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Allard-Gray A, Boakye I, Camara A, Eisenbeis L, Guimarães-Teixeira E, Sow O, Zielinski D, Campbell JR, Menzies D. Factors Associated With Discontinuation of Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment: Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Randomized, Controlled Trials. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:84-93. [PMID: 36949623 PMCID: PMC10320123 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) is an important determinant of clinical benefit. We assessed the association of participant behaviors early in TPT with subsequent discontinuation. METHODS We used data from a phase 3 randomized trial and the preceding phase 2 trial to compare 4 months of rifampin to 9 months of isoniazid for TPT. We excluded participants whose providers discontinued TPT due to adverse events or tuberculosis disease. We analyzed 4 outcomes: discontinuing TPT within the first month of treatment, discontinuing TPT between the first and second month, discontinuing TPT after the second month, and completing treatment but not per protocol. We analyzed the association of outcomes with regimen and participant characteristics and 4 behavioral predictors of discontinuation recorded at the month 1 and month 2 follow-up visits: reporting symptoms of intolerance, missing >20% of doses, rescheduling appointments, and not bringing their medication bottle. RESULTS Overall, 6656 participants were included (phase 3, 5848; phase 2, 808), of whom 4318 (64.9%) completed treatment per protocol. Participant characteristics were inconsistently associated with discontinuation. Phase 3 trial participants with 1, 2, or 3-4 behavioral predictors at the month 1 follow-up had 5.0 (95% confidence interval, 3.6-6.7), 18.6 (13.3-26.1), and 79.4 (38.2-165.0), respectively, higher odds of discontinuing before the second month. The corresponding number of predictors at the month 2 follow-up had 1.8 (1.4-2.2), 4.7 (3.6-6.2), and 7.4 (4.6-11.9) higher odds of discontinuing before completing treatment; phase 2 findings were similar. CONCLUSIONS Four behavioral predictors recorded early in therapy were more strongly associated with subsequent discontinuation than participant characteristics, particularly when more than 1 behavioral predictor was recorded. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00170209; NCT00931736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Allard-Gray
- Indigenous Health Professions Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isaac Boakye
- Research & Development Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alioune Camara
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Lisa Eisenbeis
- Ministry of Health, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eleny Guimarães-Teixeira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina do IDOMED/Estacio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Escola de Medicina da Fundação Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oumou Sow
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Techniques, Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - David Zielinski
- Pediatric Respirology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Campbell
- Departments of Medicine & Global and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research & Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dick Menzies
- McGill International TB Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research & Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Chest Institute, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Thom R, Tipton T, Strecker T, Hall Y, Akoi Bore J, Maes P, Raymond Koundouno F, Fehling SK, Krähling V, Steeds K, Varghese A, Bailey G, Matheson M, Kouyate S, Coné M, Moussa Keita B, Kouyate S, Richard Ablam A, Laenen L, Vergote V, Guiver M, Timothy J, Atkinson B, Ottowell L, Richards KS, Bosworth A, Longet S, Mellors J, Pannetier D, Duraffour S, Muñoz-Fontela C, Sow O, Koivogui L, Newman E, Becker S, Sprecher A, Raoul H, Hiscox J, Henao-Restrepo AM, Sakoba K, Magassouba N, Günther S, Kader Konde M, Carroll MW. Longitudinal antibody and T cell responses in Ebola virus disease survivors and contacts: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:507-516. [PMID: 33065039 PMCID: PMC7553754 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2013-16 Ebola virus disease epidemic in west Africa caused international alarm due to its rapid and extensive spread resulting in a significant death toll and social unrest within the affected region. The large number of cases provided an opportunity to study the long-term kinetics of Zaire ebolavirus-specific immune response of survivors in addition to known contacts of those infected with the virus. METHODS In this observational cohort study, we worked with leaders of Ebola virus disease survivor associations in two regions of Guinea, Guéckédou and Coyah, to recruit survivors of Ebola virus disease, contacts from households of individuals known to have had Ebola virus disease, and individuals who were not knowingly associated with infected individuals or had not had Ebola virus disease symptoms to serve as negative controls. We did Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein-specific T cell analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on location in Guinea and transported plasma and PBMCs back to Europe for antibody quantification by ELISA, functional neutralising antibody analysis using live Zaire ebolavirus, and T cell phenotype studies. We report on the longitudinal cellular and humoral response among Ebola virus disease survivors and highlight potentially paucisymptomatic infection. FINDINGS We recruited 117 survivors of Ebola virus disease, 66 contacts, and 23 negative controls. The mean neutralising antibody titre among the Ebola virus disease survivors 3-14 months after infection was 1/174 (95% CI 1/136-1/223). Individual results varied greatly from 1/10 to more than 1/1000 but were on average ten times greater than that induced after 1 month by single dose Ebola virus vaccines. Following reactivation with glycoprotein peptide, the mean T cell responses among 116 Ebola virus disease survivors as measured by ELISpot was 305 spot-forming units (95% CI 257-353). The dominant CD8+ polyfunctional T cell phenotype, as measured among 53 Ebola virus disease survivors, was interferon γ+, tumour necrosis factor+, interleukin-2-, and the mean response was 0·046% of total CD8+ T cells (95% CI 0·021-0·071). Additionally, both neutralising antibody and T cell responses were detected in six (9%) of 66 Ebola virus disease contacts. We also noted that four (3%) of 117 individuals with Ebola virus disease infections did not have circulating Ebola virus-specific antibodies 3 months after infection. INTERPRETATION The continuous high titre of neutralising antibodies and increased T cell response might support the concept of long-term protective immunity in survivors. The existence of antibody and T cell responses in contacts of individuals with Ebola virus disease adds further evidence to the existence of sub-clinical Ebola virus infection. FUNDING US Food & Drug Administration, Horizon 2020 EU EVIDENT, Wellcome, UK Department for International Development. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epidemics
- Female
- Guinea/epidemiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/blood
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/transmission
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Survivors/statistics & numerical data
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Thom
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Thomas Tipton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Joseph Akoi Bore
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea; Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Piet Maes
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fara Raymond Koundouno
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kimberley Steeds
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Anitha Varghese
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Graham Bailey
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Mary Matheson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Saidou Kouyate
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Moussa Coné
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Balla Moussa Keita
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Sekou Kouyate
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Amento Richard Ablam
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Lies Laenen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Malcolm Guiver
- Public Health Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Joseph Timothy
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Barry Atkinson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Lisa Ottowell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Kevin S Richards
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Andrew Bosworth
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Jack Mellors
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Sophie Duraffour
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oumou Sow
- National Ethics Committee for Health Research, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Edmund Newman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Herve Raoul
- P4 Jean Mérieux-Inserm Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Julian Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Keita Sakoba
- Projet Laboratoire Fièvres Hémorragiques, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Kader Konde
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Ndiath A, Ndiaye M, Sow O, Sarr A, Diaw EM, Sine B, Cyrille ZO, Dabo O, Ndoye AK, Ba M. [Upperurinary Tract Diversion With JJ Stent By Endoscopy : Indications, Results And Morbidity]. Mali Med 2020; 35:36-38. [PMID: 37978742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to report the indications and the results of the upper urinary tract by endoscopic route by a double J probe in our Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective mono-centric descriptive study from January 1st 2018 to June 30th 2019 including all patients that had a JJ stent as a type of upperurinary tract diversion. RESULTS seventy four patients were included. The average age of patients was 43.6 ± 17.5 years. The sex-ratio was 0.6. The obstructive renal colic was the most common operative indication in 62.1% (46) of patients. The etiologies were dominated by urolithiasis with 39.1% (29) of patients. Anesthesia was general in 67.5% (50) and locoregional in 32.5% of patients (24). The procedure was performed without fluoroscopic control (blind) in 66.2% of cases(49), therewere 89.7% case of success (44 patients). The success rate was 86.5% (64) patients and the failure rate 13.5% (10) of patients. Five (6.7%) patients had a postoperative acute pyelonephritis complication requiringremoval of the JJ stent. CONCLUSION The rise of the double J probe made possible to prepare the ureter, thus facilitating the endoscopic treatment of urinary lithiasis. The complication rate observed in our patients was low. The compliance with the rules of asepsis could reduce these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ndiath
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - M Ndiaye
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - O Sow
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - A Sarr
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - E M Diaw
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - B Sine
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - Z O Cyrille
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - O Dabo
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - A Kh Ndoye
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
| | - M Ba
- Service d'Urologie du C.H.U. Aristide Le DANTEC - Tél : (221) 33 823 53 95, 30 Av. Pasteur - BP 3001 - (Sénégal)
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4
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Menzies D, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, Trajman A, Sow O, Kim H, Obeng Baah J, Marks GB, Long R, Hoeppner V, Elwood K, Al-Jahdali H, Gninafon M, Apriani L, Koesoemadinata RC, Kritski A, Rolla V, Bah B, Camara A, Boakye I, Cook VJ, Goldberg H, Valiquette C, Hornby K, Dion MJ, Li PZ, Hill PC, Schwartzman K, Benedetti A. Four Months of Rifampin or Nine Months of Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis in Adults. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:440-453. [PMID: 30067931 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 9-month regimen of isoniazid can prevent active tuberculosis in persons with latent tuberculosis infection. However, the regimen has been associated with poor adherence rates and with toxic effects. METHODS In an open-label trial conducted in nine countries, we randomly assigned adults with latent tuberculosis infection to receive treatment with a 4-month regimen of rifampin or a 9-month regimen of isoniazid for the prevention of confirmed active tuberculosis within 28 months after randomization. Noninferiority and potential superiority were assessed. Secondary outcomes included clinically diagnosed active tuberculosis, adverse events of grades 3 to 5, and completion of the treatment regimen. Outcomes were adjudicated by independent review panels. RESULTS Among the 3443 patients in the rifampin group, confirmed active tuberculosis developed in 4 and clinically diagnosed active tuberculosis developed in 4 during 7732 person-years of follow-up, as compared with 4 and 5 patients, respectively, among 3416 patients in the isoniazid group during 7652 person-years of follow-up. The rate differences (rifampin minus isoniazid) were less than 0.01 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.14 to 0.16) for confirmed active tuberculosis and less than 0.01 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, -0.23 to 0.22) for confirmed or clinically diagnosed tuberculosis. The upper boundaries of the 95% confidence interval for the rate differences of the confirmed cases and for the confirmed or clinically diagnosed cases of tuberculosis were less than the prespecified noninferiority margin of 0.75 percentage points in cumulative incidence; the rifampin regimen was not superior to the isoniazid regimen. The difference in the treatment-completion rates was 15.1 percentage points (95% CI, 12.7 to 17.4). The rate differences for adverse events of grade 3 to 5 occurring within 146 days (120% of the 4-month planned duration of the rifampin regimen) were -1.1 percentage points (95% CI, -1.9 to -0.4) for all events and -1.2 percentage points (95% CI, -1.7 to -0.7) for hepatotoxic events. CONCLUSIONS The 4-month regimen of rifampin was not inferior to the 9-month regimen of isoniazid for the prevention of active tuberculosis and was associated with a higher rate of treatment completion and better safety. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00931736 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Menzies
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Menonli Adjobimey
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Anete Trajman
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Oumou Sow
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Heejin Kim
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Joseph Obeng Baah
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Guy B Marks
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Richard Long
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Vernon Hoeppner
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Kevin Elwood
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Hamdan Al-Jahdali
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Martin Gninafon
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Lika Apriani
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Raspati C Koesoemadinata
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Afranio Kritski
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Valeria Rolla
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Boubacar Bah
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Alioune Camara
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Isaac Boakye
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Victoria J Cook
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Hazel Goldberg
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Chantal Valiquette
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Karen Hornby
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Marie-Josée Dion
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Pei-Zhi Li
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Philip C Hill
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Kevin Schwartzman
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- From the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (D.M., A.T., C.V., K.H., M.-J.D., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B.), and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (D.M., A.B.), McGill University, Montreal, the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), the Faculty of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (V.H.), and the BC Centre for Disease Control and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E., V.J.C.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., L.A., R.C.K.); State University of Rio de Janeiro (A.T.), Programa Academico de Tuberculose-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Rede TB (A.K.), and National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (V.R.) - all in Rio de Janeiro; Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (O.S., B.B., A.C.); Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Seoul, South Korea (H.K.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B., I.B.); University of New South Wales (G.B.M.) and University of Sydney (H.G.), Sydney; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.); and the Department of Medicine, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (H.A.-J.)
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Diallo T, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, Trajman A, Sow O, Obeng Baah J, Marks GB, Long R, Elwood K, Zielinski D, Gninafon M, Wulandari DA, Apriani L, Valiquette C, Fregonese F, Hornby K, Li PZ, Hill PC, Schwartzman K, Benedetti A, Menzies D. Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:454-463. [PMID: 30067928 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1714284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important in children because of their vulnerability to life-threatening forms of tuberculosis disease. The current standard treatment - 9 months of isoniazid - has been associated with poor adherence and toxic effects, which have hampered the effectiveness of the drug. In adults, treatment with 4 months of rifampin has been shown to be safer and to have higher completion rates than 9 months of isoniazid. METHODS In this multicenter, open-label trial, we randomly assigned 844 children (<18 years of age) with latent M. tuberculosis infection to receive either 4 months of rifampin or 9 months of isoniazid. The primary outcome was adverse events of grade 1 to 5 that resulted in the permanent discontinuation of a trial drug. Secondary outcomes were treatment adherence, side-effect profile, and efficacy. Independent review panels whose members were unaware of trial-group assignments adjudicated all adverse events and progression to active tuberculosis. RESULTS Of the children who underwent randomization, 829 were eligible for inclusion in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. A total of 360 of 422 children (85.3%) in the rifampin group completed per-protocol therapy, as compared with 311 of 407 (76.4%) in the isoniazid group (adjusted difference in the rates of treatment completion, 13.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.5 to 19.3). There were no significant between-group differences in the rates of adverse events, with fewer than 5% of the children in the combined groups with grade 1 or 2 adverse events that were deemed to be possibly related to a trial drug. Active tuberculosis, including 1 case with resistance to isoniazid, was diagnosed in 2 children in the isoniazid group during 542 person-years of follow-up, as compared with no cases in the rifampin group during 562 person-years (rate difference, -0.37 cases per 100 person-years; 95% CI, -0.88 to 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Among children under the age of 18 years, treatment with 4 months of rifampin had similar rates of safety and efficacy but a better rate of adherence than 9 months of treatment with isoniazid. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00170209 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierno Diallo
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Menonli Adjobimey
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Anete Trajman
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Oumou Sow
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Joseph Obeng Baah
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Guy B Marks
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Richard Long
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Kevin Elwood
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - David Zielinski
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Martin Gninafon
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Diah A Wulandari
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Lika Apriani
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Chantal Valiquette
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Federica Fregonese
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Karen Hornby
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Pei-Zhi Li
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Philip C Hill
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Kevin Schwartzman
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
| | - Dick Menzies
- From Service de Pneumophtisiologie, Hôpital National Ignace Deen, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea (T.D., O.S.); the Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (T.D., A.T., D.Z., C.V., F.F., K.H., P.Z.L., K.S., A.B., D.M.), the Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (A.B.), and Montreal Children's Hospital (D.Z.), McGill University, Montreal, the TB Program Evaluation and Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton (R.L.), and the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and University of British Columbia, Vancouver (K.E.) - all in Canada; Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Cotonou, Benin (M.A., M.G.); Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (R.R., D.A.W., L.A.); the Social Medicine Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro (A.T.); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (J.O.B.); the University of New South Wales, Sydney (G.B.M.); and the Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (P.C.H.)
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Fall B, Zeondo C, Sow Y, Sarr A, Sine B, Thiam A, Faye ST, Sow O, Traoré A, Diao B, Fall PA, Ndoye AK, Ba M. [Results of anastomotic urethroplasty for male urethral stricture disease]. Prog Urol 2018; 28:377-381. [PMID: 29627339 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report our experience with anastomotic uretroplasty (AU) due to male urethral stricture disease (USD) and to identify factors affecting the results. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study over a period of 4 years and 6 months (July 2012 to December 2016). Any subsequent use of endoscopic urethrotomy or new urethroplasty was considered a failure. RESULTS Forty-eight cases were included. The mean age of patients was 53.5±17.3 years (23-87 years). Urinary retention was the reason for consultation in 42 cases (87.5%). The most common localization of USD was the bulbar urethra (n=45). The mean length of USD was 1.23±0.62cm (0.5-3cm) with a median length of 1cm. The etiology was post-infectious in 56.3% of cases. More than half (58.3%) of patients had already undergone at least one urethral manipulation. After an average follow-up of 21.1±12.6 months (1 to 52 months), the overall success rate was 77.1%. In univariate analysis, length, cause and location of the stricture, age of patient, the presenting symptoms of the stricture, previous urethral manipulation and surgeon experience did not significantly impact on the success rate of anastomotic urethroplasty at one and two years follow-up. CONCLUSION The AU had provided good results in our practice. The infectious origin of the stricture and previous urethral manipulation did not significantly impact the result of this surgical technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fall
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - C Zeondo
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Y Sow
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Sarr
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - B Sine
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Thiam
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - S T Faye
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O Sow
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Traoré
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - B Diao
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - P A Fall
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A K Ndoye
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - M Ba
- Service urologie-andrologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
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Sow A, Diagne G, Keita Y, Sow O, Ndiath A, Ouattara A, Sarr ML, Sylla A, Moreira C. [Fatal female genital mutilation in a 10-year-old girl]. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:991-994. [PMID: 28870818 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external genitalia and/or any other procedures affecting the female genitalia, for cultural or religious reasons or for nontherapeutic purposes in general. FGM is responsible for a number of short-, medium-, and long-term complications that can engage the vital and functional prognosis, especially in African countries. We report on a case in a 10-year-old girl who underwent genital mutilation, a traditional type of total excision during the neonatal period. She was followed for urethral meatus stenosis, which then was complicated by obstructive chronic kidney failure and urinary sepsis, whose progression was fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sow
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal.
| | - G Diagne
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - Y Keita
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - O Sow
- Service d'urologie de l'hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - A Ndiath
- Service d'urologie de l'hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - A Ouattara
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - M-L Sarr
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - A Sylla
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
| | - C Moreira
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Aristide le Dantec, BP 3001, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal
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Camara L, Diallo B, Camara N, Bah B, Kinnoudo I, Sow O. Prévalence de l’asthme et des allergies chez l’enfant dans la commune de Matam (Conakry, Guinée). Rev Mal Respir 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Ejo M, Gehre F, Barry MD, Sow O, Bah NM, Camara M, Bah B, Uwizeye C, Nduwamahoro E, Fissette K, De Rijk P, Merle C, Olliaro P, Burgos M, Lienhardt C, Rigouts L, de Jong BC. First insights into circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages and drug resistance in Guinea. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 33:314-9. [PMID: 26004194 PMCID: PMC4503999 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
First insight into resistance levels and genetic diversity of TB in Guinea. Rapid expansion of drug-resistance prone LAM10 Cameroon family. Population structure reveals less ‘ancestral’ TB than in surrounding countries. Knowledge of genetic diversity is relevant for tuberculosis control programs.
In this study we assessed first-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and the genotypic distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates that had been collected from consecutive new tuberculosis patients enrolled in two clinical trials conducted in Guinea between 2005 and 2010. Among the total 359 MTBC strains that were analyzed in this study, 22.8% were resistant to at least one of the first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, including 2.5% multidrug resistance and 17.5% isoniazid resistance, with or without other drugs. In addition, further characterization of isolates from a subset of the two trials (n = 184) revealed a total of 80 different spoligotype patterns, 29 “orphan” and 51 shared patterns. We identified the six major MTBC lineages of human relevance, with predominance of the Euro-American lineage. In total, 132 (71.7%) of the strains were genotypically clustered, and further analysis (using the DESTUS model) suggesting significantly faster spread of LAM10_CAM family (p = 0.00016). In conclusion, our findings provide a first insight into drug resistance and the population structure of the MTBC in Guinea, with relevance for public health scientists in tuberculosis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrat Ejo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Florian Gehre
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council (MRC), Fajara, Gambia.
| | | | - Oumou Sow
- Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Conakry, Guinea; National University Hospital IgnaceDeen, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Mory Camara
- Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Boubacar Bah
- National University Hospital IgnaceDeen, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | | | | | - Pim De Rijk
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Corinne Merle
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Piero Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcos Burgos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Christian Lienhardt
- Clinical Trial Division, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bouke C de Jong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council (MRC), Fajara, Gambia; New York University (NYU), New York, United States
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Gehre F, Ejo M, Fissette K, de Rijk P, Uwizeye C, Nduwamahoro E, Goovaerts O, Affolabi D, Gninafon M, Lingoupou FM, Barry MD, Sow O, Merle C, Olliaro P, Ba F, Sarr M, Piubello A, Noeske J, Antonio M, Rigouts L, de Jong BC. Shifts in Mycobacterial Populations and Emerging Drug-Resistance in West and Central Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110393. [PMID: 25493429 PMCID: PMC4262193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we retrospectively analysed a total of 605 clinical isolates from six West or Central African countries (Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Guinea-Conakry, Niger and Senegal). Besides spoligotyping to assign isolates to ancient and modern mycobacterial lineages, we conducted phenotypic drug-susceptibility-testing for each isolate for the four first-line drugs. We showed that phylogenetically modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are more likely associated with drug resistance than ancient strains and predict that the currently ongoing replacement of the endemic ancient by a modern mycobacterial population in West/Central Africa might result in increased drug resistance in the sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gehre
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- Medical Research Council (MRC), The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Pim de Rijk
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanny M. Lingoupou
- Laboratoire des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Oumou Sow
- Laboratoire de Reference des Mycobactéries, Conakry, Guinea-Conakry
| | - Corinne Merle
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Olliaro
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fatoumata Ba
- Laboratoire de Reference des Mycobactéries, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council (MRC), The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bouke C de Jong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- New York University, New York, United States of America
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11
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Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Bennett S, Lienhardt C, McAdam KPWJ, Sirugo G, Sow O, Gustafson P, Mwangulu F, van Helden P, Fine P, Hoal EG, Hill AVS. Mapping of a novel susceptibility locus suggests a role for MC3R and CTSZ in human tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:203-7. [PMID: 18420963 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200710-1554oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. A better understanding of the mechanisms of disease protection could allow novel strategies to disease management and control. OBJECTIVES To identify human genomic loci with evidence of linkage to tuberculosis susceptibility and, within these loci, to identify individual genes influencing tuberculosis susceptibility. METHODS Affected sibling pair analysis in South African and Malawian populations. Independent case-control study in West Africa. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two novel putative loci for tuberculosis susceptibility are identified: chromosome 6p21-q23 and chromosome 20q13.31-33--the latter with the strongest evidence for any locus reported to date in human tuberculosis (single point LOD score of 3.1, P = 10(-4), with a maximum likelihood score [MLS] of 2.8). An independent, multistage genetic association study in West African populations mapped this latter region in detail, finding evidence that variation in the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and cathepsin Z (CTSZ) genes play a role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate how a genomewide approach to the complex phenotype of human tuberculosis can identify novel targets for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Cooke
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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12
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Ait-Khaled N, Odhiambo J, Pearce N, Adjoh KS, Maesano IA, Benhabyles B, Bouhayad Z, Bahati E, Camara L, Catteau C, El Sony A, Esamai FO, Hypolite IE, Melaku K, Musa OA, Ng'ang'a L, Onadeko BO, Saad O, Jerray M, Kayembe JM, Koffi NB, Khaldi F, Kuaban C, Voyi K, M'Boussa J, Sow O, Tidjani O, Zar HJ. Prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 13- to 14-year-old children in Africa: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase III. Allergy 2007; 62:247-58. [PMID: 17298341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phase I of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood has provided valuable information regarding international prevalence patterns and potential risk factors in the development of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema. However, in Phase I, only six African countries were involved (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Kenya, South Africa and Ethiopia). Phase III, conducted 5-6 years later, enrolled 22 centres in 16 countries including the majority of the centres involved in Phase I and new centres in Morocco, Tunisia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Togo, Sudan, Cameroon, Gabon, Reunion Island and South Africa. There were considerable variations between the various centres of Africa in the prevalence of the main symptoms of the three conditions: wheeze (4.0-21.5%), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (7.2-27.3%) and eczema (4.7-23.0%). There was a large variation both between countries and between centres in the same country. Several centres, including Cape Town (20.3%), Polokwane (18.0%), Reunion Island (21.5%), Brazzaville (19.9%), Nairobi (18.0%), Urban Ivory Coast (19.3%) and Conakry (18.6%) showed relatively high asthma symptom prevalences, similar to those in western Europe. There were also a number of centres showing high symptom prevalences for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (Cape Town, Reunion Island, Brazzaville, Eldoret, Urban Ivory Coast, Conakry, Casablanca, Wilays of Algiers, Sousse and Eldoret) and eczema (Brazzaville, Eldoret, Addis Ababa, Urban Ivory Coast, Conakry, Marrakech and Casablanca).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ait-Khaled
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
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13
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Aït-Khaled N, Enarson DA, Bencharif N, Boulahdib F, Camara LM, Dagli E, Karadag B, Koadag B, Ottmani SE, Pham DL, Sow O, Yousser M, Zidouni N. Treatment outcome of asthma after one year follow-up in health centres of several developing countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:911-6. [PMID: 16898377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Seven selected out-patient clinics caring for asthma patients in Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Syria, Turkey and Vietnam. DESIGN Evaluation of treatment outcomes after one year of follow-up of a cohort of asthma patients consecutively enrolled in a prospective study evaluating routine practice. RESULTS Among 310 asthma patients registered, the following outcomes were recorded after one year of follow-up: 95 (31%) successful, 61 (20%) under control, 35 (11%) failed, 116 (37%) defaulted and 3 (1%) transferred. Among the 167 (53.9%) patients still on treatment after one year there was a substantial increase in the proportion of patients classified as intermittent at the end of treatment (from 11% to 53%), with a decrease in all categories of persistent asthma (from 34% to 12% for mild, 45% to 28% for moderate and 10% to 8% for severe asthma). CONCLUSIONS While patients' quality of life can be improved if they follow regular treatment, the key challenge in providing care is to ensure that patients adhere to their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aït-Khaled
- Asthma Division, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.
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14
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Cooke GS, Campbell SJ, Sillah J, Gustafson P, Bah B, Sirugo G, Bennett S, McAdam KPWJ, Sow O, Lienhardt C, Hill AVS. Polymorphism within the interferon-gamma/receptor complex is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:339-43. [PMID: 16690980 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200601-088oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is of central interest in the study of tuberculosis. A number of single-gene mutations have been identified in the IFN-gamma signaling pathway that predispose to severe mycobacterial disease, but the relevance of polymorphism within these genes to the common phenotype of tuberculosis remains unclear. METHODS A total of 1,301 individuals were included in a large, detailed study of West African populations with pulmonary tuberculosis. We investigated disease association with the genes encoding IFN-gamma and its receptor subunits (IFNG, IFNGR1, and IFNGR2). RESULTS Within the IFNG gene, two promoter variants showed evidence of novel disease association: -1616GG (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-2.00; p = 0.008) and +3234TT (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09-1.80; p = 0.009). The +874AA genotype was not significantly more frequent among cases over control subjects (OR, 1.16; 95%CI, 0.89-1.51; p = 0.25). In addition, novel disease association was also found with the -56CC genotype of the IFNGR1 promoter (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57-0.99; p = 0.041). No disease association was seen with the IFNGR2 locus. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of a significant role for genetic variation at the IFNG locus and provide detailed understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying this association. The disease association with IFNGR1 is novel, and together these findings support the hypothesis that genetically determined variation in both IFN-gamma production and responsiveness influences the risk of developing tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Cooke
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Kudjawu Y, Massari V, Sow O, Bah B, Larouzé B, Murray JF. Benefit of amoxicillin in differentiating between TB suspects whose initial AFB sputum smears are negative. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:441-6. [PMID: 16602410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Out-patient dispensary in Conakry, Guinea, West Africa. OBJECTIVE To differentiate between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and non-PTB diseases among 204 acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear-negative adult TB suspects. DESIGN We derived scores from clinical, serological and radiological findings among PTB suspects aged > or = 15 years who, after having had three AFB-negative smears, were treated for 10 days with amoxicillin (AMX, 1.5 g/day). RESULTS At the selected cut-off score from model 1 (clinical), sensitivity for PTB was 95%, specificity 40%, negative predictive value (NPV) 84%, and positive predictive value (PPV) 69%. Comparable values from model 2 (clinical + serological + radiological) were: sensitivity 99%, specificity 45%, NPV 97%, and PPV 71%. Results from AMX were better: sensitivity 92%, specificity 93%, NPV 94%, and PPV 91%. Of the 117 suspects who failed to respond clinically and radiographically to AMX and remained AFB smear-negative, 110 (94%) had PTB, confirmed either by positive culture (73 patients) or response to anti-tuberculosis treatment (37 patients). CONCLUSION The clinical and radiographic response to AMX is better than derived scores at differentiating between PTB and non-PTB in TB suspects presenting to a dispensary in Guinea, a low HIV-seroprevalence country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kudjawu
- INSERM, U707Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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16
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Diop S, Touré N, Ngahane H, Diatta A, Kane Y, Niang A, Sah A, Agodokpessi G, Rangar N, Thiam K, Konté H, Mbaye F, Sow O, Kandé B, Badiane M, Hane A. Profil clinique, biologique et radiologique des nouveaux cas de tuberculose pulmonaire à la Clinique de Pneumologie du Centre Hospitalier National de Fann, Dakar. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)72165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Aït-Khaled N, Enarson DA, Bencharif N, Boulahdib F, Camara LM, Dagli E, Djankine TK, Keita B, Karadag B, Koadag B, Ngoran K, Odhiambo J, Ottmani SE, Pham DL, Sow O, Yousser M, Zidouni N. Implementation of asthma guidelines in health centres of several developing countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10:104-9. [PMID: 16466046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Nine selected out-patient clinics caring for asthma patients in Algeria, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, Syria, Turkey and Vietnam. DESIGN Prospective enrolment of consecutive patients considered by the practitioner to have asthma with evaluation of adherence of the practitioner with recommended standard case management, including proportion of patients confirmed to have asthma, proportion in whom severity was correctly graded and proportion in whom treatment with inhaled corticosteroids corresponded to severity grade. RESULTS Of 499 consecutive patients, 456 (91%) were enrolled and evaluated. The diagnosis was confirmed in 263 (58%). Agreement between the practitioner and the guidelines in assigning grade of severity was moderate overall (kappa = 0.42). It was higher for assignment of grade using symptoms (K = 0.51), but poor for assignment of grade using peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate (kappa = 0.29), with practitioners tending to underestimate the severity. Agreement between the practitioners' assessment of severity and treatment with inhaled corticosteroids was poor (kappa = 0.18), with underutilisation of inhaled corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners caring for asthma patients in this study tended to underutilise the PEF rate in assessing their patients and underutilised treatment of patients with inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aït-Khaled
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 68 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75006 Paris, France.
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18
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Diop S, Sene A, Cisse M, Toure AO, Sow O, Thiam D, Diakhate L. [Prevalence and morbidity of G6PD deficiency in sickle cell disease in the homozygote]. Dakar Med 2005; 50:56-60. [PMID: 16295757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease and G6PD deficiency have similar prevalence of 8 to 10% in Senegalese population. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Hb S carriers and normal subjects, and to assess the interaction of G6PD deficiency on clinical severity of sickle cell disease. G6PD activity was measured in 319 sickle cell patients and in 318 subjects without HbS. Clinical severity was compared in male homozygous sickle cell patients (11 with G6PD deficiency and 19 without deficit). In homozygous sickle cell patients, the G6PD status was assessed after correction of reticulocyte count following the micro-centrifugation method of Herz. We found that prevalence of G6PD deficiency was higher in sickle cell disease patients (21.6 %) than in normal subjects (12.3 %) (p = 0.001). No difference was found in the two groups of male sickle cell disease patients concerning number of vaso-occlusive crisis, number of transfusion, frequency of infectious episodes, number of chronic complications, disturbances on patient's activity and total index severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diop
- Travail du service d'Hématologie CHU Dakar.
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19
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Bah B, Massari V, Sow O, Siriwardana M, Camara LM, Larouzé B, Murray JF. Useful clues to the presence of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a West African city. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6:592-8. [PMID: 12102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tuberculosis suspects with negative sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) may have either pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or some other pulmonary disease (non-PTB). The aim of this study was to improve the differentiation between PTB and non-PTB. DESIGN We enrolled 396 tuberculosis suspects 15 years of age or older who had cough of 21 days or longer and three negative AFB smears. Non-PTB was diagnosed by clinical and radiographic responses to amoxicillin; smear-negative PTB was diagnosed by positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or response to antituberculosis chemotherapy. RESULTS Multivariate analysis, without X-ray variables, of 79 patients with a final diagnosis of non-PTB and 110 patients with smear-negative PTB indicated that age less than 37 years, family contact with TB, never having been married, loss of weight, lack of expectoration, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity, and tuberculin reactivity were significantly associated with PTB. When the initial X-ray findings were included, age younger than 37 years, lack of expectoration, HIV seropositivity, and tuberculin reactivity remained in the model, and cavitation and patchy densities were significantly associated. CONCLUSION The response to 10 days of amoxicillin and certain demographic, clinical and radiographic characteristics are useful in separating non-PTB from PTB in tuberculosis suspects with negative AFB smears.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bah
- National Tuberculosis Program, Conakry, Guinea
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20
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Cervino ACL, Lakiss S, Sow O, Bellamy R, Beyers N, Hoal-van Helden E, van Helden P, McAdam KPWJ, Hill AVS. Fine mapping of a putative tuberculosis-susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q11-13 in African families. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:1599-603. [PMID: 12075004 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/11.14.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetics plays an important role in individual susceptibility and resistance to infectious diseases, but no genes have yet been identified using genome-wide screens. Twin studies have indicated that tuberculosis susceptibility has a significant host genetic component, and several genes appear to be involved. Recently, a genome-wide linkage analysis of 136 African families identified chromosome 15q11-13 as a region with suggestive evidence of linkage, with a LOD score of 2.0. We tested 10 microsatellite markers and 5 positional candidate genes in this chromosomal region for deviation from random transmission from parents to affected offspring. The polymorphisms, lying in a region of 14 cM, were initially typed in the same 79 Gambian families used in the genome screen. A borderline significant association with a 7 bp deletion in UBE3A (P = 0.01) was found. This polymorphism was then evaluated further in a larger series of families with tuberculosis, including 44 Guinean families and 57 families from South Africa. Testing for association between the deletion and tuberculosis across all the families using the exact symmetry test further supported the association (overall P = 0.002). These fine-mapping data suggest that UBE3A or a closely flanking gene may be a tuberculosis-susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C L Cervino
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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21
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Sow AI, Camara B, Sow O, Ka R, Ndour CT, Seydi M, Dia NM, Samb T. [Place and resistance of epidemic strains of Shigella dysenteriae-1 isolated at the Fann Hospital from 1995 to 1999]. Dakar Med 2002; 47:234-8. [PMID: 15776683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Shigella dysenteriae-1 (S.d-1) takes a more and more important place in intertropical countries, with multiresistant strains to antibiotics. the objectives of the study is to determine the prevalence of S.d-1 among bacterial isolations at Fann Hospital at Dakar, and to identify the resistant profiles of the strains. This retrospective study was conducted on the strains isolated between 1995 and 1999 by examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens. the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was studied by disc diffusion test with Mueller Hinton agar, and detection of extended broad spectrum beta-lactamase. Shigella dysenteriae-1 represented 45.18 % of Shigella strains and was particularly isolated in winter season (from August to September), more frequently in men (sex ratio: 2 / 1). Among the strains, 72 % were resistant to beta-lactams, and the ratio of multiresistant strains represented 42 %, concerning cotrimoxazol, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin and aminopenicillins. Only one strain produced extended broad spectrum beta-lactamase. Quinolons were the most active antibiotics but have to be used rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Sow
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Fann, Dakar.
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22
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Abstract
Forty four families from Guinea-Conakry were analysed to test for association between NRAMP1 (Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1) polymorphisms and tuberculosis. Each family included at least one affected sib and one parent. Healthy sibs were also analysed and on average the families included four members. A total of 160 individuals were included in the final dataset. The analysis of association was performed using an extended TDT test, TRANSMlT, to allow for missing information in the parental genotypes. Three polymorphisms in the NRAMP1 gene were typed: a microsatellite (CA) repeat, a 4 bp deletion in the 3' untranslated region and a single nucleotide change in intron 4. The single base change in intron 4 was significantly associated (p = 0.036) with tuberculosis. Our results therefore confirm, using a family-based approach on a newly studied population, the previously reported association between this polymorphism and tuberculosis in a population-based study of West Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Cervino
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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23
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Aït-Khaled N, Auregan G, Bencharif N, Camara LM, Dagli E, Djankine K, Keita B, Ky C, Mahi S, Ngoran K, Pham DL, Sow O, Yousser M, Zidouni N, Enarson DA. Affordability of inhaled corticosteroids as a potential barrier to treatment of asthma in some developing countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4:268-71. [PMID: 10751075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The cost and availability of the medications required for the treatment of asthma may represent potential barriers to effective management. METHOD A survey of prices and policies for components of asthma treatment in 1998, in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Mali, Syria, Turkey and Vietnam. RESULTS Medications were consistently available in only four of the eight countries studied. The cost of essential medications for standard case management varied by over five times for beclomethasone and by over three times for inhaled salbutamol. In all but two countries, the cost of one year of drugs for treatment of a moderate, persistent case exceeded the monthly salary of a nurse in that country. The essential drugs list included inhaled salbutamol in five of eight countries and beclomethasone in three of eight. The costs of medications were lower where generic preparations were available and, to a lesser extent, where the medications are on the essential drugs list. CONCLUSIONS The cost and availability of medications vary widely, and may represent an important barrier to effective management in some low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aït-Khaled
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, France.
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24
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Sow O, Frechet M, Diallo AA, Soumah S, Conde MK, Diot P, Boissinot E, Lemarié E. Community acquired pneumonia in adults: a study comparing clinical features and outcome in Africa (Republic of Guinea) and Europe (France). Thorax 1996; 51:385-8. [PMID: 8733490 PMCID: PMC1090673 DOI: 10.1136/thx.51.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of death from infectious disease both in western and developing countries. A study was carried out in Conakry, Republic of Guinea and Tours, France in order to compare signs, symptoms, severity of illness, risk factors, and clinical outcome of community acquired pneumonia in adult patients admitted to hospital. METHODS The study was performed in the cities of Conakry and Tours over the same one year period. Patients with nosocomial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and those who were HIV positive were excluded. Data were recorded on the same forms in both centres. A severity score was calculated according to American Thoracic Society criteria. Follow up was evaluated at days 2, 7 and 15. RESULTS A total of 333 patients (218 from Conakry, 115 from Tours) were included in the study with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia, with or without lung abscess or pleural effusion. Mean age was higher and pre-existing illness rate, dehydration, agitation, and stupor were more frequent in patients in Tours. Respiration rates of > 30 breaths/min and the incidence of crackles were identical in the two centres. Fever above 39 degrees C, initial shock, chest pain, and herpes were significantly more frequent in Conakry. Initial chest radiographic abnormalities were similar in the two groups, ranging from unilateral pleuropulmonary involvement (89% and 83% in Conakry and Tours, respectively) to diffuse patchy parenchymal disease. Parapneumonic effusion was present in 17% and 16% of the patients of Conakry and Tours, respectively. Pneumonia was considered to be severe in 33% and 42% of the patients, respectively. In Conakry first line antibiotic therapy was penicillin alone (2 million units a day) for 197 patients (90%) and second line antibiotic therapy was prescribed for 25 patients (12%). In Tours first line therapy consisted of a single antibiotic (amoxicillin, third generation cephalosporins) for 65 patients (57%) and second line antibiotic therapy was prescribed for 55 patients (48%). The clinical outcome was similar in Conakry and Tours: 88% and 85% of patients, respectively, were afebrile or clinically cured at day 15. The mortality rate was similar (6% and 8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The problems encountered in the management of community acquired pneumonia are quite different in western and developing countries. This study shows that low doses of penicillin can cure 90% of African patients with pneumonia as effectively as more aggregative treatments in European patients who are both older and have greater comorbidity. Although pneumococci with reduced penicillin sensitivity occur in western countries, this does not seem to be the case in black Africa. For these reasons, low doses of penicillin or amoxicillin remain good first line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sow
- Service de Pneumologie, Universitaire de Conakry, République de Guinée
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25
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Sow O, Diallo AB, Haba F, Diot P, Boissinot E, Lemarie E. Acute respiratory infections in children: a community-based study comparing a primary health center and a pediatric unit, Republic of Guinea. Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76:4-10. [PMID: 7718846 DOI: 10.1016/0962-8479(95)90571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A community-based study was carried out in the Republic of Guinea in order to evaluate the frequency of occurrence, severity of illness, risk factors and the results of planned treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under the age of 15 years. DESIGN The study was performed over a 1-year period in 2 distinct areas, 1 rural and 1 urban. A total of 2622 ARI were identified among children under 15 years of age. In the rural area, data were collected by primary health-care workers and by 2 physicians who were trained to supervise the study. RESULTS Among the rural population, 1422 ARI were identified. In the city center, Conakry, 1200 ARI were identified in one children's hospital. The child population under 5 years of age was significantly greater in the rural area (95.2%) than in the city center (83.2%) (P < 0.0001). Malnutrition affected 10.6% of all the children. There were discrepancies in symptoms and signs affecting the 2 groups but the severity scores, including children under 5 years of age, were not significantly different: including children under 5 years of age, were not significantly different: 10-11% of the children were considered to have severe disease and 6.2% required urgent referral to hospital. Upper and lower respiratory infections (URI and LRI) were equally represented (49.9% and 50.1% respectively). Distribution of each type of ARI was significantly different in the 2 groups: there were significantly more URI in the city center, especially tonsillitis. Bronchitis and bronchopneumonia occurred significantly more often in the rural area. Pneumonia and bronchopneumonia represented 9.8% of all ARI. Use of antibiotic therapy was known in 2557 patients: 1268 URI and 1289 LRI. In children with URI, 69.7% did not receive antibiotic therapy, 29.9% received 1 antibiotic and 0.03% received 2 antibiotics successively. Children from the city center received significantly more antibiotics than in the rural health center. In children with LRI, 17.8% did not receive antibiotic therapy, 81.7% received 1 antibiotic and 0.05% received 2 antibiotics successively. There was no significant difference between the 2 centers in antibiotic prescription. Clinical outcome showed that 93% of children were considered to be cured at day 7 and 99.4% at day 14. 14 children with severe pneumonia died. The infection cost (antibiotics plus other drugs prescribed as supportive care) was 0.45 US$ per child in the rural area and 9.7 US$ in the children's hospital. CONCLUSION This supervised study constitutes the first large longitudinal study concerning respiratory infections in West Africa. It demonstrates that simple guidelines are valid in order to prevent mortality and complications. Care appropriate to population requirements in term of infectious diseases can be delivered with low cost and low technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sow
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Conakry, République de Guinée
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Imperato PJ, Handelsman MB, Fofana B, Sow O. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in three population groups in the Republic of Mali. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976; 70:155-8. [PMID: 960199 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(76)90179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different adult population groups in Mali were screened for diabetes mellitus by means of a post-prandial blood glucose determination. The prevalence of diabetes for the entire population sampled was found to be 1-4%. Diabetes mellitus was strongly suspected in an additional 8-4%. The prevalence of elevated post-prandial blood glucose levels was found to be the lowest (5-1%) among a group of Bambara farmers who live an active rural life and whose total daily caloric intake is less than 1,000 on the average, only half of it provided by carbohydrates.
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Imperato PJ, Fofana B, Sow O, Diallo S. Leishmanin skin sensitivity in the inland delta of the Niger. Trop Geogr Med 1974; 26:303-6. [PMID: 4439468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leishmanin skin tests were applied to 266 subjects in the city of Mopti which is located on several islands in the center of the inland delta of the Niger in the Republic of Mali. The antigen employed contains 6-10 million killed leptomonads per ml in a sterile suspension preserved with 1:10,000 thiomersal and unlike the phenol suspended antigens, does not give false positive tests. Of the 249 subjects who completed the study 12 (4.8%) had positive reactions, the lowest positive reaction rate yet observed in Mali. No false positive reactions occurred among 139 subjects tested with a control solution of 1:10,000 thiomersal. The absence of known cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mopti's permanent population and the absence of suitable vectors within the city would indicate that positive reactors reflect previous L. tropica infections acquired in the surrounding rural areas where the disease is known to exist or else previous infection with non-pathogenic mammalian or reptilian species of Leishmania.
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Burian V, Fofana Y, Sow O. [A study of Neisseria meningitidis isolated in the Republic of Mali in 1970]. Bull World Health Organ 1974; 51:495-500. [PMID: 4219293 PMCID: PMC2366327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B. Mass campaigns and their comparative costs for nomadic and sedentary populations in Mali. Trop Geogr Med 1973; 25:416-22. [PMID: 4595047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Imperato PJ, Sow O, Fofana B. POsitive leishmanin skin sensitivity in the absence of clinical leishmaniasis. J Trop Med Hyg 1973; 76:132-4. [PMID: 4719004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Imperato PJ, Diallo S, Sow O. Histoplasmin skin sensitivity in the inland delta of the Niger. Trop Geogr Med 1972; 24:246-8. [PMID: 4636097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Imperato PJ, Sow O. Incidence of, and beliefs about, onchocerciasis in the Senegal River basin. Trop Geogr Med 1971; 23:385-9. [PMID: 5173450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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