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El-Amaireh NAA, Al-Zoubi H, Al-Khashman OA. Hospital waste incinerator ash: characteristics, treatment techniques, and applications (A review). J Water Health 2023; 21:1686-1702. [PMID: 38017599 PMCID: wh_2023_299 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The amount of medical waste generated has increased enormously since the COVID-19 outbreak. An incineration process is the main method that is usually used to treat this waste, causing an increase in both medical waste bottom ash (MWBA) and medical waste fly ash (MWFA). In this work, the physical and chemical characteristics of MWFA and MWBA were reviewed. This ash contains high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and heavy metals. Furthermore, medical waste ash appears to have high leachability in the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) test and the European standard test (EN 12457). Owing to its toxicity, medical ash can be treated using various methods prior to disposal based on the covered review. These techniques include chemical, supercritical fluid, cement-based, melting, microwave, and mechanochemical techniques. The shortcomings of some of these treatment methods have been identified, such as the emission of high levels of chlorine from the melting technique, limited applications of the flotation method on the industrial scale, long-term stability of leachate treated by cement-based methods that have not been confirmed yet, and high energy consumption in the supercritical technique. This review also covers possible applications of medical waste ash in cement production, agriculture, and road construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Habis Al-Zoubi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
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Karimian Torghabeh A, Afzali SF, Jahandari A, Mahmudy Gharaie MH, Al-Khashman OA. Evaluation of trace elements concentration in surface sediments of Parishan International Wetland (Fars Province, SW Iran) by using geochemical and sedimentological analysis. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1737825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed Fakhreddin Afzali
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Jahandari
- Department of Geology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
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Alsbou EME, Al-Khashman OA. Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soil and street dust from Petra region, Jordan. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 190:48. [PMID: 29282549 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn were measured in the samples of street dust and surface roadside soil before Jordan switched to unleaded fuel usage. The samples were collected from Petra, the most tourist-attractive site in Jordan. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Our results show that the distribution of metals in the soil samples is affected by wind direction in the investigated area. The highest level of metals was found in the eastern parts of the roads due to the westerly-dominant wind in the studied area. The contamination levels of metals decrease as the distance from the edge of the road increases. In the roadside soil samples, the means for the concentrations of the metals at 1 m from the east side of the main road are 1.0, 19.1, 3791.4, 177.0, and 129.0 mg kg-1 for Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In the samples of street dust, the means of the concentrations of the metals in the investigated area are 9.7, 11.8, 4694.4, 31.6, and 24.8 mg kg-1 for Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn, respectively. In conclusion, the lithogenic origins (traffic emissions) are responsible for the diffusion of these metals in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Musa Eid Alsbou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan.
| | - Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Mining and Environmental Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
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Al-Khashman OA, Jaradat AQ, Salameh E. Five-year monitoring study of chemical characteristics of Wet atmospheric precipitation in the southern region of Jordan. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:5715-5727. [PMID: 23138417 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wet atmospheric samples were collected from different locations in the southern region of Jordan during a 5-year period (October 2006 to May 2011). All samples were analyzed for pH, EC, major ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), HCO3(-), Cl(-), NO3(-), and SO4(2-)), and trace metals (Fe(2+), Al(3+), Cu(2+), Pb(2+), and Zn(2+)). The highest ion concentrations were observed during the beginning of the rainfall events because large amounts of dust accumulated in the atmosphere during dry periods and were scavenged by rain. The rainwater in the study area is characterized by low salinity and neutral pH. The major ions found in rainwater followed the order of HCO3 > Cl(-) > SO4(2-) and Ca(2+) > Na(+) > Mg(2+) > NH4(+) > K(+). Trace metals were identified to be of anthropogenic origin resulting from cement and phosphate mining activities located within the investigated area and from heating activities during the cold period of the year (January to April). The wet precipitation chemistry was analyzed using factor component analysis for possible sources of the measured species. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) was used to assess the relationships between the concentrations of the studied ions and their sources. Factor 1 represents the contribution of ions from local anthropogenic activities, factor 2 represents the contribution of ions from natural sources, and factor 3 suggests biomass burning and anthropogenic source. Overall, the results revealed that rainwater chemistry is strongly influenced by local anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources, which is in a good agreement with the results obtained by other studies conducted in similar sites around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, P.O. Box 20, Ma'an, Jordan.
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Al-Khashman OA, Al-Hwaiti M, Al-Khatib L, Fraige F. Assessment and Evaluation of Treated Municipal Wastewater Quality for Irrigation Purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.19026/rjees.5.5654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Al-Khashman OA, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Ibrahim KA. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves as biomonitors of atmospheric metal pollution in arid and semi-arid environments. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:1635-1640. [PMID: 21421278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of date palms were evaluated as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal contamination in Ma'an city, Jordan. Concentrations of (Fe), (Pb), (Zn), (Cu), (Ni), and (Cr) were determined in washed and unwashed leaves and soil samples collected from different sites with different degrees of metal contamination (urban, suburban, industrial, highway and rural sites); separate leaves were taken from outside the city to be used as a control sample. Samples collected from industrial sites were found to have high concentrations of all metals except those of Cu, Ni and Pb, which were found at high levels in the highway site samples which is associated with the road traffic. The difference between unwashed and washed samples showed that metal pollutants exist as contaminants, particularly Pb, Zn and Ni, which varied in concentration, depending on the source of the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an-Jordan, Jordan.
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Al-Khashman OA. The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city, Jordan. Environ Geochem Health 2007; 29:197-207. [PMID: 17288008 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-006-9065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Co) in 140 street dust samples were collected from Aqaba city, Jordan. These samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with aqua regia. The highest levels of metal concentrations were found in the samples from heavy traffic. While the lowest levels of metal ions were noted in the street dust samples from hospital and health centers and school gardens. The results of this study were compared with several cities around the world. The levels of the metal concentrations found were generally below the mean world-wide values of street dust samples. Metal values in urban street dust samples were several times higher than the control levels. The statistical analyses were applied to the data matrix to determine the analytical results and to identify the possible source of pollution in the studied area. Correlations between the metal concentrations of the street dust samples were obtained. Factor analysis showed that the area was mainly influenced by three sources, namely lithogenic, traffic, and industrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Prince Faisal Center for Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah University, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
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Al-Khashman OA. Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman, Jordan. Environ Geochem Health 2007; 29:1-10. [PMID: 17203368 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-006-9067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Street dust samples (120 in total) were collected under stable weather conditions during the hot, dry season (August and September) of 2004 from six different localities (industrial, heavy traffic, medium traffic, light traffic, low traffic and rural) in greater Amman, the capital of Jordan. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni in the dusts were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The high concentrations of Pb, Fe and Zn in the street dust samples were related to both anthropogenic (industrial sources combined with traffic sources) and natural sources. Surprisingly, the concentrations of Cd in the dusts were low. Correlation coefficient analysis and principle component analysis identified three main sources of these elements and the corresponding distributions. The elements Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Ni were mainly derived from industrial sources, with Pb and Zn additionally derived from traffic sources. The street dusts were found to have highly elevated levels of Zn, particularly along the main trunk roads, indicating that the Zn in the street dusts may be derived from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. The concentrations of metals in the different street dust samples were found to vary depending on the density of traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Prince Faisal Center for Dead Sea, Environmental and Energy Research, Mutah University, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
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