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Carvalho TP, Toledo FAO, Bautista DFA, Silva MF, Oliveira JBS, Lima PA, Costa FB, Ribeiro NQ, Lee JY, Birbrair A, Paixão TA, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Pericytes modulate endothelial inflammatory response during bacterial infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0325223. [PMID: 38289074 PMCID: PMC10936204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are located around blood vessels, in close contact with endothelial cells. We discovered that pericytes dampen pro-inflammatory endothelial cell responses. Endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes had markedly reduced expression of adhesion molecules (PECAM-1 and ICAM-1) and proinflammatory cytokines (CCL-2 and IL-6) in response to bacterial stimuli (Brucella ovis, Listeria monocytogenes, or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide). Pericyte-depleted mice intraperitoneally inoculated with either B. ovis, a stealthy pathogen that does not trigger detectable inflammation, or Listeria monocytogenes, developed peritonitis. Further, during Citrobacter rodentium infection, pericyte-depleted mice developed severe intestinal inflammation, which was not evident in control mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of pericytes required connexin 43, as either chemical inhibition or silencing of connexin 43 abrogated pericyte-mediated suppression of endothelial inflammatory responses. Our results define a mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation during infection, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology: from a structural cell to a pro-active player in modulating inflammation. IMPORTANCE A previously unknown mechanism by which pericytes modulate inflammation was discovered. The absence of pericytes or blocking interaction between pericytes and endothelium through connexin 43 results in stronger inflammation, which shifts our understanding of pericyte biology, from a structural cell to a player in controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara P. Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank A. O. Toledo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego F. A. Bautista
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jefferson B. S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pâmela A. Lima
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabíola B. Costa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reneé M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Miranda BA, Freitas GJC, Leocádio VAT, Costa MC, Emídio ECP, Ribeiro NQ, Carmo PHF, Gouveia-Eufrásio L, Hubner J, Tavares LP, Arifa RDN, Brito CB, Silva MF, Teixeira MM, Paixão TA, Peres NTA, Fagundes CT, Santos DA. Secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection increases morbidity and mortality during murine cryptococcosis. Immunology 2024; 171:92-103. [PMID: 37814467 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that cause pneumonia and translocate to the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for high mortality worldwide. The fungus Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) and the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) target the same infection organs. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of secondary Sp infection during murine cryptococcosis. Mice infected with Sp after Cg showed significantly increased lethality and a drop in scores of motor behaviour, neuropsychiatric status and autonomous function. Previous Cg infection favoured Sp multiplication in the lungs, causing intense inflammation and necrosis, with further increased bacterial translocation to the spleen, liver and brain. This phenotype was associated with increased platelet-activating factor receptor (Pafr) gene expression, reduced M1 macrophage recruitment, and high levels of proinflammatory mediators. Strategies to overcome early mortality (i.e., infection of Pafr-/- mice, treatment with IL-1 inhibitor or corticoid) were insufficient to revert this phenotype. These results suggest that Cg infection makes the lung microenvironment favourable for Sp colonization and dissemination. Altogether, it leads to an exacerbated and ineffective inflammatory response, decisive for the increased morbidity and mortality during coinfection. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of more studies addressing coinfections and their consequences in the host, aiming to establish more effective therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A Miranda
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J C Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor A T Leocádio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete C Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elúzia C P Emídio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo H F Carmo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrásio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Josy Hubner
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raquel D N Arifa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila B Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique F Silva
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caio T Fagundes
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Freitas GJC, Ribeiro NQ, Gouveia-Eufrasio L, Emidio ECP, Guimarães GM, César IC, Paixão TA, Oliveira JBS, Caza M, Kronstad JW, Santos DA. Antimalarials and amphotericin B interact synergistically and are new options to treat cryptococcosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106807. [PMID: 37030471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans are the main etiological agents of cryptococcosis, an invasive mycosis treated with amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and fluconazole. However, this limited arsenal is toxic and associated with antifungal resistance. Cryptococcosis and malaria pathogens are eukaryotic organisms and have a high incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa. The antimalarials (ATMs) halofantrine (HAL) and amodiaquine (AQ) block Plasmodium heme polymerase, while artesunate (ART) induces oxidative stresses. Considering that Cryptococcus spp. is susceptible to reactive oxygen species and that iron is essential for metabolism, we tested the repurposing of ATMs to treat cryptococcosis. ATMs reduced fungal growth, induced oxidative and nitrosative stresses, and altered ergosterol content, melanin production, and polysaccharide capsule size in C. neoformans and C. gattii, revealing a dynamic effect on fungal physiology. A comprehensive chemical-genetic analysis using two mutant libraries demonstrated that the deletion of genes involved in synthesizing components of the plasma membrane and cell wall, and oxidative stress responses are essential for fungal susceptibility to ATMs. Interestingly, the amphotericin B (AMB) fungicidal concentrations were ∼ 10 times lower when combined with ATMs, demonstrating a synergistic interaction. Further, the combinations showed reduced toxicity to murine macrophages. Finally, HAL+AMB and AQ+AMB efficiently reduced lethality and fungal burden in the lungs and brain, in murine cryptococcosis. These findings provide perspectives for further studies with ATMs against cryptococcosis and other fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J C Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Micologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Micologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrasio
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Micologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elúzia C P Emidio
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Micologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle M Guimarães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Ecologia e Fisiologia de Microrganismos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabela C César
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Paixão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Patologia / Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jeferson B S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Patologia / Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Melissa Caza
- University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Labs, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James W Kronstad
- University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Labs, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Microbiologia / Laboratório de Micologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Peres-Emidio EC, Freitas GJC, Costa MC, Gouveia-Eufrasio L, Silva LMV, Santos APN, Carmo PHF, Brito CB, Arifa RDN, Bastos RW, Ribeiro NQ, Oliveira LVN, Silva MF, Paixão TA, Saliba AM, Fagundes CT, Souza DG, Santos DA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection Modulates the Immune Response and Increases Mice Resistance to Cryptococcus gattii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:811474. [PMID: 35548467 PMCID: PMC9083911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.811474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive mycosis caused by Cryptococcus spp. that affects the lungs and the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the severity of the disease, it may occur concomitantly with other pathogens, as a coinfection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), an opportunistic pathogen, can also cause pneumonia. In this work, we studied the interaction of C. gattii (Cg) and Pa, both in vitro and in vivo. Pa reduced growth of Cg by the secretion of inhibitory molecules in vitro. Macrophages previously stimulated with Pa presented increased fungicidal activity. In vivo, previous Pa infection reduced morbidity and delayed the lethality due to cryptococcosis. This phenotype was correlated with the decreased fungal burden in the lungs and brain, showing a delay of Cg translocation to the CNS. Also, there was increased production of IL-1β, CXCL-1, and IL-10, together with the influx of iNOS-positive macrophages and neutrophils to the lungs. Altogether, Pa turned the lung into a hostile environment to the growth of a secondary pathogen, making it difficult for the fungus to translocate to the CNS. Further, iNOS inhibition reverted the Pa protective phenotype, suggesting its
important role in the coinfection. Altogether, the primary Pa infection leads to balanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during Cg infection. This response provided better control of cryptococcosis and was decisive for the mild evolution of the disease and prolonged survival of coinfected mice in a mechanism dependent on iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluzia C. Peres-Emidio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J. C. Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete C. Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrasio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. V. Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson P. N. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. F. Carmo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila B. Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raquel D. N. Arifa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael W. Bastos
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lorena V. N. Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratorio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratorio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M. Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio T. Fagundes
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele G. Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Daniel A. Santos, ;
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Carvalho TP, Ribeiro NQ, Mol JP, Costa FB, Eckstein C, Paula NF, Paixão TA, Santos RL. Pathogenic potential of Brucella ovis field isolates with different genotypic profile and protection provided by the vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA against B. ovis field isolates in mice. Pesq Vet Bras 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.
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Oliveira LVN, Costa MC, Magalhães TFF, Bastos RW, Santos PC, Carneiro HCS, Ribeiro NQ, Ferreira GF, Ribeiro LS, Gonçalves APF, Fagundes CT, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Djordjevic JT, Sorrell TC, Souza DG, Machado AMV, Santos DA. Influenza A Virus as a Predisposing Factor for Cryptococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:419. [PMID: 29018774 PMCID: PMC5622999 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infects millions of people annually and predisposes to secondary bacterial infections. Inhalation of fungi within the Cryptococcus complex causes pulmonary disease with secondary meningo-encephalitis. Underlying pulmonary disease is a strong risk factor for development of C. gattii cryptococcosis though the effect of concurrent infection with IAV has not been studied. We developed an in vivo model of Influenza A H1N1 and C. gattii co-infection. Co-infection resulted in a major increase in morbidity and mortality, with severe lung damage and a high brain fungal burden when mice were infected in the acute phase of influenza multiplication. Furthermore, IAV alters the host response to C. gattii, leading to recruitment of significantly more neutrophils and macrophages into the lungs. Moreover, IAV induced the production of type 1 interferons (IFN-α4/β) and the levels of IFN-γ were significantly reduced, which can be associated with impairment of the immune response to Cryptococcus during co-infection. Phagocytosis, killing of cryptococci and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by IAV-infected macrophages were reduced, independent of previous IFN-γ stimulation, leading to increased proliferation of the fungus within macrophages. In conclusion, IAV infection is a predisposing factor for severe disease and adverse outcomes in mice co-infected with C. gattii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena V N Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete C Costa
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís F F Magalhães
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael W Bastos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Santos
- Laboratório de Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hellem C S Carneiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriella F Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Centro, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P F Gonçalves
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR)/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caio T Fagundes
- Laboratório de Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Pascoal-Xavier
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR)/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julianne T Djordjevic
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniele G Souza
- Laboratório de Interação Micro-organismo Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M V Machado
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR)/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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