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Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, DeStafano AL, Bis JC, Beecham GW, Grenier-Boley B, Russo G, Thorton-Wells TA, Jones N, Smith AV, Chouraki V, Thomas C, Ikram MA, Zelenika D, Vardarajan BN, Kamatani Y, Lin CF, Gerrish A, Schmidt H, Kunkle B, Dunstan ML, Ruiz A, Bihoreau MT, Choi SH, Reitz C, Pasquier F, Cruchaga C, Craig D, Amin N, Berr C, Lopez OL, De Jager PL, Deramecourt V, Johnston JA, Evans D, Lovestone S, Letenneur L, Morón FJ, Rubinsztein DC, Eiriksdottir G, Sleegers K, Goate AM, Fiévet N, Huentelman MW, Gill M, Brown K, Kamboh MI, Keller L, Barberger-Gateau P, McGuiness B, Larson EB, Green R, Myers AJ, Dufouil C, Todd S, Wallon D, Love S, Rogaeva E, Gallacher J, St George-Hyslop P, Clarimon J, Lleo A, Bayer A, Tsuang DW, Yu L, Tsolaki M, Bossù P, Spalletta G, Proitsi P, Collinge J, Sorbi S, Sanchez-Garcia F, Fox NC, Hardy J, Deniz Naranjo MC, Bosco P, Clarke R, Brayne C, Galimberti D, Mancuso M, Matthews F, Moebus S, Mecocci P, Del Zompo M, Maier W, Hampel H, Pilotto A, Bullido M, Panza F, Caffarra P, Nacmias B, Gilbert JR, Mayhaus M, Lannefelt L, Hakonarson H, Pichler S, Carrasquillo MM, Ingelsson M, Beekly D, Alvarez V, Zou F, Valladares O, Younkin SG, Coto E, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Gu W, Razquin C, Pastor P, Mateo I, Owen MJ, Faber KM, Jonsson PV, Combarros O, O'Donovan MC, Cantwell LB, Soininen H, Blacker D, Mead S, Mosley TH, Bennett DA, Harris TB, Fratiglioni L, Holmes C, de Bruijn RF, Passmore P, Montine TJ, Bettens K, Rotter JI, Brice A, Morgan K, Foroud TM, Kukull WA, Hannequin D, Powell JF, Nalls MA, Ritchie K, Lunetta KL, Kauwe JS, Boerwinkle E, Riemenschneider M, Boada M, Hiltuenen M, Martin ER, Schmidt R, Rujescu D, Wang LS, Dartigues JF, Mayeux R, Tzourio C, Hofman A, Nöthen MM, Graff C, Psaty BM, Jones L, Haines JL, Holmans PA, Lathrop M, Pericak-Vance MA, Launer LJ, Farrer LA, van Duijn CM, Van Broeckhoven C, Moskvina V, Seshadri S, Williams J, Schellenberg GD, Amouyel P. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1452-8. [PMID: 24162737 PMCID: PMC3896259 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2947] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eleven susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) were identified by previous studies; however, a large portion of the genetic risk for this disease remains unexplained. We conducted a large, two-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in individuals of European ancestry. In stage 1, we used genotyped and imputed data (7,055,881 SNPs) to perform meta-analysis on 4 previously published GWAS data sets consisting of 17,008 Alzheimer's disease cases and 37,154 controls. In stage 2, 11,632 SNPs were genotyped and tested for association in an independent set of 8,572 Alzheimer's disease cases and 11,312 controls. In addition to the APOE locus (encoding apolipoprotein E), 19 loci reached genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) in the combined stage 1 and stage 2 analysis, of which 11 are newly associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Mateo I, González-Aramburu I, Pozueta A, Vázquez-Higuera JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Sánchez-Juan P, Calero M, Dobato JL, Infante J, Berciano J, Combarros O. Reduced serum progranulin level might be associated with Parkinson's disease risk. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20:1571-3. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Mateo
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - I. González-Aramburu
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - A. Pozueta
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - J. L. Vázquez-Higuera
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - P. Sánchez-Juan
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - M. Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit; CIEN Foundation; Carlos III Health Institute; Madrid Spain
| | - J. L. Dobato
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit; CIEN Foundation; Carlos III Health Institute; Madrid Spain
| | - J. Infante
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - J. Berciano
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - O. Combarros
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
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Genin E, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Bullido MJ, Engelborghs S, De Deyn P, Berr C, Pasquier F, Dubois B, Tognoni G, Fiévet N, Brouwers N, Bettens K, Arosio B, Coto E, Del Zompo M, Mateo I, Epelbaum J, Frank-Garcia A, Helisalmi S, Porcellini E, Pilotto A, Forti P, Ferri R, Scarpini E, Siciliano G, Solfrizzi V, Sorbi S, Spalletta G, Valdivieso F, Vepsäläinen S, Alvarez V, Bosco P, Mancuso M, Panza F, Nacmias B, Bossù P, Hanon O, Piccardi P, Annoni G, Seripa D, Galimberti D, Licastro F, Soininen H, Dartigues JF, Kamboh MI, Van Broeckhoven C, Lambert JC, Amouyel P, Campion D. APOE and Alzheimer disease: a major gene with semi-dominant inheritance. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:903-7. [PMID: 21556001 PMCID: PMC3162068 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) dependent lifetime risks (LTRs) for Alzheimer Disease (AD) are currently not accurately known and odds ratios alone are insufficient to assess these risks. We calculated AD LTR in 7351 cases and 10 132 controls from Caucasian ancestry using Rochester (USA) incidence data. At the age of 85 the LTR of AD without reference to APOE genotype was 11% in males and 14% in females. At the same age, this risk ranged from 51% for APOE44 male carriers to 60% for APOE44 female carriers, and from 23% for APOE34 male carriers to 30% for APOE34 female carriers, consistent with semi-dominant inheritance of a moderately penetrant gene. Using PAQUID (France) incidence data, estimates were globally similar except that at age 85 the LTRs reached 68 and 35% for APOE 44 and APOE 34 female carriers, respectively. These risks are more similar to those of major genes in Mendelian diseases, such as BRCA1 in breast cancer, than those of low-risk common alleles identified by recent GWAS in complex diseases. In addition, stratification of our data by age groups clearly demonstrates that APOE4 is a risk factor not only for late-onset but for early-onset AD as well. Together, these results urge a reappraisal of the impact of APOE in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Genin
- Inserm UMRS-946, Paris, France
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Berciano J, Gallardo E, García A, Pelayo-Negro A, Infante J, Combarros O. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a review with emphasis on the pathophysiology of pes cavus. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1988-8856(11)70296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mateo I, Infante J, Sánchez-Juan P, García-Gorostiaga I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Vázquez-Higuera JL, Berciano J, Combarros O. Serum heme oxygenase-1 levels are increased in Parkinson's disease but not in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2010; 121:136-8. [PMID: 19785642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potent antioxidant overexpressed in PD substantia nigra and AD cerebral cortex and hippocampus, indicating a possible up-regulation of antioxidant defenses in both neurodegenerative diseases. The role of HO-1 in peripheral blood of PD and AD patients remains unresolved. METHODS We measured serum HO-1 levels in 107 patients with PD, 105 patients with AD, 104 controls for PD and 120 controls for AD. RESULTS The median serum concentration of HO-1 was significantly higher in PD patients (2.04 ng/ml) compared with that of PD controls (1.69 ng/ml, P = 0.016), with PD patients predominating over controls in the upper tertile of serum HO-1 levels, whereas there was more PD controls than PD patients in the lower tertile (P = 0.006). Median serum levels of HO-1 did not differ significantly between AD patients and AD controls. CONCLUSION The increase of serum HO-1 levels in PD patients could indicate a systemic antioxidant reaction related to a chronic oxidative stress state in PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria), Santander, Spain
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Infante J, García-Gorostiaga I, Sánchez-Juan P, Sierra M, Martín-Gurpegui JL, Terrazas J, Mateo I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Berciano J, Combarros O. Synergistic effect of two oxidative stress-related genes (heme oxygenase-1 and GSK3β) on the risk of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:760-2. [PMID: 20039940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a central factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant protein expressed in response to oxidative challenge, and its expression levels are inversely correlated with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) activity. Underexpression of HO-1 in concert with an upregulation of GSK3beta would result in a less effective antioxidant response and might increase the risk of PD. METHODS We examined two functional polymorphism in the promoter regions of HO-1 (-413, rs2071746) and GSK3beta (-157, rs6438552) in a group of 251 Spanish patients with PD and 234 controls. RESULTS Subjects carrying both the HO-1 (-413, rs2071746) TT genotype and the GSK3beta (-157, rs6438552) TT genotype had a four times higher risk of developing PD than subjects without these genotypes (adjusted by age and sex OR = 4.12; 95% CI = 1.45-11.71; Bonferroni corrected P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Considering synergistic effects between polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related genes may help in determining the risk profile for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Infante
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital (University of Cantabria), Santander, Spain.
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Mateo I, Vázquez-Higuera JL, Sánchez-Juan P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Infante J, García-Gorostiaga I, Berciano J, Combarros O. Epistasis between tau phosphorylation regulating genes (CDK5R1 and GSK-3beta) and Alzheimer's disease risk. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 120:130-3. [PMID: 19154537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have been implicated as two major protein kinases involved in the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and the development of neurofibrillary tangles. CDK5 regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1) encodes for p35, a protein required for activation of CDK5. As both CDK5R1 and GSK-3beta genes are related to phosphorylation of tau, we examined the combined contribution of these genes to the susceptibility for AD. METHODS In a case-control study in 283 AD patients and 263 healthy controls, we examined the combined effects between CDK5R1 (3'-UTR, rs735555) and GSK-3beta (-50, rs334558) polymorphisms on susceptibility to AD. RESULTS Subjects carrying both the CDK5R1 (3'-UTR, rs735555) AA genotype and the GSK-3beta (-50, rs334558) CC genotype had a 12.5-fold decrease in AD risk (adjusted by age, sex and APOE status OR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01-0.76, P = 0.03), suggesting synergistic effects (epistasis) between both genes. CONCLUSION These data support a role for tau phosphorylation regulating genes in risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Gallardo E, Claeys KG, Nelis E, García A, Canga A, Combarros O, Timmerman V, Jonghe P, Berciano J. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of leg musculature in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 due to dynamin 2 mutation. J Neurol 2008; 255:986-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mateo I, Llorca J, Infante J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Berciano J, Combarros O. Gene–gene interaction between 14-3-3 zeta and butyrylcholinesterase modulates Alzheimer's disease risk. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:219-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Infante J, García-Gorostiaga I, Sánchez-Juan P, Sánchez-Quintana C, Gurpegui JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Mateo I, Berciano J, Combarros O. Inflammation-related genes and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a multilocus approach. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15:431-3. [PMID: 18284424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the multilocus approach by the set-association method has been applied for the analysis of a cluster of five genes [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-1alpha and IL-10] involved in the brain neuroinflammatory pathway in Parkinson's disease (PD), in a well-defined group of 197 PD patients and 173 control subjects from Spain. Set-association analysis did not reveal an independent or an interactive effect of these inflammatory genes on the PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Infante
- Service of Neurology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (University of Cantabria), Santander, Spain.
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Berciano J, Gallardo E, Domínguez-Perles R, Gallardo E, García A, García-Barredo R, Combarros O, Infante J, Illa I. Autosomal-dominant distal myopathy with a myotilin S55F mutation: sorting out the phenotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:205-8. [PMID: 17698502 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.125435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical phenotype of an autosomal-dominant pedigree with myotilinopathy. METHODS Two symptomatic patients and six asymptomatic gene mutation carriers were examined. We performed serum chemistry, electrophysiological assessments, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lower limb musculature, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of a muscle biopsy and mutation analysis of the myotilin gene. RESULTS Both symptomatic patients, aged 76 and 61 years, presented with late-onset, distal lower-limb weakness involving the ankle and toe flexo-extensor muscles extending up to the thigh muscles; there was mild weakness of the intrinsic hand musculature in the eldest patient. Electromyography revealed a myopathic pattern. Serum creatine kinase levels were slightly elevated. Muscle biopsy revealed myopathic changes with myotilin- and desmin-positive aggregates. Gene sequencing identified a myotilin S55F mutation. In both patients, MRI showed moderate to severe fatty atrophy of all four leg muscle compartments, extending up to the thigh musculature, mainly involving the biceps, femoris, semimembranosus, vasti and glutei muscles; intrinsic foot musculature was involved but to a lesser degree. In all six gene mutation carriers, aged from 21 to 63 years, clinical examinations showed no myopathic signs. MRI was normal in the youngest individual, whereas in the remaining five individuals the outstanding finding was fatty infiltration of the soleus muscles. CONCLUSIONS Myotilin S55F mutations may cause a clinically distinct autosomal-dominant late-onset and lower-limb distal myopathic syndrome involving all four leg muscle compartments. MRI helps to reliably depict the topography of fatty muscle atrophy and to detect early leg muscle changes in asymptomatic gene mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Service of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Llorca J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Dierssen-Sotos T, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Berciano J, Combarros O. Meta-analysis of genetic variability in the beta-amyloid production, aggregation and degradation metabolic pathways and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 117:1-14. [PMID: 17854420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in genes encoding enzymes involved in production, aggregation or degradation of beta-amyloid are potential risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Meta-analyses on AD association with BACE1 exon 5, BACE1 intron 5, FE65 intron 13, CYP46 intron 2, alpha(1)-antichymotrypsine Ala17Thr, bleomycin hydrolase I443V, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (OLR1) 3'-UTR (+1071) and (+1073), and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) 5'-UTR (CGG-repeat) polymorphisms. RESULTS In BACE1 exon 5, genotype CC+CT acts as a protective factor in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon 4 carriers [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38-0.88], and as a risk factor in ApoE epsilon 4 non-carriers (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.00-1.78). OLR1 3'-UTR (+1073) allele C is associated with increased risk (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.01-1.50). VLDLR 5'-UTR genotype 2 is associated with increased risk (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.09-2.63) in the Asian population and is protective (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26-0.86) in the non-Asian population. Other studied polymorphisms are not associated with AD. CONCLUSIONS The overall impact on AD risk of the genes for which meta-analyses are now available is rather limited. Additional meta-analyses of other different genes encoding for A beta production, aggregation and degradation mediators might help in determining the risk profile for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llorca
- Division of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, University of Cantabria School of Medicine, Santander, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Sánchez-Juan P, Mateo I, Llorca J, Infante J, García-Gorostiaga I, Berciano J, Combarros O. Serum levels and genetic variation of TGF-beta1 are not associated with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116:409-12. [PMID: 17986101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) determines important neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, we postulated serum TGF-beta1 levels could be low in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and TGF-beta1 genetic variation could be associated with AD risk through modulating serum TGF-beta1 levels. METHODS TGF-beta1 (-800) (rs 1800468), (-509) (rs 1800469) and (+869) (rs 1982073) polymorphisms were genotyped in 412 AD patients and 406 controls. We measured serum TGF-beta1 levels (by ELISA) in 63 AD patients and compared them with 77 age- and gender-matched non-demented controls. RESULTS Serum TGF-beta1 levels were not different in AD patients than in controls. Distribution of the allele and genotype frequencies of TGF-beta1 polymorphisms did not differ between AD patients and controls. There was no significant correlation between serum TGF-beta1 levels and TGF-beta1 polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Serum TGF-beta1 concentration is not a potential biomarker for AD, and TGF-beta1 genetic variants (-800, -509, and +869) are not risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Mateo I, Llorca J, Infante J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Viadero C, Peña N, Berciano J, Combarros O. Low serum VEGF levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 116:56-8. [PMID: 17587256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) determines important neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions, we postulated serum VEGF levels could be abnormally low in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We measured serum VEGF levels (VEGF(165) isoform by ELISA) in 51 patients with AD by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorder Association criteria and compared with 66 age- and gender-matched non-demented controls. Patients with AD were stratified into levels of dementia severity by the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Serum VEGF levels were stratified into upper (>309 pg/ml), middle (207-309 pg/ml), and lower (<207 pg/ml) tertiles. VEGF (-2,578) (rs 699,947) and VEGF (-634) (rs 2,010,963) polymorphisms were genotyped in patients with AD and controls. RESULTS The mean concentration of VEGF in the serum of patients with AD (215.9 pg/ml, SD 101.5) was significantly lower than that of the controls (308.6 pg/ml, SD 223.9, P = 0.004), and decreased serum VEGF levels were associated with AD in a dose-dependent manner, the lower tertile of serum VEGF levels being associated with a fivefold increased risk for AD when compared with the upper tertile. There was no significant correlation between serum VEGF levels and age, sex, APOE alleles, AD dementia severity nor VEGF gene polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Decrease in serum VEGF levels could contribute to the neurodegenerative process in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Berciano J, Gallardo E, García A, Infante J, Mateo I, Combarros O. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication with severe paresis of the proximal lower limb muscles: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:1169-76. [PMID: 16788010 PMCID: PMC2077541 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.093443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a large pedigree with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) duplication in which severe pelvic and thigh musculature weakness occurred in two patients, detected by analysing the leg muscle atrophy pattern on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS The pedigree comprised 18 patients, aged between 15 and 85 (median 46) years, who were serially evaluated for up to three decades. All 18 patients and 13 non-affected at-risk people underwent electrophysiological examination. An MRI study of lower limb musculature was carried out in four patients. Three patients underwent sural-nerve biopsy. Genetic testing was carried out in 17 patients and in all 13 at-risk normal people. RESULTS Fourteen patients were asymptomatic or slightly disabled. The two oldest patients, aged 84 and 80, showed a moderate phenotype. Two other patients, aged 70 and 53, showed late-onset and gradually progressive peroneal paresis extending up to the thigh and pelvic musculature, resulting in waddling gait. MRI scans of all three patients with a mild phenotype showed subtle and subclinical fatty infiltration of calf anterolateral muscle compartments, with thigh muscle involvement in one patient, and extensive atrophy of intrinsic foot muscles. In the youngest patient with proximal leg weakness, the MRI scan showed massive fatty atrophy of all the calf muscles, posteromedial thigh muscle compartments, and internal and external hip rotator muscles. Sural-nerve biopsy specimens showed hypertrophic neuropathy with no superimposed inflammation. Good correlation was seen between electrophysiological and genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS Late in the clinical course, a small proportion of patients with CMT1A develop severe proximal leg weakness, and long-term follow-up is essential for its detection. MRI scans may show subclinical involvement of the thigh musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain.
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Mateo I, Infante J, Rodríguez E, Berciano J, Combarros O, Llorca J. Interaction between dopamine beta-hydroxylase and interleukin genes increases Alzheimer's disease risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:278-9. [PMID: 16421143 PMCID: PMC2077586 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.075358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rodríguez E, Mateo I, Infante J, Llorca J, Berciano J, Combarros O. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphism modifies the Alzheimer's disease risk associated with APOE ε4 allele. J Neurol 2005; 253:181-5. [PMID: 16096813 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates the production of amyloid beta (Abeta), which is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with high cellular cholesterol promoting and low cellular cholesterol reducing Abeta in vitro and in vivo. High density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a central role in the removal of excess cholesterol from cells, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a crucial protein involved in the regulation of HDL levels. Two common polymorphisms in the promoter region (C-629A) and exon 14 I405V of the CETP gene are associated with CETP activity and HDL levels. To investigate if these sequence variants in CETP might be of importance in mediating susceptibility to AD, independently or in concert with apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele, we studied a sample of 286 Spanish AD patients and 315 healthy controls. In APOE epsilon4 carriers, homozygous for the CETP (-629) A allele had approximately a three times lower risk of developing AD (odds ratio 2.33, 95% CI 1.01-5.37), than homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the CETP (-629) C allele (odds ratio 7.12, 95% CI 4.51-11.24, P for APOE epsilon4/CETP (-629) AA genotype interaction < 0.001). Our data suggest that CETP behaves as a modifier gene of the AD risk associated with the APOE epsilon4 allele, possibly through modulation of brain cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Infante J, Combarros O, Volpini V, Corral J, Llorca J, Berciano J. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in Spain: molecular and clinical correlations, prevalence estimation and survival analysis. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 111:391-9. [PMID: 15876341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic and clinical profile of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) displays marked geographical and ethnical variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analysed the molecular and clinical correlations in an ethnically homogeneous sample of 30 Spanish ADCA kindreds. Minimal point prevalence for the region of Cantabria was estimated. RESULTS Seventy per cent of the families harboured known mutations. Areflexia, slow saccades and hypopallesthesia predominated in SCA2; nystagmus, pyramidal signs or areflexia restricted to the legs in SCA 3; and retinal degeneration, pyramidal signs and slow saccades in SCA 7. Anticipation and intergenerational instability were greater in SCA 7. Length of expansions and age at onset were inversely correlated in all SCA subtypes. Larger expansions correlated with areflexia in SCA 2, with pyramidal signs in SCA 3 and with early visual impairment in SCA 7. Survival was similar among the different SCA subtypes. Prevalence of ADCA in Cantabria was 1.6 cases per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS This report shows the epidemiological, clinical and genetic profile of ADCA in Spain, providing additional data regarding the broad clinical heterogeneity of these disorders and the variability of the genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Infante
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Infante J, Sanz C, Fernández-Luna JL, Llorca J, Berciano J, Combarros O. Gene–gene interaction between interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 reduces AD risk. Neurology 2004; 63:1135-6. [PMID: 15452323 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000138570.96291.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Infante
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Nelis E, Berciano J, Verpoorten N, Coen K, Dierick I, Van Gerwen V, Combarros O, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2G) maps to chromosome 12q12-q13.3. J Med Genet 2004; 41:193-7. [PMID: 14985381 PMCID: PMC1735709 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.012633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the main features of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is phenotypic variability that can now be explained by the molecular mechanism (GAA expansion) underlying the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analyzed genotype-phenotype correlations in a group of 40 patients homozygous for the GAA expansion. RESULTS The smaller GAA expansion (GAA1 allele) size correlated with age at onset and progression disease rate, but we found no correlation between the larger GAA expansion (GAA2 allele) size and these clinical parameters. The frequency of pes cavus, scoliosis, axonal sensory neuropathy and areflexia increased with the size of GAA1, whereas some signs such as sphincter disturbances, cerebellar atrophy on MRI, amyotrophy, dysarthria and decreased vibration sense were associated with increased duration of the disease. CONCLUSION GAA1 size is the main determinant of FA phenotype and GAA2 size is a poor predictor of clinical variation. Some clinical features are independent of GAA1 and GAA2 sizes and are determined by the duration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Rodero L, Canga A, Figols J, Berciano J, Combarros O. [Buttock mass and malignant sciatic nerve tumor]. Neurologia 2004; 19:27-31. [PMID: 14762732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are rare. We report a case of a MPNST of the proximal sciatic nerve in the thigh, unassociated with pre-existing type 1 neurofibromatosis or history of radiation therapy. A 71-year-old man had a 6 month history of constant, severe, burning pain affecting the sole of the left foot. One month after the onset, the pain radiated to the left calf, posterior aspect of the thigh and buttock, and distal leg weakness followed. Three months prior to admission, the patient developed a large and painful mass in the buttock, that occupied the entire left gluteal region on examination. There was severe weakness of ankle and toe dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, decreased sensation on the lateral and posterior aspect of the left leg as well as on the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot, and absent ankle jerk. EMG showed denervation and motor unit loss in the short head of biceps femoris and muscles supplied by tibial and peroneal nerves on the left side. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 10-cm enhancing mass of the left sciatic nerve from the upper thigh to the greater sciatic notch. In surgery, a large MPNST with a high Ki67 labeling index (> 60 %) was subtotally removed from the sciatic nerve, and adjuvant radiation therapy was administered. In the ensuing months the tumor invaded the entire pelvic region. A high sciatic malignant tumor can present with a rapidly growing buttock mass and unilateral, neuropathic foot pain imitating the tarsal tunnel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rodero
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo
- Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Abstract
Around a quarter of Friedreich ataxia (FA) patients, despite being homozygous for GAA expansion within the FRDA gene, show atypical presentations. Our aim is to describe the case of three brothers with long-term follow-up suffering from late onset FA manifested with spastic ataxia. The three patients belong to a family with occipital dysplasia (OD) and Chiari I malformation previously reported by us. We have carried out serial examinations since 1977. Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies, and molecular genetic analyses of hereditary ataxias are available in all three patients. Onset of symptoms occurred between 25 and 35 years. The clinical picture consisted of progressive spastic gait, truncal and limb ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, hyperreflexia with knee and ankle clonus and extensor plantar response, and mild hypopallesthesia. Ages at present vary between 50 and 59. One patient is wheelchair-bound but the other two are able to walk with support. Leaving OD aside, skeletal anomalies are not prominent. All three patients showed cardiomyopathy. MR imaging revealed atrophy of the cerebellum and spinal cord. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were normal. Central conduction time of both motor and sensory pathways was delayed or unobtainable. All three patients were homozygous for the GAA expansion, the smaller expanded allele ranging between 131 and 156 repeats. Four heterozygotic carriers were detected among non-ataxic relatives including one with OD; furthermore, an asymptomatic OD patient showed normal genotype. We conclude that adult onset spastic ataxia is a distinctive FA phenotype associated with minimal GAA expansion. This phenotype represents a new cause of selective distal degeneration of central sensory axons. The present concurrence of OD and FA reflects coincidental cosegregation of two different inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain.
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Berciano J, Infante J, Mateo I, Combarros O. [Hereditary ataxias and paraplegias: a clinicogenetic review]. Neurologia 2002; 17:40-51. [PMID: 11834196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ataxias encompass a series of syndromes basically characterised by progressive cerebellar ataxia of slow clinical course (occasionally, periodic ataxia or spastic paraparesis) and primary spinocerebellar degeneration. The prevalence ratio of these syndromes in Spain is 20 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Initially the ataxias were classified on the basis of clinicopathological criteria. Starting from the seminal papers by Harding published 20 years ago, a clinicogenetic classification was introduced that has given way to the present molecular classification. There have been localised about forty loci. In dominant ataxias the most frequent molecular defect is a dynamic CAG expansion responsible for abnormal polyglutamine tract transcription. The identification of such molecular defect has made it possible detection of gene carriers in clinical practice, this involving both presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis; moreover, such molecular discoveries have contributed to develop a new pathogenetic era. A homozygous and intronic GAA expansion is the molecular basis of Friedreich's ataxia. This finding has also made it possible a molecular diagnosis in clinical practice. Molecular studies have demonstrated that hereditary spastic paraplegia is another heterogeneous genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Sánchez-Guerra M, Combarros O, Infante J, Llorca J, Berciano J, Fontalba A, Fernández-Luna JL, Peña N, Fernández-Viadero C. Case-control study and meta-analysis of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein gene exon 3 polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2001; 316:17-20. [PMID: 11720768 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) may influence both the clearance and the production of beta-amyloid peptide and thus plays a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Previous studies, although inconsistent, have suggested that the LRP exon 3 CC genotype contributes to the risk of AD. A case-control study utilizing a clinically well-defined group of 305 sporadic AD patients and 304 control subjects was performed to test this association in an ethnically homogeneous population from Spain. In the current study, the LRP CC genotype was not over-represented in AD patients compared to non-demented controls. A meta-analysis of previous studies revealed a weak correlation of LRP CC genotype with AD (odds ratio of 1.35, P=0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez-Guerra
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
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Infante J, García A, Combarros O, Mateo JI, Berciano J, Sedano MJ, Gutiérrez-Rivas EJ, Palau F. Diagnostic strategy for familial and sporadic cases of neuropathy associated with 17p11.2 deletion. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24:1149-55. [PMID: 11494267 DOI: 10.1002/mus.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, electrophysiologic and molecular studies were performed on at-risk members of 14 families with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), in order to detect asymptomatic carriers of the 17p11.2 deletion. Sporadic cases due to de novo deletion accounted for 21% of the investigated HNPP families. Approximately one half of deletion carriers were asymptomatic and did not display significant signs on clinical examination. The electrophysiologic hallmark in both symptomatic and asymptomatic deletion carriers was the presence of a nonuniform sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy with conduction abnormalities preferentially located at common entrapment sites and distal nerve segments. A perfect correlation was found between the molecular and electrophysiologic analyses. A reliable screening method to detect clinically unaffected carriers of the deletion in families with HNPP was the evaluation of motor conduction in at least two nerves across usual entrapment sites, especially the ulnar nerve at the elbow, and evaluation of sensory conduction in the sural nerve. In sporadic cases due to a de novo deletion, electrophysiologic studies were suggestive but not sufficient for the diagnosis, and molecular analysis represented the most sensitive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Infante
- Service of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain
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Sánchez-Juan P, Combarros O. [Gustatory nervous pathway syndromes]. Neurologia 2001; 16:262-71. [PMID: 11423043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the lingual nerve and the chorda tympani are the components of the classic peripheral gustatory pathway, loss of taste in patients after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia supports for the existence of an accessory gustatory pathway through the trigeminal sensory root and the gasserian ganglion. Bell's palsy is the most common pathology of the peripheral gustatory pathway. The central gustatory pathway ascends from the solitary tract nucleus in the medulla up to the upper pons in the ipsilateral central tegmental tract, rather than in the medial lemniscus as proposed in the past. It is not possible to specify whether the central gustatory pathway decussates or not at the lower midbrain level. Interruption of the gustatory pathway in the brainstem usually occurs with stroke or demyelination. The thalamic gustatory relay is located in the most medial aspect of the ventroposteromedial nucleus, immediately adjacent to the somatosensory area for the oral cavity and fingers. Therefore, ageusia associated with the sensory cheiro-oral syndrome may occur with a thalamic lesion. The laterality of the gustatory representation in the thalamus remains unresolved. Studies on epileptic gustatory aura have demonstrated that the insula and the anteromedial temporal lobe are the primary and secondary gustatory cortex, respectively. Taste perception results in patients with corpus callosum section and strokes or tumors involving the insula support the hypothesis that there is a gustatory representation of both hemitongues in the left cerebral hemisphere, whereas only the right hemitongue is represented in the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez-Juan
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander
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Alvarez-Arcaya A, Combarros O, Llorca J, Sánchez-Guerra M, Berciano J, Fernández-Luna JL. The --491 TT apolipoprotein E promoter polymorphism is associated with reduced risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2001; 304:204-8. [PMID: 11343837 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the A allele of the -491 A/T apolipoprotein E (APOE) promoter polymorphism has recently been reported to be associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two hundred and fifty one patients with AD and an equal number of controls derived from the same region in a Spanish population, were genotyped for -491 A/T and epsilon2/epsilon3/epsilon4 APOE polymorphisms. We did not detect an elevated -491 AA genotype frequency when comparing AD cases to controls. In contrast, persons homozygous for the T allele were at a significantly reduced risk of AD (odds ratio of 0.10, P=0.006). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the -491 TT polymorphism added information on the risk of AD which was independent of that of the APOE epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alvarez-Arcaya
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
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Sánchez-Guerra M, Combarros O, Alvarez-Arcaya A, Mateo I, Berciano J, González-García J, Llorca J. The Glu298Asp polymorphism in the NOS3 gene is not associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70:566-7. [PMID: 11300106 PMCID: PMC1737300 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.70.4.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Trueba MA, Barrasa J, Combarros O, Calleja J. [Electro-clinical concordance for childhood absence epilepsy in monozygotic twins]. Rev Neurol 2000; 31:1159-61. [PMID: 11205550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze the EEG tracings during the seizures of two monozygotic twins, shown on molecular analysis, diagnosed as having infantile epilepsy with absences. The recordings are particularly interesting since the genotypes of the patients are identical. This allowed comparison between the similarities and differences in discharges so that they could be better defined. RESULTS The 3 Hz spike and wave complexes were the same as the classical descriptions in typical absences. No 'W' spike and wave complexes morphology, discharge fragmentation or light induction of the discharges were observed. There was some differences in the duration of absences, which were much shorter in one twin girl. The duration of the seizures was variable, and sometimes similar to that described as characteristic in other types of generalized idiopathic epilepsies with absences. It would seem therefore that the duration of the seizure is not a criterion for differentiation between the different types of generalized idiopathic epilepsies. CONCLUSION Concordance, both clinical and of seizure EEG recordings in our patients confirmed that there is a specific electroclinical phenotype in infantile epilepsy with absences, although individual variations may also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trueba
- Servicio de Neurofisiología Clínica, Servicio de Neurología (Genética), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
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Alvarez-Arcaya A, Combarros O, Llorca J, Sánchez-Guerra M, Berciano J, Fernández-Viadero C, Peña N. The butyrylcholinesterase K variant is a protective factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease in women. Acta Neurol Scand 2000; 102:350-3. [PMID: 11125748 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.102006350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent reports indicate that the K variant of the butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene may act in synergism with the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but this is controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS We genotyped for the BCHE-K and APOE epsilon4 alleles in a sample of 249 AD patients and 250 controls derived from the same region in a Spanish population. RESULTS A protective effect of the K variant of BCHE with an odds ratio of 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.19-0.86, P=0.02) was observed among non-APOE epsilon4 carriers, but it was limited to women. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate that lower susceptibility to AD determined by the K variant of BCHE is dependent on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alvarez-Arcaya
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Combarros O, Sánchez-Guerra M, Llorca J, Alvarez-Arcaya A, Berciano J, Peña N, Fernández-Viadero C. Polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene is not associated with sporadic AD. Neurology 2000; 55:593-5. [PMID: 10953203 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.55.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between cognitive performance in elderly people and variability in the codon 129 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) has been recently described. The authors analyzed this polymorphism in 278 sporadic AD patients and 268 cognitively normal control subjects. Analyses stratifying by APOE genotype, age, and gender failed to reveal any association between homozygosity for the 129 PRNP methionine or valine alleles and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.
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Berciano J, García A, Calleja J, Combarros O. Clinico-electrophysiological correlation of extensor digitorum brevis muscle atrophy in children with charcot-marie-tooth disease 1A duplication. Neuromuscul Disord 2000; 10:419-24. [PMID: 10899448 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(99)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to describe the electrophysiologic abnormalities accounting for the appearance and progression of extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle atrophy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth-disease type 1A (CMT-1A) children. Twelve children with CMT-1A duplication were serially evaluated. Initial ages of clinico-electrophysiological exams ranged from 1 month to 4 years (mean: 2 years) and final ages from 6 to 23 years (mean: 13). All subjects had two or more electrophysiological studies of the peroneal nerve. EDB atrophy was observed in two out of 12 (17%) patients by the age of 5, in eight out of ten (80%) examined between 5 and 9 years, and in all eight (100%) patients who had reached the second decade at the end. Nerve conduction maturation was systematically abnormal, but by age of 5 the mean values of nerve conduction parameters of peroneal nerve did not significantly differ from those in older patients. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes of EDB were reduced in 42% of cases initially and 100% upon last exam. Furthermore, a constant finding throughout the study was progressive attenuation of CMAPs, these becoming unobtainable in four cases. EDB muscle atrophy in CMT-1A children is an age-dependent sign which is accounted for by gradual reduction of the distal peroneal nerve CMAP amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital 'Marqués de Valdecilla', 39008, Santander, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Neurology Service, "Marqués de Valdecilla" University Hospital, Santander, Spain.
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Combarros O, Sánchez-Juan P, Berciano J, De Pablos C. Hemiageusia from an ipsilateral multiple sclerosis plaque at the midpontine tegmentum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:796. [PMID: 10877626 PMCID: PMC1736972 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.68.6.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Autosomal recessive posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP) is a movement disorder that was genetically mapped to a disease locus (AXPC1) on chromosome 1q32-q31 in an inbred population of Dutch-German ancestry in the continental United States. We performed genetic linkage analysis and haplotype reconstruction on a different family from Spain with an identical phenotype to determine if the neurologic signs of an early-onset ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and a sensory neuropathy also mapped to the AXPC1 locus. The disease phenotype was linked in the candidate interval with a maximum lod score of 3.56 at a recombination fraction of 0.0 for locus D1S414. Haplotypes were discordant and suggested that the disease mutation arose independently from at least two populations. These results refine the classification of early-onset ataxia, abrogate a founder effect for this recessive disorder, and provide evidence that PCARP is a distinct, homogeneous, clinical, and genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Higgins
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurogenetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509, USA
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Combarros O, Alvarez-Arcaya A, Oterino A, Berciano J, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Peña N, Fernández-Viadero C, Luis Pérez-López J, Setién S, Carvajal A. Polymorphisms in the presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes and risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 1999; 171:88-91. [PMID: 10581373 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the possible involvement of polymorphisms of the presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) genes in the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), either through an independent effect or through interaction with the existing apolipoprotein E (ApoE) risk, in 211 AD cases and 188 age-matched control subjects. No significant differences were obtained in any of the comparisons relating the effect of the PS1 and PS2 polymorphisms; thus, these polymorphisms do not appear to be sufficient risk factors by themselves for sporadic AD. Although the ApoE varepsilon4 genotype is the only definite predictor of risk, homozygosity for either the 1 allele of the PS1 or the C allele of the PS2 genes may increase the risk conferred by the presence of an ApoE epsilon4 allele. Additionally, combination of PS1/11 and PS2/CC genotypes might have a small synergistic effect on the risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Neurology Service, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, 39008, Santander, Spain.
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Abstract
Our aim was to revisit the papers published by Scherer 1933 describing four cases of sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) thought to represent the earliest description of striatonigral degeneration. One should note that extrapyramidal rigidity associated with OPCA was then considered a type of cerebellar parkinsonism. Two of Scherer's four patients had severe parkinsonism masking cerebellar signs. Pathologically both cases displayed marked degeneration of the striatum and nigra and partially developed pontocerebellar atrophy. Cerebellar ataxia was the outstanding feature in the other two, their pathological study showing severe pontocerebellar lesions and incipient striatonigral atrophy. Scherer stated that the severity of parkinsonism in OPCA is not correlated with the degree of cerebellar degeneration but with that of striatum and nigra. We conclude that Scherer gave the first accurate description of striatonigral degeneration. Moreover, his contribution was essential in ruling out the prevalent notion of cerebellar parkinsonism in OPCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital, Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Pujana MA, Corral J, Gratacòs M, Combarros O, Berciano J, Genís D, Banchs I, Estivill X, Volpini V. Spinocerebellar ataxias in Spanish patients: genetic analysis of familial and sporadic cases. The Ataxia Study Group. Hum Genet 1999; 104:516-22. [PMID: 10453742 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) are a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by unstable CAG repeat expansions encoding polyglutamine tracts. Five spinocerebellar ataxia genes (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6 and SCA7) and another related dominant ataxia gene (DRPLA) have been cloned, allowing the genetic classification of these disorders. We present here the molecular analysis of 87 unrelated familial and 60 sporadic Spanish cases of spinocerebellar ataxia. For ADCA cases 15% were SCA2, 15% SCA3, 6% SCA1, 3% SCA7, 1% SCA6 and 1% DRPLA, an extremely rare mutation in Caucasoid populations. About 58% of ADCA cases remained genetically unclassified. All the SCA1 cases belong to the same geographical area and share a common haplotype for the SCA1 mutation. The expanded alleles ranged from 41 to 59 repeats for SCA1, 35 to 46 [corrected] for SCA2, 67 to 77 for SCA3, and 38 to 113 for SCA7. One SCA6 case had 25 repeats and one DRPLA case had 63 repeats. The highest CAG repeat variation in meiotic transmission of expanded alleles was detected in SCA7, this being of +67 units in one paternal transmission and giving rise to a 113 CAG repeat allele in a patient who died at 3 years of age. Meiotic transmissions have also shown a tendency to more frequent paternal transmission of expanded alleles in SCA1 and maternal in SCA7. All SCA1 and SCA2 expanded alleles analyzed consisted of pure CAG repeats, whereas normal alleles were interrupted by 1-2 CAT trinucleotides in SCA1, except for three alleles of 6, 14 and 21 CAG repeats, and by 1-3 CAA trinucleotides in SCA2. No SCA or DRPLA mutations were detected in the 60 sporadic cases of spinocerebellar ataxia, but one late onset patient was identified as a recessive form due to GAA-repeat expansions in the Friedreich's ataxia gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pujana
- Molecular Genetics Department, Medical and Molecular Genetics Centre-IRO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Combarros O, Oterino A, Berciano J, Benito A, Fernández-Luna JL. Diagnosis of the CMT1A duplication by PCR based detection of a novel junction fragment. J Med Genet 1998; 35:962-3. [PMID: 9832048 PMCID: PMC1051497 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.11.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Combarros O, Misiego M, Oterino A, Berciano J. [Sensitive deficit of pseudo-polyneuritis distribution as the initial manifestation of spondylotic cervical myelopathy]. Neurologia 1998; 13:407-9. [PMID: 9859677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Combarros O, Escribano J, Sánchez-Velasco P, Leyva-Cobián F, Oterino A, Leno C, Berciano J. Association of the HLA-A2 allele with an earlier age of onset of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1998; 98:140-1. [PMID: 9724015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The HLA-A2 allele has recently been considered as a risk factor in AD by advancing the age at onset of the disease, especially in subjects who were homozygous for the apoE epsilon4 allele. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the distribution of apoE genotypes and A2 allele as a function of age at onset in 109 patients with sporadic and familial AD. RESULTS In the early onset (< or =60 years) and late onset (>75 years) AD groups, there was, respectively, a 2.2 year and a 2.7 year earlier onset in the A2 positive cases. Age effect was not apparent in the middle onset (61-75 years) AD group. The effect of A2 allele on the age at onset was not different between familial and sporadic AD cases. The presence or absence of the A2 allele did not modify mean age at onset in the groups homozygous and heterozygous for epsilon4, and in cases with no epsilon4 alleles. CONCLUSION Though the sample size was small, there is a trend in favor of an A2 effect on age at onset. Additionally, there is no evidence of interaction between A2 and apoE epsilon4 alleles on age at onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Combarros O, Alvarez de Arcaya A, Quintana F, Bèrciano J. [Paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve in the presentation of dural arteriovenous fistula of the posterior fossa]. Neurologia 1998; 13:260-2. [PMID: 9646637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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García A, Combarros O, Calleja J, Berciano J. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A with 17p duplication in infancy and early childhood: a longitudinal clinical and electrophysiologic study. Neurology 1998; 50:1061-7. [PMID: 9566395 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.50.4.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe longitudinal clinical and electrophysiologic evaluation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT-1A) in infancy and early childhood. BACKGROUND The clinical picture and electrophysiologic evaluation of CMT-1A during the age of nerve conduction maturation have not been documented. DESIGN/METHODS Twenty at-risk children from six unrelated CMT-1A families were examined in the first 5 years of life. Initial ages were 1 month to 4 years (mean, 1.5 years) and final ages 4 to 19 years (mean, 9 years). All subjects had two or more motor and sensory conduction velocities (MCV and SCV), corrected distal motor latencies (DML), and F-waves. RESULTS Twelve children were affected. Initially, two of these (17%) had symptoms, whereas five (42%) were symptomatic at the end. Numbers of abnormal examinations at the beginning was six (50%) and at conclusion was 10 (83%). None of the patients were disabled. From 2 years of age, all affected children had abnormal MCV, SVC, F-waves, and DML. Prolonged DML was already present in the first months of life and preceded slowing of MCV in three cases. CONCLUSION The electrophysiologic studies were concordant with the presence or absence of the CMT-1A DNA duplication. In most CMT-1A patients, symptoms appear in early childhood, although the florid clinical picture does not occur until the second decade of life. Serial electrophysiologic studies can detect the CMT-1A gene carrier in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García
- Services of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Abstract
We report nine patients with hypoglossal nerve palsy as the sole neurological manifestation, without simultaneous involvement of other cranial nerves or long-tract signs. In four patients, no cause was found and the outcome was excellent. The next common cause proved to be metastatic disease at the base of the skull in three patients. Two exceptional causes were Chiari malformation in one case and dural arteriovenous fistula of the transverse sinus in another. Although the aetiological importance and ominous prognosis of neoplasia has been emphasized by others, our study suggests that an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy may be benign and idiopathic.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Combarros O, Leno C, Oterino A, Berciano J, Fernández-Luna JL, Fernández-Viadero C, Peña N, Miró J, Delgado M. Gender effect on apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele-associated risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1998; 97:68-71. [PMID: 9482681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of gender in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its possible interaction with apolipoprotein E (apoE), has been controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS ApoE allelic frequencies and the effect of apoE epsilon4 allele dosage on risk and age at onset of AD were evaluated, separately for men and women, in 100 patients with sporadic AD and 100 age-matched controls. RESULTS The distribution of apoE alleles and the odds ratio for AD, when associated with 1 or 2 epsilon4 alleles, were not statistically different between men and women. No effect of the dosage of the epsilon4 allele was found on the age at onset of dementia in the 2 sex groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the relation of the apoE genotype to AD is not dependent on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Combarros
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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