Hypoxia modulates the transcriptional immunological response in Oncorhynchus kisutch

Oncorhynchus kisutch is the third most cultivated salmonid species in the Chilean salmon industry and its farming conditions are characterised by high stocking density leading to the generation of high levels of organic matter (food - feces) and decomposition. In addition to the increasingly frequent hypoxic oceanographic events, these inappropriate farming conditions increase the demand for oxygen within the fish farm pen and lead to the appearance of hypoxic events that are harmful to fish.This study aimed to evaluate the stress response (cortisol) and transcription of genes involved in the immune response in head kidney and spleen of Oncorhynchus kisutch subjected to chronic hypoxic stress conditions. The fish were exposed to 100%, 60%, 50%, 35%, and 25% of DO for 28 days, then the blood (plasma), head kidney and spleen were removed. We observed mortality in the 25% DO group at days 15 and 20. Plasma cortisol increased significantly under 35% and 25% DO conditions compared to control. Transcription of Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR5M, TLR8, and TLR9) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL6, IL10, TNF-α) increased in the head kidney only in the 50% DO group, while in spleen there was an increase of these markers in the conditions of 60%, 35%, and 25% DO. As for the markers involved in cell-mediated immunity, CD4-MHCII and CD8-MHCI do not have a clear expression pattern, although there was down-regulation in MHCII transcription in the head kidney, in all the hypoxia conditions evaluated. Finally, IgM transcription was increased in the spleen in all hypoxia conditions, although it wasn't always statistically significant compared to the control. These results indicate that chronic hypoxia induces the stress response, increasing plasma cortisol levels and modulating the transcription of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The expression patterns were tissue-specific, indicating that the degree of hypoxia differentially affects the transcription of genes involved in the immune response of Oncorhynchus kisutch.