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Molodtsov IA, Kegeles E, Mitin AN, Mityaeva O, Musatova OE, Panova AE, Pashenkov MV, Peshkova IO, Alsalloum A, Asaad W, Budikhina AS, Deryabin AS, Dolzhikova IV, Filimonova IN, Gracheva AN, Ivanova OI, Kizilova A, Komogorova VV, Komova A, Kompantseva NI, Kucheryavykh E, Lagutkin DA, Lomakin YA, Maleeva AV, Maryukhnich EV, Mohammad A, Murugin VV, Murugina NE, Navoikova A, Nikonova MF, Ovchinnikova LA, Panarina Y, Pinegina NV, Potashnikova DM, Romanova EV, Saidova AA, Sakr N, Samoilova AG, Serdyuk Y, Shakirova NT, Sharova NI, Sheetikov SA, Shemetova AF, Shevkova LV, Shpektor AV, Trufanova A, Tvorogova AV, Ukrainskaya VM, Vinokurov AS, Vorobyeva DA, Zornikova KV, Efimov GA, Khaitov MR, Kofiadi IA, Komissarov AA, Logunov DY, Naigovzina NB, Rubtsov YP, Vasilyeva IA, Volchkov P, Vasilieva E. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies in COVID-19 protection: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e1-e9. [PMID: 35435222 PMCID: PMC9047235 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many individuals were infected with and have cleared the virus, developing virus-specific antibodies and effector/memory T cells. An important unanswered question is what levels of T-cell and antibody responses are sufficient to protect from the infection. Methods In 5340 Moscow residents, we evaluated anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and frequencies of the T cells specific to the membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, using interferon gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay. Additionally, we evaluated the fractions of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using intracellular staining of IFN-γ and interleukin 2 followed by flow cytometry. We analyzed the COVID-19 rates as a function of the assessed antibody and T-cell responses, using the Kaplan–Meier estimator method, for up to 300 days postinclusion. Results We showed that T-cell and antibody responses are closely interconnected and are commonly induced concurrently. Magnitudes of both responses inversely correlated with infection probability. Individuals positive for both responses demonstrated the highest levels of protectivity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. A comparable level of protection was found in individuals with antibody response only, whereas the T-cell response by itself granted only intermediate protection. Conclusions We found that the contribution of the virus-specific antibodies to protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is more pronounced than that of the T cells. The data on the virus-specific IgG titers may be instructive for making decisions in personalized healthcare and public anti–COVID-19 policies. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04898140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Molodtsov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii Kegeles
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Alexander N Mitin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mityaeva
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Oksana E Musatova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Panova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iuliia O Peshkova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Almaqdad Alsalloum
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Walaa Asaad
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anna S Budikhina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Deryabin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ioanna N Filimonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Gracheva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana I Ivanova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kizilova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Viktoria V Komogorova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Komova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia I Kompantseva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis A Lagutkin
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yakov A Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Maleeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Maryukhnich
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Afraa Mohammad
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Murugina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Navoikova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Margarita F Nikonova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla A Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Panarina
- The Government of Moscow, 125032, 13 Tverskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Pinegina
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Potashnikova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Romanova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleena A Saidova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Nawar Sakr
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anastasia G Samoilova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Serdyuk
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Naina T Shakirova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina I Sharova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Saveliy A Sheetikov
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia F Shemetova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila V Shevkova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Shpektor
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Trufanova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anna V Tvorogova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria M Ukrainskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy S Vinokurov
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A Vorobyeva
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Zornikova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory A Efimov
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119997, 1 Ostrovityanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A Kofiadi
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119997, 1 Ostrovityanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Komissarov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli B Naigovzina
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Vasilyeva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
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Budikhina AS, Murugina NE, Maximchik PV, Dagil YA, Nikolaeva AM, Balyasova LS, Murugin VV, Selezneva EM, Pashchenkova YG, Chkadua GZ, Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV. Interplay between NOD1 and TLR4 Receptors in Macrophages: Nonsynergistic Activation of Signaling Pathways Results in Synergistic Induction of Proinflammatory Gene Expression. J Immunol 2021; 206:2206-2220. [PMID: 33846227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between pattern-recognition receptors shape innate immune responses to pathogens. NOD1 and TLR4 are synergistically interacting receptors playing a pivotal role in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. However, mechanisms of their cooperation are poorly understood. It is unclear whether synergy is produced at the level of signaling pathways downstream of NOD1 and TLR4 or at more distal levels such as gene transcription. We analyzed sequential stages of human macrophage activation by a combination of NOD1 and TLR4 agonists (N-acetyl-d-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid [M-triDAP] and LPS, respectively). We show that events preceding or not requiring activation of transcription, such as activation of signaling kinases, rapid boost of glycolysis, and most importantly, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, are regulated nonsynergistically. However, at the output of the nucleus, the combination of M-triDAP and LPS synergistically induces expression of a subset of M-triDAP- and LPS-inducible genes, particularly those encoding proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1B, IL6, IL12B, and IL23A). This synergistic response develops between 1 and 4 h of agonist treatment and requires continuous signaling through NOD1. The synergistically regulated genes have a lower basal expression and higher inducibility at 4 h than those regulated nonsynergistically. Both gene subsets include NF-κB-inducible genes. Therefore, activation of the NF-κB pathway does not explain synergistic gene induction, implying involvement of other transcription factors. Inhibition of IKKβ or p38 MAPK lowers agonist-induced TNF mRNA expression but does not abolish synergy. Thus, nonsynergistic activation of NOD1- and TLR4-dependent signaling pathways results in the synergistic induction of a proinflammatory transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Budikhina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Murugina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina V Maximchik
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Dagil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and
| | - Lyudmila S Balyasova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yulia G Pashchenkova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Z Chkadua
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Pinegin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
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Murugina NE, Budikhina AS, Dagil YA, Maximchik PV, Balyasova LS, Murugin VV, Melnikov MV, Sharova VS, Nikolaeva AM, Chkadua GZ, Pinegin BV, Pashenkov MV. Glycolytic reprogramming of macrophages activated by NOD1 and TLR4 agonists: No association with proinflammatory cytokine production in normoxia. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3099-3114. [PMID: 32005665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, metabolism of macrophages and dendritic cells is shifted from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, which is considered important for proinflammatory cytokine production. Fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan (muramyl peptides) activate innate immune cells through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and/or NOD2 receptors. Here, we show that NOD1 and NOD2 agonists induce early glycolytic reprogramming of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), which is similar to that induced by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide. This glycolytic reprogramming depends on Akt kinases, independent of mTOR complex 1 and is efficiently inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) or by glucose starvation. 2-DG inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by MDM and monocyte-derived dendritic cells activated by NOD1 or TLR4 agonists, except for tumor necrosis factor production by MDM, which is inhibited initially, but augmented 4 h after addition of agonists and later. However, 2-DG exerts these effects by inducing unfolded protein response rather than by inhibiting glycolysis. By contrast, glucose starvation does not cause unfolded protein response and, in normoxic conditions, only marginally affects proinflammatory cytokine production triggered through NOD1 or TLR4. In hypoxia mimicked by treating MDM with oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor), both 2-DG and glucose starvation strongly suppress tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 production and compromise cell viability. In summary, the requirement of glycolytic reprogramming for proinflammatory cytokine production in normoxia is not obvious, and effects of 2-DG on cytokine responses should be interpreted cautiously. In hypoxia, however, glycolysis becomes critical for cytokine production and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Murugina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Budikhina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Dagil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina V Maximchik
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila S Balyasova
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Melnikov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia; Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya S Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova street 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy Z Chkadua
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy of Tumors, N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe shosse 24 Building 2, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Pinegin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Kashirskoe shosse 24, 115522 Moscow, Russia.
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