The safety and efficacy of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in morbidly obese patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently observed cardiac arrhythmia in clinical settings. Obesity can influence the efficacy of the treatment administered, which requires a larger dose and more time to accomplish therapeutic targets due to altered pathophysiology. Our study aimed to assess the overall efficacy and safety of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus warfarin in AF patients with morbid obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2 and/or weight > 120 kg) to prevent complications.

METHODS

We conducted a literature search on PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus till October 2022 for articles addressing the efficacy and safety of NOACs versus warfarin for the treatment of AF in morbidly obese patients. We performed the meta-analysis with RevMan software version 5.4 and Open Meta Analyst. The main outcomes assessed were stroke, major bleeding, and minor bleeding after anticoagulation, as did the history of comorbidities and risk factors in morbidly obese patients. Quality assessment was performed using Cochrane's ROB-2 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

RESULTS

Regarding major bleeding events, pooled data showed that patients taking NOACs had a significantly lower risk than patients taking warfarin (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: [0.41-0.70]; p < 0.00001). However, for minor bleeding, there was a nonsignificant effect of NOACs on reducing the risk of bleeding (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.47-1.09; p = 0.12), which became highly significant in favor of NOACs after sensitivity analysis (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.49-0.61]; p < 0.00001). There was a significant difference in the incidence of stroke between the NOAC group and the warfarin group (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.60-0.80]; p < 0.00001). According to the results of the single-arm study analysis, the overall effect of all the outcomes was associated with a high risk of disease development in patients receiving NOACs.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis showed a favorable effect of NOACs vs warfarin in morbidly obese patients. Some outcomes were not significantly different, which calls for future research to better assess their safety and efficacy in this particular weight group.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was registered with PROSPERO under registration number CRD42022362493 on October 2022.

Cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The coexistence of atrial fibrillation (AF) with heart failure (HF) is prevalent, leading to severe complications. This review aimed to investigate the success rate and efficacy of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) by measuring the improvement in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and the effect on the left ventricular systolic function in patients with AF accompanied by heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Electronic databases search included PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus in January 2023. Outcomes addressed the following: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement, AF recurrence, NYHA classification improvement, and mortality. STATA 17.0 software was used for data analysis. The effect size for the studies was a standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for outcomes. Proportion analysis with 95% CI was used for freedom from early AF and AF after 2 years and all-cause death. We included six studies, including 1699 HF patients with 365 HFrEF patients. The SMD of postoperative LVEF compared to preoperative LVEF in HFrEF was 0.99 ([95% CI: 0.60, 1.39], p = .00), and for NYHA was -1.12 ([95% CI: -1.36, -0.87], p = .00). The analysis results in HFrEF patients for freedom from AF after 1 year was 65% ([95% CI: 0.55, 0.75], and after 2 years was 39% ([95% CI: 0.10, 0.67]). Proportional analysis was conducted for all-cause death, resulting in 3% mortality ([95% CI: -0.01, 0.07]). Cryoablation of AF accompanied by HFrEF appeared safe as it reduced AF recurrence and enhanced clinical outcomes.

Effectiveness of full Pulpotomy compared with Root canal treatment in managing teeth with signs and symptOms indicative of irreversible pulpitis: a protocol for prospectiVE meta-analysis of individual participant data of linked randomised clinical trials (PROVE)

BACKGROUND

Full pulpotomy has been proposed as an alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with signs and symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis (IRP), but the evidence is limited, relying on underpowered studies with a high risk of bias. The aim of this study is to conduct a prospective meta-analysis (PMA) of individual participant data of a series of individual randomised trials to provide robust evidence on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of pulpotomy compared with root canal treatment.

METHODS

Individual participant data will be obtained from a series of randomised trials designed and conducted by a consortium of multi-national investigators with an interest in vital pulp treatment. These individualised trials will be conducted using a specified protocol, defined outcomes, and outcome measures. Ten parallel-group randomised trials currently being conducted in 10 countries will provide data from more than 500 participants. The primary outcome is a composite measure defined as (1) the absence of pain indicative of IRP, (2) the absence of signs and symptoms indicative of acute or chronic apical periodontitis, and (3) the absence of radiographic evidence of failure including radiolucency or resorption. Individual participant data will be obtained, assessed, and checked for quality by two independent reviewers prior to the PMA. Pooled estimates on treatment effects will be generated using a 2-stage meta-analysis approach. The first stage involves a standard regression analysis in each trial to produce aggregate data on treatment effect estimates followed by an inverse variance weighted meta-analysis to combine these aggregate data and produce summary statistics and forest plots. Cost-effectiveness analysis based on the composite outcome will be undertaken as a process evaluation to evaluate treatment fidelity and acceptability by patients and dentists.

RESULTS

The research question and trial protocol were developed and approved by investigators in all 10 sites. All sites use shared resources including study protocols, data collection forms, participant information leaflets, and consent forms in order to improve flow, consistency, and reproducibility. Each site obtained its own Institutional Review Board approval, and trials were registered in appropriate open access platforms. Patient recruitment has started in most sites, as of July 2023.

DISCUSSION

PMA offers a rigorous, flexible, and efficient methodology to answer this important research question and provide results with improved generalisability and external validity compared with traditional trials and retrospective meta-analyses. The results of this study will have implications for both the delivery of clinical practice and structured clinical guidelines' development.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42023446809. Registered on 08 February 2023.

Vital pulp therapy for permanent teeth with diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis: biological basis and outcome

Root canal treatment (RCT) has been considered the conventional standard for the management of teeth with carious pulp exposure, particularly in mature teeth presenting with symptoms. Following a better understanding of the histopathology of deep carious lesions, the histology of the cariously exposed pulp and the healing potential of the inflamed pulp, vital pulp therapy (VPT) is increasingly adopted around the world for the management of permanent teeth with clinical signs and symptoms indicative of irreversible pulpitis. Furthermore, VPT became a recognized treatment modality by the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) and the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) by virtue of its high success rates reported in outcome studies using contemporary hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements. However, proper case selection, strict asepsis, capping materials and good coronal seal are mandatory for success. The aim of this paper is to review the biological basis for VPT in symptomatic teeth with carious pulp exposure and to report on the outcome of pulpotomy in teeth with clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis.

The efficacy of intranasal oxytocin in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disease. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide hormone that impacts fear, and social recognition. Intranasal administration of oxytocin can be utilized to treat PWS patients. The results of published trials assessing the effects of intranasal oxytocin in PWS are variable. The current systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy of oxytocin in Prader-Willi patients.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature search on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to March 2022 for relevant interventional randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the effect of oxytocin in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. We assessed the quality of included trials using the Cochrane tool risk of bias 1. We performed the meta-analysis with Revman software version 5.4. In addition, we visualized our results using forest plots. We assessed the heterogeneity by using the Chi-square test.

RESULTS

Relevant to hyperphagia, the data extracted in three studies comprising 92 patients did not show positive outcomes of oxytocin compared to placebo (MD = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.44, 0.80; P = 0.56). Three studies that included 94 patients revealed no significant effects regarding weight between oxytocin and placebo (MD = 0.30; 95% CI: -0.22, 0.83; P = 0.25). The Aberrant Behaviour Checklist found that group-administered oxytocin improved behaviour compared to their counterpart who received a placebo.

CONCLUSION

Oxytocin didn't have significant effects on hyperphagia or weight. To establish the impact of oxytocin in Prader-Willi patients, additional prospective, large-sample randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to avoid controversy.

Root-end microsurgery using a premixed tricalcium silicate putty as root-end filling material: a prospective study

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiographic outcome of root-end microsurgery using a premixed fast-set calcium silicate putty as root-end filling material in human teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included 50 teeth in 35 patients, whose ages ranged from 16 to 69 years. After clinical and radiographic examination, informed consent was obtained and one resident performed all surgical procedures using an endodontic microsurgical approach. A tricalcium silicate-based putty (TotalFil FS putty, FKG Dentair, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) was used as a root-end filling material. Patients were recalled and treated teeth were examined clinically and radiographically at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. The outcome was determined based on clinical and radiographic results. Radiographic healing was classified into 4 categories: complete, incomplete, uncertain, and unsatisfactory. Analysis of predictors was performed using the Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS

At the time of surgery, 3 teeth were diagnosed with cracks and were excluded from the study. The recall rates were 85% at 3 months, 100% at 6 months, and 95% at 1 year. One tooth failed at 3 months, 3 failed at 1 year, with a success rate of 93%. None of the predictors investigated had a significant influence on the outcome of microsurgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Premixed fast-set tricalcium silicate putty is a suitable root-end filling material for use in endodontic microsurgery.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Tricalcium silicate-based cements have shown promising biological properties as a root-end-filling material. Premixed and fast-set formulations achieved high success rates in clinical studies.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT03733938.

The Silorane-based Resin Composites: A Review

This article aims to review the research done on the silorane-based resin composites (SBRC) regarding polymerization shrinkage and contraction stresses and their ability to improve the shortcomings of the methacrylate-based resin composites (MRBC). Special attention is given to their physical and mechanical properties, bond strength, marginal adaptation, and cusp deflection. The clinical significance of this material is critically appraised with a focus on the ability of SBRC to strengthen the tooth structure as a direct restorative material. A search of English peer-reviewed dental literature (2003-2015) from PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted with the terms "low shrinkage" and "silorane composites." The list was screened, and 70 articles that were relevant to the objectives of this work were included.

Effect of Thickness on Light Transmission and Vickers Hardness of Five Bulk-fill Resin-based Composites Using Polywave and Single-peak Light-emitting Diode Curing Lights

OBJECTIVES:

This study compared light transmission through different thicknesses of bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) using a polywave and a single-peak light-emitting diode light-curing unit (LCU). The effect on the surface hardness was also evaluated.

METHODS:

Five bulk-fill RBCs were tested. Specimens (n=5) of 1-, 2-, 4-, or 6-mm thickness were photopolymerized for 10 seconds from the top using a polywave (Bluephase Style) or single-peak (Elipar S10) LCU, while a spectrophotometer monitored in real time the transmitted irradiance and radiant exposure reaching the bottom of the specimen. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water at 37°C, the Vickers microhardness (VH) was measured at top and bottom. Results were analyzed using multiple-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc tests, and multivariate analysis (α=0.05).

RESULTS:

The choice of LCU had no significant effect on the total amount of light transmitted through the five bulk-fill RBCs at each thickness. There was a significant decrease in the amount of light transmitted as the thickness increased for all RBCs tested with both LCUs ( p<0.001). Effect of LCU on VH was minimal (η_p²=0.010). The 1-, 2-, and 4-mm-thick specimens of SDR, X-tra Fill, and Filtek Bulk Restorative achieved a VH_bottom/top ratio of approximately 80% when either LCU was used.

CONCLUSIONS:

The total amount of light transmitted through the five bulk-fill RBCs was similar at the different thicknesses using either LCU. The polywave LCU used in this study did not enhance the polymerization of the tested bulk-fill RBCs when compared with the single-peak LCU.

Nanofilled Resin Composite Properties and Clinical Performance: A Review

The aim of this review was to compile recent evidence related to nanofilled resin composite materials regarding the properties and clinical performance. Special attention was given to mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, abrasive wear, water sorption, and solubility. The clinical performance of nanocomposite materials compared with hybrid resin composites was also addressed in terms of retention and success rates, marginal adaptation, color match, and surface roughness. A search of English peer-reviewed dental literature (2003-2017) from PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted using the terms "nanocomposites" or "nanofilled resin composite" and "clinical evaluation." The list was screened, and 82 papers that were relevant to the objectives of this work were included in the review. Mechanical properties of nanocomposites are generally comparable to those of hybrid composites but higher than microfilled composites. Nanocomposites presented lower abrasive wear than hybrids but higher sorption values. Their clinical performance was comparable to that of hybrid composites.

Fracture Strength and Fracture Patterns of Root-filled Teeth Restored With Direct Resin Composite Restorations Under Static and Fatigue Loading

Aim

To assess fracture strength and fracture patterns of root-filled teeth with direct resin composite restorations under static and fatigue loading.

Methodology

MOD cavities plus endodontic access were prepared in 48 premolars. Teeth were root filled and divided into three restorative groups, as follows 1) resin composite; 2) glass ionomer cement (GIC) core and resin composite; and 3) open laminate technique with GIC and resin composite. Teeth were loaded in a servohydraulic material test system. Eight samples in each group were subjected to stepped fatigue loading: a preconditioning load of 100 N (5000 cycles) followed by 30,000 cycles each at 200 N and higher loads in 50-N increments until fracture. Noncycled teeth were subjected to a ramped load. Fracture load, number of cycles, and fracture patterns were recorded. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests.

Results

Fatigue cycling reduced fracture strength significantly (p&lt;0.001). Teeth restored with a GIC core and a laminate technique were significantly weaker than the composite group (379±56 N, 352±67 N vs 490±78 N, p=0.001). Initial debonding occurred before the tooth underwent fracture. All failures were predominantly adhesive, with subcrestal fracture of the buccal cusp.

Conclusions

Resin composite restorations had significantly higher fracture strength than did other restorations. Fatigue cycled teeth failed at lower load than did noncycled teeth.

Effect of G-Coat Plus on the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer cements

BACKGROUND

Although various mechanical properties of tooth-coloured materials have been described, little data have been published on the effect of ageing and G-Coat Plus on the hardness and strength of the glass-ionomer cements (GICs).

METHODS

Specimens were prepared from one polyacid-modified resin composite (PAMRC; Freedom, SDI), one resin-modified glass-ionomer cement; (RM-GIC; Fuji II LC, GC), and one conventional glass-ionomer cement; (GIC; Fuji IX, GC). GIC and RM-GIC were tested both with and without applying G-Coat Plus (GC). Specimens were conditioned in 37 °C distilled water for either 24 hours, four and eight weeks. Half the specimens were subjected to a shear punch test using a universal testing machine; the remaining half was subjected to Vickers Hardness test.

RESULTS

Data analysis showed that the hardness and shear punch values were material dependent. The hardness and shear punch of the PAMRC was the highest and GIC the lowest. Applying the G-Coat Plus was associated with a significant decrease in the hardness of the materials but increase in the shear punch strength after four and eight weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The mechanical properties of the restorative materials were affected by applying G-Coat Plus and distilled water immersion over time. The PAMRC was significantly stronger and harder than the RM-GIC or GIC.

Assessment of laminate technique using glass ionomer and resin composite for restoration of root filled teeth

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the open laminate technique using glass ionomer cements (GIC) in association with a low shrink composite for restoring root filled premolars.

METHODS

Extensive MOD cavities plus endodontic access and root filling were performed in intact extracted maxillary premolars. Three restoration types were evaluated: (1) resin composite alone; (2) resin-modified GIC (RM-GIC) open laminate plus resin composite; (3) conventional GIC open laminate plus resin composite (n=8 for all groups and tests). Three tests were conducted to assess restorations: (A) inward cusp deflection during light curing, using DCDTs; (B) fracture strength using a ramped oblique load at 45° to the long axis in a servohydraulic testing machine in comparison with intact and unrestored teeth; (C) proximal marginal leakage using methylene blue dye and the effect of thermocycling. Data were analysed using 1-way ANOVA for cuspal deflection and fracture strength and Fisher's exact test for leakage.

RESULTS

Laminate restorations resulted in significantly less cuspal deflection compared with resin composite (4.2±1.2 μm for RM-GIC and 5.1±2.3 μm for conventional GIC vs. 12.2±2.6 μm for composite, P<0.001). Fracture strength was not significantly different among all groups. Failure with all restorations was predominantly adhesive at the tooth-restoration interface. The two laminate groups showed significantly better marginal seal than composite alone, but sealing ability of conventional GIC deteriorated after thermocycling.

CONCLUSIONS

Laminate restoration of root filled teeth had beneficial effects in terms of reducing cuspal deflection and marginal seal, with acceptable fracture strength.