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Omali D, Buzibye A, Kwizera R, Byakika-Kibwika P, Namakula R, Matovu J, Mbabazi O, Mande E, Sekaggya-Wiltshire C, Nakanjako D, Gutteck U, McAdam K, Easterbrook P, Kambugu A, Fehr J, Castelnuovo B, Manabe YC, Lamorde M, Mueller D, Merry C. Building clinical pharmacology laboratory capacity in low- and middle-income countries: Experience from Uganda. Afr J Lab Med 2023; 12:1956. [PMID: 36873289 PMCID: PMC9982508 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v12i1.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research and clinical use of clinical pharmacology laboratories are limited in low- and middle-income countries. We describe our experience in building and sustaining laboratory capacity for clinical pharmacology at the Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda. Intervention Existing laboratory infrastructure was repurposed, and new equipment was acquired. Laboratory personnel were hired and trained to optimise, validate, and develop in-house methods for testing antiretroviral, anti-tuberculosis and other drugs, including 10 high-performance liquid chromatography methods and four mass spectrometry methods. We reviewed all research collaborations and projects for which samples were assayed in the laboratory from January 2006 to November 2020. We assessed laboratory staff mentorship from collaborative relationships and the contribution of research projects towards human resource development, assay development, and equipment and maintenance costs. We further assessed the quality of testing and use of the laboratory for research and clinical care. Lessons learnt Fourteen years post inception, the clinical pharmacology laboratory had contributed significantly to the overall research output at the institute by supporting 26 pharmacokinetic studies. The laboratory has actively participated in an international external quality assurance programme for the last four years. For clinical care, a therapeutic drug monitoring service is accessible to patients living with HIV at the Adult Infectious Diseases clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Recommendations Driven primarily by research projects, clinical pharmacology laboratory capacity was successfully established in Uganda, resulting in sustained research output and clinical support. Strategies implemented in building capacity for this laboratory may guide similar processes in other low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Omali
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Buzibye
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rhoda Namakula
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Matovu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Mande
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ursula Gutteck
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keith McAdam
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Easterbrook
- Department of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jan Fehr
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Concepta Merry
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Lubega J, Nabadda S, Wasswa P, Mbabazi O, Cubbage M, Munube D, Gaikwad A, Elghetany T, Adesina A, Allen C, Lutwama F, Scheurer M, Gastier-Foster J. Strategies to Improve Pediatric Cancer Pathology and Tissue Handling for Clinical Care and Research in Low-Resource Settings. JCO Glob Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/go.20.57000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence-based pediatric cancer control is dependent on accurate, timely cancer diagnosis, as well as maintenance of tissue integrity and annotation for clinical diagnosis and clinical/translational research. Scarcity of cancer pathology infrastructure and the delinkage of clinical pathology and research workflows in low- and middle-income countries thwarts real-time, high-resolution diagnosis, risk stratification, and maintenance of tissue integrity for future research. This renders the application of evidence-based treatments and conduct of translational research and clinical trials, particularly across multiple centers in low- and middle-income countries, impractical. We present the innovative approach and impact of a Texas Children’s Global HOPE model designed to overcome these systemic obstacles in a sub-Saharan Africa setting. METHODS We designed a pathology algorithm at Mulago Hospital Complex in Uganda with the following goals: integrate clinical and research workflows, ensure safe and optimal tissue biopsies, and maintain tissue integrity for clinical and research assays. We introduced new assays built on locally available technology platforms for anatomic pathology and immunophenotyping. RESULTS The novel workflow and assays enabled consistent real-time hematoxylin and eosin microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and multiparametric flow cytometry. The proportion of cancer diagnoses based on tissue pathology increased from 67.5% to 100%. Streamlined pathology processes improved the timeliness of commencement of treatment from 4 to 6 weeks to 24 hours in the case of acute leukemias. The refined diagnosis process has enabled implementation of risk-adapted treatment regimens. Overall, these strategies contributed to improved overall survival from 30% to 85% at 1 month, and have revealed hitherto unrecognized clinical patterns of pediatric cancers in sub-Saharan Africa. CONCLUSION Accurate real-time pathology for pediatric cancers improves survival. Improvements should aim at enhancing the capabilities of existing in-country platforms and skilled personnel. Future efforts will focus on scaling up these practices to other sites and integrating molecular diagnostics that reduce overall cost and improve diagnostic accuracy or risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lubega
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Susan Nabadda
- Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Wasswa
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mike Cubbage
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | | | - Amos Gaikwad
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Tarek Elghetany
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Carl Allen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Fredrick Lutwama
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Michael Scheurer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
| | - Julie Gastier-Foster
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Global HOPE Program, Houston, TX
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3
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Workneh M, Hamill MM, Kakooza F, Mande E, Wagner J, Mbabazi O, Mugasha R, Kajumbula H, Walwema R, Zenilman J, Musinguzi P, Kyambadde P, Lamorde M, Manabe YC. Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in a Newly Implemented Surveillance Program in Uganda: Surveillance Report. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e17009. [PMID: 32519969 PMCID: PMC7315362 DOI: 10.2196/17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neisseria gonorrhoeae (commonly known as gonorrhea) has developed resistance to all first-line therapy in Southeast Asia. East Africa has historically had absent or rudimentary gonorrhea surveillance programs and, while the existence of antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea is recognized, the extent of its resistance is largely unknown. In 2016, the World Health Organization's Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (EGASP) was initiated in Uganda to monitor resistance trends. OBJECTIVE This study characterizes gonorrhea and antibiotic resistance in a large surveillance program of men with urethral discharge syndrome from Kampala, Uganda. METHODS Men attending sentinel clinics with urethritis provided demographic information, behavior data, and a urethral swab in line with the World Health Organization's EGASP protocols for culture, identification, and antibiotic-sensitivity testing using 2 methods-disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer test) and Etest (BioMérieux Inc). A subset of samples underwent detailed antimicrobial resistance testing. RESULTS Of 639 samples collected from September 2016 to February 2018, 400 (62.6%) were culture-positive though 414 (64.8%) had microscopic evidence of gonorrhea. The mean age of the men from whom the samples were collected was 26.9 (SD 9.6) years and 7.2% (46/639) reported having HIV. There was high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and penicillin (greater than 90%) by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and 2.1% (4/188) had reduced azithromycin sensitivity by Etest. Of the early isolates that underwent detailed characterization, 60.3% (70/116) were culture-positive, 94% (66/69) isolates were either ciprofloxacin-resistant or ciprofloxacin-intermediate by Etest, 96% (65/68) were azithromycin-sensitive, and 96% (66/69) were gentamicin-sensitive. Resistance profiles were comparable between methods except for ceftriaxone (disk diffusion: 68/69, 99%; Etest: 67/69, 97%) and for gentamicin (disk diffusion: 2/8, 25%; Etest: 66/69, 96%) sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report from a systematic gonorrhea surveillance program in Uganda. Findings demonstrated resistance or increased minimum inhibitory concentration to all key antigonococcal antibiotics. There was evidence of poor antibiotic stewardship, near-universal resistance to several antibiotics, and emerging resistance to others. Individuals in the population sampled were at exceptionally high risk of STI and HIV infection requiring intervention. Ongoing surveillance efforts to develop interventions to curtail antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meklit Workneh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Jessica Wagner
- Bayview Pediatric Unit, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Zenilman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Musinguzi
- AIDS Control Program, Division of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Kyambadde
- AIDS Control Program, Division of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Infectious Disease Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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4
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Mabonga E, Parkes-Ratanshi R, Riedel S, Nabweyambo S, Mbabazi O, Taylor C, Gaydos C, Manabe YC. Complete ciprofloxacin resistance in gonococcal isolates in an urban Ugandan clinic: findings from a cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 30:256-263. [PMID: 30392463 DOI: 10.1177/0956462418799017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to gonorrhoea is a threat to global health security. There have been concerns expressed that countries with high rates of disease have poor surveillance. The objectives of the study were to determine the AMR patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in patients with HIV or high risk of HIV acquisition, to compare the concordance of disk diffusion and agar dilution as methods for determining AMR to N. gonorrhoeae, and to describe methodological challenges to carrying out AMR testing. The study was conducted at an HIV outpatient service for at-risk populations and an outreach clinic for commercial sex workers in Kampala. Patients were offered a sexually transmitted infection screen using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay. Samples positive for gonorrhoea were cultured. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion and isolates were sent to a reference laboratory for agar dilution direct susceptibility testing. Five hundred and seventy-five patients were screened. There were 33 (5.7%) patients with gonorrhoea detected by PCR. Of the 16 viable N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 100% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline by disk diffusion and 31% exhibited reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime. By agar dilution, 100% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and all isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefixime. There was concordance between disk diffusion and agar dilution for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance and a significant discordance for third-generation cephalosporins. More than half the women with gonorrhoea were asymptomatic and represent a potential reservoir for ongoing transmission. AMR testing of N. gonorrhoeae isolates is needed to ensure optimal treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mabonga
- 1 Waldron Sexual Health Centre, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi
- 2 Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,3 Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Riedel
- 4 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Nabweyambo
- 3 Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- 3 Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charlotte Gaydos
- 6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- 3 Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kajumbula H, Fujita AW, Mbabazi O, Najjuka C, Izale C, Akampurira A, Aisu S, Lamorde M, Walwema R, Bahr NC, Meya DB, Boulware DR, Manabe YC. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Blood Culture Isolates at a Tertiary Hospital, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:174-175. [PMID: 29260682 PMCID: PMC5749445 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.171112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) patterns from blood cultures at a tertiary hospital in Uganda. High rates of resistance to first-line antibiotic drugs were observed among Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative organisms. Microbiology services with susceptibility testing should be strengthened to support standardized reporting of AMR data in sub-Saharan Africa.
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6
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Castelnuovo B, Mubiru F, Kiragga AN, Musomba R, Mbabazi O, Gonza P, Kambugu A, Ratanshi RP. Antiretroviral treatment Long-Term (ALT) cohort: a prospective cohort of 10 years of ART-experienced patients in Uganda. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e015490. [PMID: 29467129 PMCID: PMC5855467 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Little information is available on patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) after a long-term period from sub-Saharan Africa, with the longest follow-up and related outcomes being after 10 years on ART. At the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) (Kampala, Uganda), we set up a cohort of patients already on ART for 10 years at the time of enrolment, who will be followed up for additional 10 years. PARTICIPANTS A prospective observational cohort of 1000 adult patients previously on ART for 10 years was enrolled between May 2014 and September 2015. Patients were eligible for enrolment if they were in their consecutive 10th year of ART regardless of the combination of drugs for both first- and second-line ART. Data were collected at enrolment and all annual study visits. Follow-up visits are scheduled once a year for 10 years. Biological samples (packed cells, plasma and serum) are stored at enrolment and follow-up visits. FINDINGS TO DATE Out of 1000 patients enrolled, 345 (34.5%) originate from a pre-existing research cohort at IDI, while 655 (65.5%) were enrolled from the routine clinic. Overall, 81% of the patients were on first line at the time of the enrolment in the ART long-term cohort, with the more frequent regimen being zidovudine plus lamivudine plus nevirapine (44% of the cohort), followed by zidovudine plus lamivudine plus efavirenz (22%) and tenofovir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine plus efavirenz (10%). At cohort enrolment, viral suppression was defined as HIV-RNA <400 copies/mL was 95.8%. FUTURE PLANS Through collaboration with other institutions, we are planning several substudies, including the evaluation of the risk for cardiovascular diseases, the assessment of bone mineral density, screening for liver cirrhosis using fibroscan technology and investigation of drug-drug interactions between ART and common drugs used for non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Mubiru
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agnes N Kiragga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rachel Musomba
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Gonza
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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7
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Workneh M, Lamorde M, Kakooza F, Mbabazi O, Mugasha R, Walwema R, Manabe Y, Musinguzi P. High-Level Neisseria gonorrhea Resistance Detected in a Newly Implemented Surveillance Program in Kampala, Uganda. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [PMCID: PMC5632246 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neisseria gonorrhea resistance is a growing problem in Uganda with recent data showing increasing ciprofloxacin resistance up to 100% in this population. The WHO Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP) was initiated in Uganda in September 2016 to monitor resistance trends. Methods Urethral swabs were collected from men presenting with urethral discharge to the five sentinel clinic sites from September 2016 to March 2017. Samples were transported to a reference laboratory site. Presumptive identification of N. gonorrhea was based on growth of typical appearing colonies on Thayer–Martin in 5% CO2, a positive oxidase test, and observation of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci in stained smears. Results 116 samples were received to the reference laboratory site of which 70 (60.3%) had positive growth for Neisseria gonorrhea. Mean age was 28.5 (range 17–60). Fifty-one participants (44%) reported at least one prior episode of gonorrhea and 42 (36%) reported antibiotic use within the previous 60 days. Of those with completed Etest (bioMerieux, Marcy-lÕEtoile, France) resistance profiles, 66 (96%) were ciprofloxacin-resistant or intermediate. One isolate was ceftriaxone-resistant by E-test but susceptible by disk diffusion. Conclusion Early results from implementation of a gonorrhea surveillance program in Uganda suggest high levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin (90%) by Etest and penicillin (93%) and tetracyclines (100%) by disk diffusion. Prior studies of gonococcal resistance in Uganda have noted increasing levels of resistance, particularly to ciprofloxacin which until 2010 was the recommended first-line empiric therapy for gonococcal infection in Uganda. Of note, discrepancies were occasionally noted between disk diffusion and Etest results, which requires further investigation. Ongoing surveillance efforts will be crucial to shape clinical guidelines and national policy. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meklit Workneh
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Kakooza
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rodney Mugasha
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Walwema
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yukari Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Hermans SM, Babirye JA, Mbabazi O, Kakooza F, Colebunders R, Castelnuovo B, Sekaggya-Wiltshire C, Parkes-Ratanshi R, Manabe YC. Treatment decisions and mortality in HIV-positive presumptive smear-negative TB in the Xpert™ MTB/RIF era: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:433. [PMID: 28622763 PMCID: PMC5473987 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Xpert™ MTB/RIF (XP) has a higher sensitivity than sputum smear microscopy (70% versus 35%) for TB diagnosis and has been endorsed by the WHO for TB high burden countries to increase case finding among HIV co-infected presumptive TB patients. Its impact on the diagnosis of smear-negative TB in a routine care setting is unclear. We determined the change in diagnosis, treatment and mortality of smear-negative presumptive TB with routine use of Xpert MTB/RIF (XP). METHODS Prospective cohort study of HIV-positive smear-negative presumptive TB patients during a 12-month period after XP implementation in a well-staffed and trained integrated TB/HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Prior to testing clinicians were asked to decide whether they would treat empirically prior to Xpert result; actual treatment was decided upon receipt of the XP result. We compared empirical and XP-informed treatment decisions and all-cause mortality in the first year. RESULTS Of 411 smear-negative presumptive TB patients, 175 (43%) received an XP; their baseline characteristics did not differ. XP positivity was similar in patients with a pre-XP empirical diagnosis and those without (9/29 [17%] versus 14/142 [10%], P = 0.23). Despite XP testing high levels of empirical treatment prevailed (18%), although XP results did change who ultimately was treated for TB. When adjusted for CD4 count, empirical treatment was not associated with higher mortality compared to no or microbiologically confirmed treatment. CONCLUSIONS XP usage was lower than expected. The lower sensitivity of XP in smear-negative HIV-positive patients led experienced clinicians to use XP as a "rule-in" rather than "rule-out" test, with the majority of patients still treated empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Hermans
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Juliet A Babirye
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Kakooza
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara Castelnuovo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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9
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Fujita AW, Mbabazi O, Akampurira A, Najjuka CF, Izale C, Meya D, Boulware D, Manabe Y, Kajumbula H. Antimicrobial Resistance in Uganda and the Urgent Need for Standardized Reporting and a National Surveillance Program. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv133.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Jones-López EC, White LF, Kirenga B, Mumbowa F, Ssebidandi M, Moine S, Mbabazi O, Mboowa G, Ayakaka I, Kim S, Thornton CS, Okwera A, Joloba M, Fennelly KP. Cough Aerosol Cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Insights on TST / IGRA Discordance and Transmission Dynamics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138358. [PMID: 26394149 PMCID: PMC4578948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) is complicated by the absence of a gold standard. Discordance between tuberculin skin tests (TST) and interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) occurs in 10–20% of individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective household contact study that included cough aerosol culture results from index cases, environmental and contact factors. We assessed contacts for LTBI using TST and IGRA at baseline and six weeks. We examined TST/IGRA discordance in qualitative and quantitative analyses, and used multivariable logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations to analyze predictors of discordance. Measurements and Results We included 96 TB patients and 384 contacts. Discordance decreased from 15% at baseline to 8% by six weeks. In adjusted analyses, discordance was related to less crowding (p = 0.004), non-cavitary disease (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.02–1.96; p = 0.03), and marginally with BCG vaccination in contacts (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 0.99–1.98, p = 0.06). Conclusions We observed significant individual variability and temporal dynamism in TST and IGRA results in household contacts of pulmonary TB cases. Discordance was associated with a less intense infectious exposure, and marginally associated with a BCG-mediated delay in IGRA conversion. Cough aerosols provide an additional dimension to the assessment of infectiousness and risk of infection in contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Makerere University–Boston Medical Center Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura F. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Mumbowa
- Department of Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Ssebidandi
- Makerere University–Boston Medical Center Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephanie Moine
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Department of Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Ayakaka
- Makerere University–Boston Medical Center Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Thornton
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alphonse Okwera
- Department of Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Mulago Hospital Tuberculosis Clinic, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kevin P. Fennelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Manabe YC, Nonyane BAS, Nakiyingi L, Mbabazi O, Lubega G, Shah M, Moulton LH, Joloba M, Ellner J, Dorman SE. Point-of-care lateral flow assays for tuberculosis and cryptococcal antigenuria predict death in HIV infected adults in Uganda. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101459. [PMID: 25000489 PMCID: PMC4084886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality in hospitalized, febrile patients in Sub-Saharan Africa is high due to HIV-infected, severely immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic co-infection, particularly disseminated tuberculosis (TB) and cryptococcal disease. We sought to determine if a positive lateral flow assay (LFA) result for urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and cryptococcal antigenuria was associated with mortality. Methods 351 hospitalized, HIV-positive adults with symptoms consistent with TB and who were able to provide both urine and sputum specimens were prospectively enrolled at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda as part of a prospective accuracy evaluation of the lateral flow Determine TB LAM test. Stored frozen urine was retrospectively tested for cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) using the LFA. We fitted a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze factors associated with death within 2 months after initial presentation. Results The median CD4 of the participants was 57 (IQR: 14–179) cells/µl and 41% (145) were microbiologically confirmed TB cases. LAM LFA was positive in 38% (134), 7% (25) were CRAG positive, and 43% (151) were positive for either test in urine. Overall, 21% (75) died within the first 2 months, and a total of 32% (114) were confirmed dead by 6 months. At 2 months, 30% of LAM or CRAG positive patients were confirmed dead compared to 15.0% of those who were negative. In an adjusted model, LAM or CRAG positive results were associated with an increased risk of death (RRR 2.29, 95% CI: 1.29, 4.05; P = 0.005). Conclusions In hospitalized HIV-infected patients, LAM or CRAG LFA positivity was associated with subsequent death within 2 months. Further studies are warranted to examine the impact of POC diagnostic ‘test and treat’ approach on patient-centered outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari C. Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bareng A. S. Nonyane
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lydia Nakiyingi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gloria Lubega
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maunank Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lawrence H. Moulton
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerrold Ellner
- Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Dorman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Albert H, Nakiyingi L, Sempa J, Mbabazi O, Mukkada S, Nyesiga B, Perkins MD, Manabe YC. Operational implementation of LED fluorescence microscopy in screening tuberculosis suspects in an urban HIV clinic in Uganda. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72556. [PMID: 24039780 PMCID: PMC3765165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy (FM) is an affordable, technology targeted for use in resource-limited settings and recommended for widespread roll-out by the World Health Organization (WHO). We sought to compare the operational performance of three LED FM methods compared to light microscopy in a cohort of HIV-positive tuberculosis (TB) suspects at an urban clinic in a high TB burden country. Methods Two spot specimens collected from TB suspects were included in the study. Smears were stained using auramine O method and read after blinding by three LED-based FM methods by trained laboratory technicians in the Infectious Diseases Institutelaboratory. Leftover portions of the refrigerated sputum specimens were transported to the FIND Tuberculosis Research Laboratory for Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) smear preparation and reading by experienced technologist as well as liquid and solid culture. Results 174 of 627 (27.8%) specimens collected yielded one or more positive mycobacterial cultures. 94.3% (164/174) were M. tuberculosis complex. LED FM was between 7.3–11.0% more sensitive compared to ZN microscopy. Of the 592 specimens examined by all microscopy methods, there was no significant difference in sensitivity between the three LED FM methods. The specificity of the LED FM methods was between 6.1% and 7.7% lower than ZN microscopy (P<0.001), although exclusion of the single poor reader resulted in over 98% specificity for all FM methods. Conclusions Laboratory technicians in routine settings can be trained to use FM which is more sensitive than ZN microscopy. Despite rigorous proficiency testing, there were operator-dependent accuracy issues which highlight the critical need for intensive quality assurance procedures during LED FM implementation. The low sensitivity of FM for HIV-positive individuals particularly those with low CD4 T cell counts, will limit the number of additional patients found by LED FM in countries with high rates of HIV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Albert
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lydia Nakiyingi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Sempa
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olive Mbabazi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sheena Mukkada
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barnabas Nyesiga
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mark D. Perkins
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Jones-López EC, Namugga O, Mumbowa F, Ssebidandi M, Mbabazi O, Moine S, Mboowa G, Fox MP, Reilly N, Ayakaka I, Kim S, Okwera A, Joloba M, Fennelly KP. Cough aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis predict new infection: a household contact study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1007-15. [PMID: 23306539 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1422oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airborne transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis results from incompletely characterized host, bacterial, and environmental factors. Sputum smear microscopy is associated with considerable variability in transmission. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the use of cough-generated aerosols of M. tuberculosis to predict recent transmission. METHODS Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) underwent a standard evaluation and collection of cough aerosol cultures of M. tuberculosis. We assessed household contacts for new M. tuberculosis infection. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis with cluster adjustment to analyze predictors of new infection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS From May 2009 to January 2011, we enrolled 96 sputum culture-positive index TB cases and their 442 contacts. Only 43 (45%) patients with TB yielded M. tuberculosis in aerosols. Contacts of patients with TB who produced high aerosols (≥10 CFU) were more likely to have a new infection compared with contacts from low-aerosol (1-9 CFU) and aerosol-negative cases (69%, 25%, and 30%, respectively; P = 0.009). A high-aerosol patient with TB was the only predictor of new M. tuberculosis infection in unadjusted (odds ratio, 5.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-17.61) and adjusted analyses (odds ratio, 4.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-19.23). Contacts of patients with TB with no aerosols versus low and high aerosols had differential tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assay responses. CONCLUSIONS Cough aerosols of M. tuberculosis are produced by a minority of patients with TB but predict transmission better than sputum smear microscopy or culture. Cough aerosols may help identify the most infectious patients with TB and thus improve the cost-effectiveness of TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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