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Sánchez-Barriga J, Clark OJ, Vergniory MG, Krivenkov M, Varykhalov A, Rader O, Schoop LM. Experimental Realization of a Three-Dimensional Dirac Semimetal Phase with a Tunable Lifshitz Transition in Au_{2}Pb. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:236402. [PMID: 37354399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.236402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional Dirac semimetals are an exotic state of matter that continue to attract increasing attention due to the unique properties of their low-energy excitations. Here, by performing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we investigate the electronic structure of Au_{2}Pb across a wide temperature range. Our experimental studies on the (111)-cleaved surface unambiguously demonstrate that Au_{2}Pb is a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal characterized by the presence of a bulk Dirac cone projected off-center of the bulk Brillouin zone (BZ), in agreement with our theoretical calculations. Unusually, we observe that the bulk Dirac cone is significantly shifted by more than 0.4 eV to higher binding energies with reducing temperature, eventually going through a Lifshitz transition. The pronounced downward shift is qualitatively reproduced by our calculations indicating that an enhanced orbital overlap upon compression of the lattice, which preserves C_{4} rotational symmetry, is the main driving mechanism for the Lifshitz transition. These findings not only broaden the range of currently known materials exhibiting three-dimensional Dirac phases, but also show a viable mechanism by which it could be possible to switch on and off the contribution of the degeneracy point to electron transport without external doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sánchez-Barriga
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - O J Clark
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M G Vergniory
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- IMDEA Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden D-01187, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544 New Jersey, USA
| | - M Krivenkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Varykhalov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - O Rader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L M Schoop
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544 New Jersey, USA
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2
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Krivenkov M, Marchenko D, Sajedi M, Fedorov A, Clark OJ, Sánchez-Barriga J, Rienks EDL, Rader O, Varykhalov A. On the problem of Dirac cones in fullerenes on gold. Nanoscale 2022; 14:9124-9133. [PMID: 35723255 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07981f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial graphene based on molecular networks enables the creation of novel 2D materials with unique electronic and topological properties. Landau quantization has been demonstrated by CO molecules arranged on the two-dimensional electron gas on Cu(111) and the observation of electron quantization may succeed based on the created gauge fields. Recently, it was reported that instead of individual manipulation of CO molecules, simple deposition of nonpolar C60 molecules on Cu(111) and Au(111) produces artificial graphene as evidenced by Dirac cones in photoemission spectroscopy. Here, we show that C60-induced Dirac cones on Au(111) have a different origin. We argue that those are related to umklapp diffraction of surface electronic bands of Au on the molecular grid of C60 in the final state of photoemission. We test this alternative explanation by precisely probing the dimensionality of the observed conical features in the photoemission spectra, by varying both the incident photon energy and the degree of charge doping via alkali adatoms. Using density functional theory calculations and spin-resolved photoemission we reveal the origin of the replicating Au(111) bands and resolve them as deep leaky surface resonances derived from the bulk Au sp-band residing at the boundary of its surface projection. We also discuss the manifold nature of these resonances which gives rise to an onion-like Fermi surface of Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krivenkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Marchenko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Sajedi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Fedorov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Joint Laboratory 'Functional Quantum Materials' at BESSY II, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - O J Clark
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - J Sánchez-Barriga
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - E D L Rienks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - O Rader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Varykhalov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Sunko V, Mazzola F, Kitamura S, Khim S, Kushwaha P, Clark OJ, Watson MD, Marković I, Biswas D, Pourovskii L, Kim TK, Lee TL, Thakur PK, Rosner H, Georges A, Moessner R, Oka T, Mackenzie AP, King PDC. Probing spin correlations using angle-resolved photoemission in a coupled metallic/Mott insulator system. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz0611. [PMID: 32128385 PMCID: PMC7032925 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A nearly free electron metal and a Mott insulating state can be thought of as opposite ends of the spectrum of possibilities for the motion of electrons in a solid. Understanding their interaction lies at the heart of the correlated electron problem. In the magnetic oxide metal PdCrO2, nearly free and Mott-localized electrons exist in alternating layers, forming natural heterostructures. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, quantitatively supported by a strong coupling analysis, we show that the coupling between these layers leads to an "intertwined" excitation that is a convolution of the charge spectrum of the metallic layer and the spin susceptibility of the Mott layer. Our findings establish PdCrO2 as a model system in which to probe Kondo lattice physics and also open new routes to use the a priori nonmagnetic probe of photoemission to gain insights into the spin susceptibility of correlated electron materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sunko
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - F. Mazzola
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - S. Kitamura
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - S. Khim
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - P. Kushwaha
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - O. J. Clark
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - M. D. Watson
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - I. Marković
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D. Biswas
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - L. Pourovskii
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
- Institut de Physique, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T. K. Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - T.-L. Lee
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - P. K. Thakur
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - H. Rosner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. Georges
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
- Institut de Physique, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
- DQMP, Université de Genève, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R. Moessner
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - T. Oka
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. P. Mackenzie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - P. D. C. King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
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4
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Marković I, Hooley CA, Clark OJ, Mazzola F, Watson MD, Riley JM, Volckaert K, Underwood K, Dyer MS, Murgatroyd PAE, Murphy KJ, Fèvre PL, Bertran F, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Wu S, Okuda T, Alaria J, King PDC. Weyl-like points from band inversions of spin-polarised surface states in NbGeSb. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5485. [PMID: 31792208 PMCID: PMC6888910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Band inversions are key to stabilising a variety of novel electronic states in solids, from topological surface states to the formation of symmetry-protected three-dimensional Dirac and Weyl points and nodal-line semimetals. Here, we create a band inversion not of bulk states, but rather between manifolds of surface states. We realise this by aliovalent substitution of Nb for Zr and Sb for S in the ZrSiS family of nonsymmorphic semimetals. Using angle-resolved photoemission and density-functional theory, we show how two pairs of surface states, known from ZrSiS, are driven to intersect each other near the Fermi level in NbGeSb, and to develop pronounced spin splittings. We demonstrate how mirror symmetry leads to protected crossing points in the resulting spin-orbital entangled surface band structure, thereby stabilising surface state analogues of three-dimensional Weyl points. More generally, our observations suggest new opportunities for engineering topologically and symmetry-protected states via band inversions of surface states.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marković
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - C A Hooley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - O J Clark
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - F Mazzola
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - M D Watson
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - J M Riley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - K Volckaert
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - K Underwood
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - M S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - P A E Murgatroyd
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - K J Murphy
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - P Le Fèvre
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, CNRS-CEA, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Bertran
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, CNRS-CEA, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Fujii
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - I Vobornik
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Wu
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - T Okuda
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - J Alaria
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - P D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
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5
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Clark OJ, Neat MJ, Okawa K, Bawden L, Marković I, Mazzola F, Feng J, Sunko V, Riley JM, Meevasana W, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Kim TK, Hoesch M, Sasagawa T, Wahl P, Bahramy MS, King PDC. Fermiology and Superconductivity of Topological Surface States in PdTe_{2}. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:156401. [PMID: 29756894 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.156401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the low-energy surface electronic structure of the transition-metal dichalcogenide superconductor PdTe_{2} by spin- and angle-resolved photoemission, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density-functional theory-based supercell calculations. Comparing PdTe_{2} with its sister compound PtSe_{2}, we demonstrate how enhanced interlayer hopping in the Te-based material drives a band inversion within the antibonding p-orbital manifold well above the Fermi level. We show how this mediates spin-polarized topological surface states which form rich multivalley Fermi surfaces with complex spin textures. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals type-II superconductivity at the surface, and moreover shows no evidence for an unconventional component of its superconducting order parameter, despite the presence of topological surface states.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Clark
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - M J Neat
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - K Okawa
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - L Bawden
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - I Marković
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Mazzola
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - J Feng
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech. and Nanobionics (SINANO), CAS, 398 Ruoshui Road, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - V Sunko
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - J M Riley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - W Meevasana
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
- ThEP, Commission of Higher Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - J Fujii
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - I Vobornik
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - T K Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - M Hoesch
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - T Sasagawa
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - P Wahl
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - M S Bahramy
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - P D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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6
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Sunko V, Rosner H, Kushwaha P, Khim S, Mazzola F, Bawden L, Clark OJ, Riley JM, Kasinathan D, Haverkort MW, Kim TK, Hoesch M, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Mackenzie AP, King PDC. Maximal Rashba-like spin splitting via kinetic-energy-coupled inversion-symmetry breaking. Nature 2018; 549:492-496. [PMID: 28959958 DOI: 10.1038/nature23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Engineering and enhancing the breaking of inversion symmetry in solids-that is, allowing electrons to differentiate between 'up' and 'down'-is a key goal in condensed-matter physics and materials science because it can be used to stabilize states that are of fundamental interest and also have potential practical applications. Examples include improved ferroelectrics for memory devices and materials that host Majorana zero modes for quantum computing. Although inversion symmetry is naturally broken in several crystalline environments, such as at surfaces and interfaces, maximizing the influence of this effect on the electronic states of interest remains a challenge. Here we present a mechanism for realizing a much larger coupling of inversion-symmetry breaking to itinerant surface electrons than is typically achieved. The key element is a pronounced asymmetry of surface hopping energies-that is, a kinetic-energy-coupled inversion-symmetry breaking, the energy scale of which is a substantial fraction of the bandwidth. Using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we demonstrate that such a strong inversion-symmetry breaking, when combined with spin-orbit interactions, can mediate Rashba-like spin splittings that are much larger than would typically be expected. The energy scale of the inversion-symmetry breaking that we achieve is so large that the spin splitting in the CoO2- and RhO2-derived surface states of delafossite oxides becomes controlled by the full atomic spin-orbit coupling of the 3d and 4d transition metals, resulting in some of the largest known Rashba-like spin splittings. The core structural building blocks that facilitate the bandwidth-scaled inversion-symmetry breaking are common to numerous materials. Our findings therefore provide opportunities for creating spin-textured states and suggest routes to interfacial control of inversion-symmetry breaking in designer heterostructures of oxides and other material classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sunko
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Rosner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - P Kushwaha
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Khim
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Mazzola
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - L Bawden
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - O J Clark
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J M Riley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - D Kasinathan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - M W Haverkort
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Philosophenweg 19, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T K Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M Hoesch
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - J Fujii
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - I Vobornik
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A P Mackenzie
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - P D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
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7
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Bahramy MS, Clark OJ, Yang BJ, Feng J, Bawden L, Riley JM, Marković I, Mazzola F, Sunko V, Biswas D, Cooil SP, Jorge M, Wells JW, Leandersson M, Balasubramanian T, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Rault JE, Kim TK, Hoesch M, Okawa K, Asakawa M, Sasagawa T, Eknapakul T, Meevasana W, King PDC. Ubiquitous formation of bulk Dirac cones and topological surface states from a single orbital manifold in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Nat Mater 2018; 17:21-28. [PMID: 29180775 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are renowned for their rich and varied bulk properties, while their single-layer variants have become one of the most prominent examples of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. Their disparate ground states largely depend on transition metal d-electron-derived electronic states, on which the vast majority of attention has been concentrated to date. Here, we focus on the chalcogen-derived states. From density-functional theory calculations together with spin- and angle-resolved photoemission, we find that these generically host a co-existence of type-I and type-II three-dimensional bulk Dirac fermions as well as ladders of topological surface states and surface resonances. We demonstrate how these naturally arise within a single p-orbital manifold as a general consequence of a trigonal crystal field, and as such can be expected across a large number of compounds. Already, we demonstrate their existence in six separate TMDs, opening routes to tune, and ultimately exploit, their topological physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bahramy
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center and Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - O J Clark
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - B-J Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Theoretical Physics (CTP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - J Feng
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO) CAS, 398 Ruoshi Road, SEID, SIP, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - L Bawden
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - J M Riley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - I Marković
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Mazzola
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - V Sunko
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Biswas
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - S P Cooil
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - M Jorge
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - J W Wells
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - M Leandersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - J Fujii
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - I Vobornik
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J E Rault
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, CNRS-CEA, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T K Kim
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - M Hoesch
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - K Okawa
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - M Asakawa
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - T Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - T Eknapakul
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - W Meevasana
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence on Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- ThEP, Commission of Higher Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - P D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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