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Homayounieh F, Holmberg O, Umairi RA, Aly S, Basevičius A, Costa PR, Darweesh A, Gershan V, Ilves P, Kostova-Lefterova D, Renha SK, Mohseni I, Rampado O, Rotaru N, Shirazu I, Sinitsyn V, Turk T, Van Ngoc Ty C, Kalra MK, Vassileva J. Variations in CT Utilization, Protocols, and Radiation Doses in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Results from 28 Countries in the IAEA Study. Radiology 2020; 298:E141-E151. [PMID: 33170104 PMCID: PMC7673104 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020203453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background There is lack of guidance on specific CT protocols for imaging patients
with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Purpose To assess international variations in CT utilization, protocols, and
radiation doses in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Materials and Methods In this retrospective data collection study, the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated a survey between May and July 2020
regarding CT utilization, protocols, and radiation doses from 62
healthcare sites in 34 countries across five continents for CT exams
performed in COVID-19 pneumonia. The questionnaire obtained information
on local prevalence, method of diagnosis, most frequent imaging,
indications for CT, and specific policies on use of CT in COVID-19
pneumonia. Collected data included general information (patient age,
weight, clinical indication), CT equipment (CT make and model, year of
installation, number of detector rows), scan protocols (body region,
scan phases, tube current and potential), and radiation dose descriptors
(CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP)).
Descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equations were
performed. Results Data from 782 patients (median age (interquartile range) of 59(15) years)
from 54 healthcare sites in 28 countries were evaluated. Less than
one-half of the healthcare sites used CT for initial diagnosis of
COVID-19 pneumonia and three-fourth used CT for assessing disease
severity. CTDIvol varied based on CT vendors (7-11mGy,
p<0.001), number of detector-rows (8-9mGy, p<0.001), year of
CT installation (7-10mGy, p=0.006), and reconstruction techniques
(7-10mGy, p=0.03). Multiphase chest CT exams performed in 20% of
sites (11 of 54) were associated with higher DLP compared with
single-phase chest CT exams performed in 80% (43 of 54 sites)
(p=0.008). Conclusion CT use, scan protocols, and radiation doses in patients with COVID-19
pneumonia showed wide variation across healthcare sites within the same
and different countries. Many patients were scanned multiple times
and/or with multiphase CT scan protocols. See also the editorial by Lee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Homayounieh
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Ola Holmberg
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Rashid Al Umairi
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Sallam Aly
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Algidas Basevičius
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Costa
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Adham Darweesh
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Vesna Gershan
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Desislava Kostova-Lefterova
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Simone Kodlulovich Renha
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Iman Mohseni
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Osvaldo Rampado
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Natalia Rotaru
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Issahaku Shirazu
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Valentin Sinitsyn
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Tajana Turk
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Claire Van Ngoc Ty
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Mannudeep K Kalra
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
| | - Jenia Vassileva
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Blossom Ct, Room 248, Boston, MA 02114 (F.H., M.K.K.); Radiation Protection of Patients Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria (O.H., J.V.); The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman (R.A.U.); Alfa Scan Radiology Center, Cairo, Egypt (S.A.); Department of Radiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania (A.B.); Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (P.R.C.); Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.D.); Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia (V.G.); Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Tartu, Estonia (P.I.); Aleksandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (D.K.L.); Institute of Radioprotection and Dosimetry, National Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (S.K.R.); Radiology Department, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (I.M.); Medical Physics Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy (O.R.); Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova (N.R.); Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana (I.S.); University Hospital, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation (V.S.); University Hospital Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia (T.T.); and Department of Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (C.V.N.T.)
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