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Makalatia K, Kakabadze E, Wagemans J, Grdzelishvili N, Bakuradze N, Natroshvili G, Macharashvili N, Sedrakyan A, Arakelova K, Ktsoyan Z, Zakharyan M, Gevorgyan Z, Mnatsakanyan A, Tishkova F, Lood C, Vandenheuvel D, Lavigne R, Pirnay JP, De Vos D, Chanishvili N, Merabishvili M. Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Various Geographical Regions of the Caucasus and Their Susceptibility to Bacteriophages. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121418. [PMID: 33321823 PMCID: PMC7764154 DOI: 10.3390/v12121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella present a major threat to animal and human health as food-borne infectious agents. We characterized 91 bacterial isolates from Armenia and Georgia in detail, using a suite of assays including conventional microbiological methods, determining antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, serotyping (using the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme) and genotyping (repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR)). No less than 61.5% of the isolates were shown to be multidrug-resistant. A new antimicrobial treatment strategy is urgently needed. Phage therapy, the therapeutic use of (bacterio-) phages, the bacterial viruses, to treat bacterial infections, is increasingly put forward as an additional tool for combatting antibiotic resistant infections. Therefore, we used this representative set of well-characterized Salmonella isolates to analyze the therapeutic potential of eleven single phages and selected phage cocktails from the bacteriophage collection of the Eliava Institute (Georgia). All isolates were shown to be susceptible to at least one of the tested phage clones or their combinations. In addition, genome sequencing of these phages revealed them as members of existing phage genera (Felixounavirus, Seunavirus, Viunavirus and Tequintavirus) and did not show genome-based counter indications towards their applicability against non-typhoidal Salmonella in a phage therapy or in an agro-food setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatuna Makalatia
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elene Kakabadze
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.W.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Nino Grdzelishvili
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
| | - Nata Bakuradze
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Gulnara Natroshvili
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Nino Macharashvili
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and AIDS Center, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia;
| | - Anahit Sedrakyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (A.S.); (K.A.); (Z.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Karine Arakelova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (A.S.); (K.A.); (Z.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Zhanna Ktsoyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (A.S.); (K.A.); (Z.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Magdalina Zakharyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (A.S.); (K.A.); (Z.K.); (M.Z.)
| | - Zaruhi Gevorgyan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Armine Mnatsakanyan
- Microbiological Laboratory, Nork Infectious Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan 0047, Armenia;
| | - Farida Tishkova
- Virology Laboratory, Tajik Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, 734025 Dushanbe, Tajikistan;
| | - Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.W.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (J.W.); (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (J.-P.P.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Daniel De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (J.-P.P.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Nina Chanishvili
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Maia Merabishvili
- Research & Development Department, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia; (E.K.); (N.G.); (N.B.); (G.N.); (N.C.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (J.-P.P.); (D.D.V.)
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Akhvlediani T, Bautista CT, Shakarishvili R, Tsertsvadze T, Imnadze P, Tatishvili N, Davitashvili T, Samkharadze T, Chlikadze R, Dvali N, Dzigua L, Karchava M, Gatserelia L, Macharashvili N, Kvirkvelia N, Habashy EE, Farrell M, Rowlinson E, Sejvar J, Hepburn M, Pimentel G, Dueger E, House B, Rivard R. Etiologic agents of central nervous system infections among febrile hospitalized patients in the country of Georgia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111393. [PMID: 25369023 PMCID: PMC4219716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There is a large spectrum of viral, bacterial, fungal, and prion pathogens that cause central nervous system (CNS) infections. As such, identification of the etiological agent requires multiple laboratory tests and accurate diagnosis requires clinical and epidemiological information. This hospital-based study aimed to determine the main causes of acute meningitis and encephalitis and enhance laboratory capacity for CNS infection diagnosis. Methods Children and adults patients clinically diagnosed with meningitis or encephalitis were enrolled at four reference health centers. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected for bacterial culture, and in-house and multiplex RT-PCR testing was conducted for herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, mumps virus, enterovirus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), Streptococcus pneumoniae, HiB and Neisseria meningitidis. Results Out of 140 enrolled patients, the mean age was 23.9 years, and 58% were children. Bacterial or viral etiologies were determined in 51% of patients. Five Streptococcus pneumoniae cultures were isolated from CSF. Based on in-house PCR analysis, 25 patients were positive for S. pneumoniae, 6 for N. meningitidis, and 1 for H. influenzae. Viral multiplex PCR identified infections with enterovirus (n = 26), VZV (n = 4), and HSV-1 (n = 2). No patient was positive for mumps or HSV-2. Conclusions Study findings indicate that S. pneumoniae and enteroviruses are the main etiologies in this patient cohort. The utility of molecular diagnostics for pathogen identification combined with the knowledge provided by the investigation may improve health outcomes of CNS infection cases in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Akhvlediani
- I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tbilisi, Georgia
- US Army Medical Research Unit-Georgia (USAMRU-G), Tbilisi, Georgia
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian T. Bautista
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roman Shakarishvili
- P. Sarajishvili Institute of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Tatishvili
- Neurology Department of the Iashvili Children's Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Davitashvili
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Samkharadze
- Neurology Department of the Iashvili Children's Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Rusudan Chlikadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Dvali
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lela Dzigua
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariam Karchava
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lana Gatserelia
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Macharashvili
- Scientific Research Center of Infectious Pathology, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Kvirkvelia
- P. Sarajishvili Institute of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Engy Emil Habashy
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Margaret Farrell
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emily Rowlinson
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - James Sejvar
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hepburn
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Pimentel
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Erica Dueger
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brent House
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Robert Rivard
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Kandelaki G, Butsashvili M, Geleishvili M, Avaliani N, Macharashvili N, Topuridze M, Del Rio C, Blumberg HM, Tsertsvadze T. Nosocomial infections in Tbilisi, Georgia: a retrospective study of microbiological data from 4 major tertiary care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 32:933-4. [PMID: 21828982 DOI: 10.1086/661788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Butsashvili M, Kourbatova E, Macharashvili N, Kamkamidze G, McNutt LA, Dehovitz J, Leonard MK. Risk factors of mortality in septic newborns in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Tbilisi, the Republic of Georgia. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24:477-9. [PMID: 19526198 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Macharashvili N, Kourbatova E, Butsashvili M, Tsertsvadze T, McNutt LA, Leonard MK. Etiology of neonatal blood stream infections in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 13:499-505. [PMID: 19058989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal blood stream infections (BSI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. It is crucial to continuously monitor the local epidemiology of neonatal BSI to detect any changes in patterns of infection and susceptibility to various antibiotics. OBJECTIVES To examine the etiology of BSI in two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the Republic of Georgia, a resource-poor country, and to determine antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated organisms. METHODS A cross-sectional study of all septic infants was conducted in the NICUs of two pediatric hospitals in Tbilisi between September 2003 and September 2004. RESULTS A total of 200 infants with clinical signs of sepsis were admitted to two NICUs. Of these, 126 (63%) had confirmed bacteremia. The mortality rate was 34%. A total of 98 (78%) of 126 recovered isolates were Gram-negative organisms and 28 (22%) were Gram-positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common pathogen, accounting for 36 (29%) of 126 isolates, followed by Enterobacter cloacae accounting for 19 (15%) and Staphylococcus aureus accounting for 15 (12%). The Gram-negative organisms showed a high degree of resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate, and comparatively low resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, carbapenems, and gentamicin; 40% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). In multivariate analysis only umbilical discharge was a significant risk factor for having a positive blood culture at admission to NICU (prevalence ratio = 2.25, 95% confidence interval 1.82-2.77). CONCLUSIONS Neonatal BSI was mainly caused by Gram-negative organisms, which are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Understanding the local epidemiology of neonatal BSI can lead to the development of better medical practices, especially more appropriate choices for empiric antibiotic therapy, and may contribute to improvement of infection control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Macharashvili
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Kandelaki G, Tsertsvadze T, Macharashvili N, Esugbaia M, Gogichaishvili S. Important aspects of nosocomial bacterial resistance and its management. Georgian Med News 2008:49-54. [PMID: 19124917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The article reviews management of nosocomial bacterial resistance aspects. Nosocomial infections are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and cost. During the last several decades multi-drug resistant organisms increased in number considerably. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-intermediately resistant staphylococcus aureus and fully vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus evolved as a consequence of methicillin and vancomycin use. The introduction of third generation cephalosporins were followed by emergence of extended spectrum and AMP-C -lactamases among gram negative bacteria, and carbapenems were targeted by carbapenemases. The poor diagnostic yield of current microbiologic methods in identifying certain resistant organisms, combined with decreasing numbers of newly developed antibiotics pose a significant challenge to physicians. We reviewed some of the approaches which can be followed to maximize the positive clinical outcome in patients with resistant nosocomial infections, using currently available antibiotics. More sensitive microbiological methods and new types of antibiotics are needed to adequately address the problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kandelaki
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Low CE, Macharashvili N, Kourbatova EV, Walker K, Leonard MK. Hospital acquired blood-stream infections among intensive care unit (ICU) Patients in Tbilisi, Georgia. Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23:441-2. [PMID: 18470626 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-008-9258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari E Low
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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