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Chen Y, Zhu W, Zhang W, Libal N, Murphy SJ, Offner H, Alkayed NJ. A novel mouse model of thromboembolic stroke. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 256:203-11. [PMID: 26386284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) reduces infarct size after mechanical middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic mice expressing human leukocyte antigen DR2 (DR2-Tg). Clinically, tPA limits ischemic damage by dissolving the clot blocking blood flow through a cerebral artery. To mimic the clinical situation, we developed a new mouse model of thromboembolic stroke, and tested the efficacy of tPA in WT and DR2-Tg mice. New Method Autologous blood is withdrawn into a PE-8 catheter filled with 2 IU α-thrombin. After exposing the catheter briefly to air, the catheter is reintroduced into the external (ECA) and advanced into the internal carotid artery (ICA) to allow for intravascular injection of thrombin at the MCA bifurcation. To validate the model, we tested the effect of tPA on laser-Doppler perfusion (LDP) over the MCA territory and infarct size in WT and DR2-Tg mice. RESULTS The procedure results in a consistent drop in LDP, and leads to a highly reproducible ischemic lesion. When administered at 15min after thrombosis, tPA restored LDP and resulted in a significant reduction in infarct size at 24h after thrombosis in both WT and DR2-Tg. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our model significantly reduces surgery time, requires a single anesthesia exposure, and produces a consistent and predictable infarction, with low variability and mortality. CONCLUSION We validated the efficacy of tPA in restoring blood flow and reducing infarct in a new model of endovascular thromboembolic stroke in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenri Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Libal
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie J Murphy
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Neuroimmunology Research, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Dotson AL, Zhu W, Libal N, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. Different immunological mechanisms govern protection from experimental stroke in young and older mice with recombinant TCR ligand therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:284. [PMID: 25309326 PMCID: PMC4174768 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. The lack of clinical success in stroke therapies can be attributed, in part, to inadequate basic research on aging rodents. The current study demonstrates that recombinant TCR ligand therapy uses different immunological mechanisms to protect young and older mice from experimental stroke. In young mice, RTL1000 therapy inhibited splenocyte efflux while reducing frequency of T cells and macrophages in the spleen. Older mice treated with RTL1000 exhibited a significant reduction in inflammatory cells in the brain and inhibition of splenic atrophy. Our data suggest age specific differences in immune response to stroke that allow unique targeting of stroke immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Dotson
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Medical Center Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Libal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Medical Center Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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Benedek G, Zhu W, Libal N, Casper A, Yu X, Meza-Romero R, Vandenbark AA, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. A novel HLA-DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct treats experimental stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:37-45. [PMID: 24122483 PMCID: PMC3975671 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoattraction of leukocytes into the brain after induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) increases the lesion size and worsens disease outcome. Our previous studies demonstrated that partial MHC class II constructs can reverse this process. However, the potential application of pMHC to human stroke is limited by the need to rapidly match recipient MHC class II with the β1 domain of the pMHC construct. We designed a novel recombinant protein comprised of the HLA-DRα1 domain linked to MOG-35-55 peptide but lacking the β1 domain found in pMHC and treated MCAO after 4 h reperfusion in humanized DR2 mice. Infarct volumes were quantified after 96 h reperfusion and immune cells from the periphery and CNS were evaluated for expression of CD74 and other cell surface, cytokine and pathway markers. This study demonstrates that four daily treatments with DRα1-MOG-35-55 reduced infarct size by 40 % in the cortex, striatum and hemisphere, inhibited the migration of activated CD11b+CD45high cells from the periphery to the brain and reversed splenic atrophy. Furthermore, DRα1-MOG-35-55 bound to CD74 on monocytes and blocked both binding and downstream signaling of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) that may play a key role in infarct development. The novel DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct is highly therapeutic in experimental stroke and could be given to all patients at least 4 h after stroke onset without the need for tissue typing due to universal expression of DRα1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Libal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amanda Casper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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