 10. We compared participant-reported symptoms and viral load trajectories between infections caused by VOCs Delta and Omicron (sub-variants BA.1, BA.2 or BA.4/5), and tested for relationships between vaccine dose, symptoms and PCR cycle threshold (Ct) as a proxy for viral load using Chi-squared (χ2) and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS 563 infection episodes were reported among 491 participants. Across infection episodes, there was little variation in symptom burden (4 [IQR 3-5] symptoms) and duration (8 [IQR 6-11] days). Whilst symptom profiles differed among infections caused by Delta compared to Omicron sub-variants, symptom profiles were similar between Omicron sub-variants. Anosmia was reported more frequently in Delta infections after 2 doses compared with Omicron sub-variant infections after 3 doses, for example: 42% (25/60) of participants with Delta infection compared to 9% (6/67) with Omicron BA.4/5 (χ2 P < 0.001; OR 7.3 [95% CI 2.7-19.4]). Fever was less common with Delta (20/60 participants; 33%) than Omicron BA.4/5 (39/67; 58%; χ2 P = 0.008; OR 0.4 [CI 0.2-0.7]). Amongst infections with an Omicron sub-variants, symptoms of coryza, fatigue, cough and myalgia predominated. Viral load trajectories and peaks did not differ between Delta, and Omicron, irrespective of symptom severity (including asymptomatic participants), VOC or vaccination status. PCR Ct values were negatively associated with time since vaccination in participants infected with BA.1 (β = -0.05 (CI -0.10-0.01); P = 0.031); however, this trend was not observed in BA.2 or BA.4/5 infections. CONCLUSION Our study emphasises both the changing symptom profile of COVID-19 infections in the Omicron era, and ongoing transmission risk of Omicron sub-variants in vaccinated adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04750356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermaleigh Townsley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Gahir
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy W. Russell
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Matala Dyke
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorin Adams
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Murad Miah
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Callie Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Chris Bailey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - James R. M. Black
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Harvey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gavin Kelly
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK)
| | | | - Tumena Corrah
- London Northwest University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Gilson
- Camden and North West London NHS Community Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Caidan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Nicod
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Kassiotis
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Libri
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Williams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. V. Bauer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK)
| | - Emma C. Wall
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
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Russell TW, Townsley H, Abbott S, Hellewell J, Carr EJ, Chapman LAC, Pung R, Quilty BJ, Hodgson D, Fowler AS, Adams L, Bailey C, Mears HV, Harvey R, Clayton B, O’Reilly N, Ngai Y, Nicod J, Gamblin S, Williams B, Gandhi S, Swanton C, Beale R, Bauer DLV, Wall EC, Kucharski AJ. Combined analyses of within-host SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and information on past exposures to the virus in a human cohort identifies intrinsic differences of Omicron and Delta variants. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002463. [PMID: 38289907 PMCID: PMC10826969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of successive Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) during 2020 to 2022, each exhibiting increased epidemic growth relative to earlier circulating variants, has created a need to understand the drivers of such growth. However, both pathogen biology and changing host characteristics-such as varying levels of immunity-can combine to influence replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within and between hosts. Disentangling the role of variant and host in individual-level viral shedding of VOCs is essential to inform Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) planning and response and interpret past epidemic trends. Using data from a prospective observational cohort study of healthy adult volunteers undergoing weekly occupational health PCR screening, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to reconstruct individual-level viral kinetics and estimate how different factors shaped viral dynamics, measured by PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values over time. Jointly accounting for both interindividual variation in Ct values and complex host characteristics-such as vaccination status, exposure history, and age-we found that age and number of prior exposures had a strong influence on peak viral replication. Older individuals and those who had at least 5 prior antigen exposures to vaccination and/or infection typically had much lower levels of shedding. Moreover, we found evidence of a correlation between the speed of early shedding and duration of incubation period when comparing different VOCs and age groups. Our findings illustrate the value of linking information on participant characteristics, symptom profile and infecting variant with prospective PCR sampling, and the importance of accounting for increasingly complex population exposure landscapes when analysing the viral kinetics of VOCs. Trial Registration: The Legacy study is a prospective observational cohort study of healthy adult volunteers undergoing weekly occupational health PCR screening for SARS-CoV-2 at University College London Hospitals or at the Francis Crick Institute (NCT04750356) (22,23). The Legacy study was approved by London Camden and Kings Cross Health Research Authority Research and Ethics committee (IRAS number 286469). The Legacy study was approved by London Camden and Kings Cross Health Research Authority Research and Ethics committee (IRAS number 286469) and is sponsored by University College London Hospitals. Written consent was given by all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Russell
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hermaleigh Townsley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Abbott
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Hellewell
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Carr
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd A. C. Chapman
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Pung
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Billy J. Quilty
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Hodgson
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorin Adams
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bailey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth Harvey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Yenting Ngai
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Nicod
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan Williams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK), London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. V. Bauer
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK), London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Wall
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Russell TW, Townsley H, Abbott S, Hellewell J, Carr EJ, Chapman L, Pung R, Quilty BJ, Hodgson D, Fowler AS, Adams L, Bailey C, Mears HV, Harvey R, Clayton B, O’Reilly N, Ngai Y, Nicod J, Gamblin S, Williams B, Gandhi S, Swanton C, Beale R, Bauer DLV, Wall EC, Kucharski A. Within-host SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics informed by complex life course exposures reveals different intrinsic properties of Omicron and Delta variants. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.17.23290105. [PMID: 37292842 PMCID: PMC10246130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.23290105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of successive SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) during 2020-22, each exhibiting increased epidemic growth relative to earlier circulating variants, has created a need to understand the drivers of such growth. However, both pathogen biology and changing host characteristics - such as varying levels of immunity - can combine to influence replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within and between hosts. Disentangling the role of variant and host in individual-level viral shedding of VOCs is essential to inform COVID-19 planning and response, and interpret past epidemic trends. Using data from a prospective observational cohort study of healthy adult volunteers undergoing weekly occupational health PCR screening, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to reconstruct individual-level viral kinetics and estimate how different factors shaped viral dynamics, measured by PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values over time. Jointly accounting for both inter-individual variation in Ct values and complex host characteristics - such as vaccination status, exposure history and age - we found that age and number of prior exposures had a strong influence on peak viral replication. Older individuals and those who had at least five prior antigen exposures to vaccination and/or infection typically had much lower levels of shedding. Moreover, we found evidence of a correlation between the speed of early shedding and duration of incubation period when comparing different VOCs and age groups. Our findings illustrate the value of linking information on participant characteristics, symptom profile and infecting variant with prospective PCR sampling, and the importance of accounting for increasingly complex population exposure landscapes when analysing the viral kinetics of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Russell
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hermaleigh Townsley
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK
| | - Sam Abbott
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joel Hellewell
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J Carr
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Lloyd Chapman
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster
| | - Rachael Pung
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Billy J. Quilty
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Hodgson
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Lorin Adams
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ruth Harvey
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Bobbi Clayton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | | | - Yenting Ngai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
| | - Jerome Nicod
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Steve Gamblin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
| | - Bryan Williams
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
| | - Rupert Beale
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK)
| | - David LV Bauer
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- Genotype-to-Phenotype UK National Virology Consortium (G2P-UK)
| | - Emma C Wall
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK
- University College London, Gower Street, London
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Birgisdottir ÅB, Mouilleron S, Bhujabal Z, Wirth M, Sjøttem E, Evjen G, Zhang W, Lee R, O’Reilly N, Tooze SA, Lamark T, Johansen T. Members of the autophagy class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I interact with GABARAP and GABARAPL1 via LIR motifs. Autophagy 2019; 15:1333-1355. [PMID: 30767700 PMCID: PMC6613885 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1581009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome formation depends on a carefully orchestrated interplay between membrane-associated protein complexes. Initiation of macroautophagy/autophagy is mediated by the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) protein kinase complex and the autophagy-specific class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PtdIns3K-C1). The latter contains PIK3C3/VPS34, PIK3R4/VPS15, BECN1/Beclin 1 and ATG14 and phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol to generate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Here, we show that PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 contain functional LIR motifs and interact with the Atg8-family proteins with a preference for GABARAP and GABARAPL1. High resolution crystal structures of the functional LIR motifs of these core components of PtdIns3K-C1were obtained. Variation in hydrophobic pocket 2 (HP2) may explain the specificity for the GABARAP family. Mutation of the LIR motif in ATG14 did not prevent formation of the PtdIns3K-C1 complex, but blocked colocalization with MAP1LC3B/LC3B and impaired mitophagy. The ULK-mediated phosphorylation of S29 in ATG14 was strongly dependent on a functional LIR motif in ATG14. GABARAP-preferring LIR motifs in PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 may, via coincidence detection, contribute to scaffolding of PtdIns3K-C1 on membranes for efficient autophagosome formation. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; KO: knockout; LDS: LIR docking site; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VPS: Vacuolar protein sorting; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Birna Birgisdottir
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martina Wirth
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gry Evjen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lee
- Structural Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø –The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Chao WCH, Wade BO, Bouchoux C, Jones AW, Purkiss AG, Federico S, O’Reilly N, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F, Singleton MR. Structural Basis of Eco1-Mediated Cohesin Acetylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44313. [PMID: 28290497 PMCID: PMC5349539 DOI: 10.1038/srep44313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister-chromatid cohesion is established by Eco1-mediated acetylation on two conserved tandem lysines in the cohesin Smc3 subunit. However, the molecular basis of Eco1 substrate recognition and acetylation in cohesion is not fully understood. Here, we discover and rationalize the substrate specificity of Eco1 using mass spectrometry coupled with in-vitro acetylation assays and crystallography. Our structures of the X. laevis Eco2 (xEco2) bound to its primary and secondary Smc3 substrates demonstrate the plasticity of the substrate-binding site, which confers substrate specificity by concerted conformational changes of the central β hairpin and the C-terminal extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. H. Chao
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Benjamin O. Wade
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Céline Bouchoux
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew W. Jones
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew G. Purkiss
- Structural Biology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefania Federico
- Peptide Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin R. Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Kakugawa S, Langton PF, Zebisch M, Howell S, Chang TH, Liu Y, Feizi T, Bineva G, O’Reilly N, Snijders AP, Jones EY, Vincent JP. Notum deacylates Wnt proteins to suppress signalling activity. Nature 2015; 519:187-192. [PMID: 25731175 PMCID: PMC4376489 DOI: 10.1038/nature14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Signalling by Wnt proteins is finely balanced to ensure normal development and tissue homeostasis while avoiding diseases such as cancer. This is achieved in part by Notum, a highly conserved secreted feedback antagonist. Notum has been thought to act as a phospholipase, shedding glypicans and associated Wnt proteins from the cell surface. However, this view fails to explain specificity, as glypicans bind many extracellular ligands. Here we provide genetic evidence in Drosophila that Notum requires glypicans to suppress Wnt signalling, but does not cleave their glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. Structural analyses reveal glycosaminoglycan binding sites on Notum, which probably help Notum to co-localize with Wnt proteins. They also identify, at the active site of human and Drosophila Notum, a large hydrophobic pocket that accommodates palmitoleate. Kinetic and mass spectrometric analyses of human proteins show that Notum is a carboxylesterase that removes an essential palmitoleate moiety from Wnt proteins and thus constitutes the first known extracellular protein deacylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kakugawa
- MRC’s National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Paul F. Langton
- MRC’s National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Steve Howell
- MRC’s National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Tao-Hsin Chang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, Department of Medicine Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Ganka Bineva
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Cancer Research UK, Clare Hall Laboratories, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire. EN6 3LD, UK
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- MRC’s National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Ivanova ME, Fletcher GC, O’Reilly N, Purkiss AG, Thompson BJ, McDonald NQ. Structures of the human Pals1 PDZ domain with and without ligand suggest gated access of Crb to the PDZ peptide-binding groove. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2015; 71:555-64. [PMID: 25760605 PMCID: PMC4356366 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471402776x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many components of epithelial polarity protein complexes possess PDZ domains that are required for protein interaction and recruitment to the apical plasma membrane. Apical localization of the Crumbs (Crb) transmembrane protein requires a PDZ-mediated interaction with Pals1 (protein-associated with Lin7, Stardust, MPP5), a member of the p55 family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). This study describes the molecular interaction between the Crb carboxy-terminal motif (ERLI), which is required for Drosophila cell polarity, and the Pals1 PDZ domain using crystallography and fluorescence polarization. Only the last four Crb residues contribute to Pals1 PDZ-domain binding affinity, with specificity contributed by conserved charged interactions. Comparison of the Crb-bound Pals1 PDZ structure with an apo Pals1 structure reveals a key Phe side chain that gates access to the PDZ peptide-binding groove. Removal of this side chain enhances the binding affinity by more than fivefold, suggesting that access of Crb to Pals1 may be regulated by intradomain contacts or by protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Ivanova
- Structural Biology Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
| | - Georgina C. Fletcher
- Epithelial Biology Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
| | - Andrew G. Purkiss
- Structural Biology Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
| | - Barry J. Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
| | - Neil Q. McDonald
- Structural Biology Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, England
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England
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Riou P, Kjær S, Garg R, Purkiss A, George R, Cain R, Bineva G, Reymond N, McColl B, Thompson A, O’Reilly N, McDonald N, Parker P, Ridley A. 14-3-3 Proteins Interact with a Hybrid Prenyl-Phosphorylation Motif to Inhibit G Proteins. Cell 2013. [PMCID: PMC3898606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Riou P, Kjær S, Garg R, Purkiss A, George R, Cain R, Bineva G, Reymond N, McColl B, Thompson A, O’Reilly N, McDonald N, Parker P, Ridley A. 14-3-3 proteins interact with a hybrid prenyl-phosphorylation motif to inhibit G proteins. Cell 2013; 153:640-53. [PMID: 23622247 PMCID: PMC3690454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through G proteins normally involves conformational switching between GTP- and GDP-bound states. Several Rho GTPases are also regulated by RhoGDI binding and sequestering in the cytosol. Rnd proteins are atypical constitutively GTP-bound Rho proteins, whose regulation remains elusive. Here, we report a high-affinity 14-3-3-binding site at the C terminus of Rnd3 consisting of both the Cys241-farnesyl moiety and a Rho-associated coiled coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)-dependent Ser240 phosphorylation site. 14-3-3 binding to Rnd3 also involves phosphorylation of Ser218 by ROCK and/or Ser210 by protein kinase C (PKC). The crystal structure of a phosphorylated, farnesylated Rnd3 peptide with 14-3-3 reveals a hydrophobic groove in 14-3-3 proteins accommodating the farnesyl moiety. Functionally, 14-3-3 inhibits Rnd3-induced cell rounding by translocating it from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. Rnd1, Rnd2, and geranylgeranylated Rap1A interact similarly with 14-3-3. In contrast to the canonical GTP/GDP switch that regulates most Ras superfamily members, our results reveal an unprecedented mechanism for G protein inhibition by 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Riou
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Svend Kjær
- Protein Purification Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew Purkiss
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Roger George
- Protein Purification Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Robert J. Cain
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ganka Bineva
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Nicolas Reymond
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Brad McColl
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew J. Thompson
- MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, De Crespigny Park, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicola O’Reilly
- Peptide Synthesis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Neil Q. McDonald
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Malet Street, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Division of Cancer Studies, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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O’Reilly N, Menezes N, Kavanagh K. Positive correlation between serum immunoreactivity toDemodex-associatedBacillusproteins and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:1032-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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