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Robbeets M, Bouckaert R, Conte M, Savelyev A, Li T, An DI, Shinoda KI, Cui Y, Kawashima T, Kim G, Uchiyama J, Dolińska J, Oskolskaya S, Yamano KY, Seguchi N, Tomita H, Takamiya H, Kanzawa-Kiriyama H, Oota H, Ishida H, Kimura R, Sato T, Kim JH, Deng B, Bjørn R, Rhee S, Ahn KD, Gruntov I, Mazo O, Bentley JR, Fernandes R, Roberts P, Bausch IR, Gilaizeau L, Yoneda M, Kugai M, Bianco RA, Zhang F, Himmel M, Hudson MJ, Ning C. Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. Nature 2021; 599:616-621. [PMID: 34759322 PMCID: PMC8612925 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages-that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic-is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1-3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by 'triangulating' genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic-Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional 'pastoralist hypothesis'6-8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Robbeets
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
| | - Remco Bouckaert
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Centre of Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Conte
- Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alexander Savelyev
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tao Li
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Archaeological Institute for Yangtze Civilization (AIYC), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deog-Im An
- Department of Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Hanseo University, Seosan, Korea
| | - Ken-Ichi Shinoda
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Geonyoung Kim
- Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junzo Uchiyama
- Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures, Norwich, UK
- Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Joanna Dolińska
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Sofia Oskolskaya
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ken-Yōjiro Yamano
- Research Center for Buried Cultural Properties, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Seguchi
- Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Hirotaka Tomita
- Hokkaido Government Board of Education, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences of Global Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroto Takamiya
- Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Oota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Archaeology and Art History, Donga University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Bingcong Deng
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Rasmus Bjørn
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Seongha Rhee
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyou-Dong Ahn
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilya Gruntov
- Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mazo
- Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - John R Bentley
- Department of World Languages and Cultures, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilona R Bausch
- Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures, Norwich, UK
- Leiden University Institute of Area Studies, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Kokugakuin University Museum, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Linda Gilaizeau
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- University Museum, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Kugai
- Miyakojima City Board of Education, Miyakojima, Japan
| | - Raffaela A Bianco
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Marie Himmel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark J Hudson
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Institut d'Asie Orientale, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Chao Ning
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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