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Huan J, Hornick NI, Goloviznina NA, Kamimae-Lanning AN, David LL, Wilmarth PA, Mori T, Chevillet JR, Narla A, Roberts CT, Loriaux MM, Chang BH, Kurre P. Coordinate regulation of residual bone marrow function by paracrine trafficking of AML exosomes. Leukemia 2015; 29:2285-95. [PMID: 26108689 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and patient-derived blasts release exosomes that carry RNA and protein; following an in vitro transfer, AML exosomes produce proangiogenic changes in bystander cells. We reasoned that paracrine exosome trafficking may have a broader role in shaping the leukemic niche. In a series of in vitro studies and murine xenografts, we demonstrate that AML exosomes downregulate critical retention factors (Scf, Cxcl12) in stromal cells, leading to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization from the bone marrow. Exosome trafficking also regulates HSPC directly, and we demonstrate declining clonogenicity, loss of CXCR4 and c-Kit expression, and the consistent repression of several hematopoietic transcription factors, including c-Myb, Cebp-β and Hoxa-9. Additional experiments using a model of extramedullary AML or direct intrafemoral injection of purified exosomes reveal that the erosion of HSPC function can occur independent of direct cell-cell contact with leukemia cells. Finally, using a novel multiplex proteomics technique, we identified candidate pathways involved in the direct exosome-mediated modulation of HSPC function. In aggregate, this work suggests that AML exosomes participate in the suppression of residual hematopoietic function that precedes widespread leukemic invasion of the bone marrow directly and indirectly via stromal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - N I Hornick
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - N A Goloviznina
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A N Kamimae-Lanning
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - L L David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P A Wilmarth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T Mori
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J R Chevillet
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Narla
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - C T Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - M M Loriaux
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - B H Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Kurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Horn PA, Morris JC, Bukovsky AA, Andrews RG, Naldini L, Kurre P, Kiem HP. Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic repopulating cells in baboons. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1464-71. [PMID: 12378409 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2002] [Accepted: 05/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transduction of hematopoietic stem cells is a prerequisite for successful hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. Oncoretroviral vectors are the most widely used vectors for hematopoietic gene therapy studies. However, these vectors require cell division, and thus efficient transduction of quiescent stem cells has been difficult to achieve. Lentiviral vectors can transduce non-dividing cells and therefore may be more efficient in transducing quiescent hematopoietic stem cells. We have used a competitive repopulation assay in the baboon to compare transduction of hematopoietic repopulating cells by lentiviral and oncoretroviral vectors. Baboon CD34-enriched marrow cells were transduced in the presence or absence of multiple hematopoietic growth factors using a short, 2-day, transduction protocol. Here, we show that efficient lentiviral transduction of hematopoietic repopulating cells was only achieved when cells were transduced in the presence of multiple growth factors. Using these conditions, up to 8.6% of hematopoietic repopulating cells were genetically modified by the lentiviral vector more than 1 year after transplant. Interestingly, the number of lentivirally marked cells increased over time in three of four animals. In conclusion, these results suggest that lentiviral vectors are able to tranduce multilineage hematopoietic stem cells, and thus, may provide an alternative vector system for clinical stem cell gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Horn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Goerner M, Horn PA, Peterson L, Kurre P, Storb R, Rasko JE, Kiem HP. Sustained multilineage gene persistence and expression in dogs transplanted with CD34(+) marrow cells transduced by RD114-pseudotype oncoretrovirus vectors. Blood 2001; 98:2065-70. [PMID: 11567991 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the choice of envelope protein (pseudotype) can have a significant effect on the efficiency of retroviral gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells. This study used a competitive repopulation assay in the dog model to evaluate oncoretroviral vectors carrying the envelope protein of the endogenous feline virus, RD114. CD34-enriched marrow cells were divided into equal aliquots and transduced with vectors produced by the RD114-pseudotype packaging cells FLYRD (LgGLSN and LNX) or by the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV)-pseudotype packaging cells PG13 (LNY). A total of 5 dogs were studied. One dog died because of infection before sustained engraftment could be achieved, and monitoring was discontinued after 9 months in another animal that had very low overall gene-marking levels. The 3 remaining animals are alive with follow-ups at 11, 22, and 23 months. Analyses of gene marking frequencies in peripheral blood and marrow by polymerase chain reaction revealed no significant differences between the RD114 and GALV-pseudotype vectors. The LgGLSN vector also contained the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), enabling us to monitor proviral expression by flow cytometry. Up to 10% of peripheral blood cells expressed GFP shortly after transplantation and approximately 6% after the longest follow-up of 23 months. Flow cytometric analysis of hematopoietic subpopulations showed that most of the GFP-expressing cells were granulocytes, although GFP-positive lymphocytes and monocytes were also detected. In summary, these results show that RD114-pseudotype oncoretroviral vectors are able to transduce hematopoietic long-term repopulating cells and, thus, may be useful for human stem cell gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goerner
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Kurre P, Morris J, Horn PA, Harkey MA, Andrews RG, Kiem HP. Gene transfer into baboon repopulating cells: A comparison of Flt-3 Ligand and megakaryocyte growth and development factor versus IL-3 during ex vivo transduction. Mol Ther 2001; 3:920-7. [PMID: 11407906 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoretroviral vectors require division of target cells for successful transduction. In the case of hematopoietic repopulating cells this can be achieved by cytokine stimulation using growth factor combinations which facilitate gene transfer and maintain engraftment. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) has been widely used in growth factor combinations, although more recent data in the mouse showed reduced engraftment in the presence of IL-3. Here, we used a competitive repopulation assay to study the influence of IL-3 and the early acting cytokines megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) and Flt3-ligand (Flt3-L) on gene transfer efficiency during ex vivo transduction of hematopoietic repopulating cells. In a direct comparison, baboon CD34-enriched cells were transduced on CH-296 fibronectin fragment in the presence of either IL-6, stem cell factor (SCF), Flt3-L, and MGDF or IL-3, IL-6, and SCF. Animals were followed for up to 55 weeks, and analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that both cytokine combinations achieved marking of repopulating cells. A trend toward increased gene marking, especially early after transplant (P = 0.06), was seen with the combination of IL-6, SCF, Flt3-L, and MGDF. However, the highest gene marking was achieved when IL-3 was combined with early acting cytokines, suggesting that the difference observed in this study was probably due to the addition of MGDF and Flt3-L and not due to a negative effect of IL-3 on engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Kurre P, Morris J, Miller AD, Kiem HP. Envelope fusion protein binding studies in an inducible model of retrovirus receptor expression and in CD34(+) cells emphasize limited transduction at low receptor levels. Gene Ther 2001; 8:593-9. [PMID: 11320405 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2000] [Accepted: 01/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Successful gene therapy for the treatment of heritable or acquired diseases typically requires high efficiency gene transfer and sustained transgene expression. Indirect evidence on the basis of RNA analysis and in vivo competitive repopulation experiments in animal models suggests a correlation between transduction efficiency and the abundance of retrovirus receptors on the hematopoietic target cell. However, transduction by oncoretroviral vectors is also subject to other factors such as target cell cycle status and the composition of the virus-containing medium, making it difficult to determine the level of receptor expression required for efficient transduction. In the present study we investigated the impact of receptor expression level on transduction by a vector with a gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope protein in a tetracycline-inducible tissue culture model that allowed for the cell cycle-independent, regulated expression of the GALV receptor (Pit1) in otherwise non-susceptible NIH 3T3 cells. Up-regulation of receptor RNA expression by 4.5-fold resulted in a mean 150-fold increase in transduction efficiency. We then analyzed cell surface expression of the Pit1 receptor using a fusion protein consisting of GALV SU portion of the viral envelope protein linked to the human IgG Fc. These experiments showed that tetracycline-regulated receptor induction resulted in a dose-dependent increase in binding of fusion protein. At maximum induction fusion protein binding increased up to five-fold which paralleled the increase in RNA expression, and correlated with the improved transduction efficiency. Finally, studies of pseudotype-specific fusion protein binding to human CD34-enriched cells revealed increased expression of retrovirus receptors after cytokine stimulation, although overall receptor expression in CD34(+)cells remained lower than in fibroblast cell lines efficiently transduced by amphotropic and GALV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare soft tissue tumor of primitive origin occurring primarily in children and young adults. Based on published reports in the literature, the response to conventional chemotherapy is poor. We report three pediatric patients successfully treated with dose-intensive, multimodal therapy. Between August 1994 and March 1998, we evaluated three consecutive patients with DSRCT at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. We established the diagnosis based on clinical presentation, radiologic staging, and pathologic review with immunohistochemical staining. All patients received a combined modality protocol including dose-intensive chemotherapy (two of them with peripheral blood stem cell [PBSC] support), second look surgery, and consolidative local irradiation. The patients remain in continuous remission at 66, 42, and 26 months after diagnosis, respectively. Two of our patients were younger than any previously reported patient, extending the age group for which DSRCT should be considered on diagnosis of small round cell tumors. The uniform survival achieved in our series indicates potential benefit for the combination of dose-intensive multiagent chemotherapy, local irradiation, and aggressive surgical approach in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurre
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle 98105, USA
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Kurre P, Kiem HP, Morris J, Heyward S, Battini JL, Miller AD. Efficient transduction by an amphotropic retrovirus vector is dependent on high-level expression of the cell surface virus receptor. J Virol 1999; 73:495-500. [PMID: 9847355 PMCID: PMC103856 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.495-500.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1998] [Accepted: 09/25/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transduction by murine leukemia virus-based retrovirus vectors is limited in certain cell types, particularly in nondividing cells. But transduction can be inefficient even in cells that divide rapidly. For example, exposure of 208F rat embryo fibroblasts to an excess of an amphotropic retrovirus vector encoding alkaline phosphatase results in a transduction efficiency of only about 10%, even though these cells divide rapidly. Here we show that transduction of 208F cells is limited by cell surface retrovirus receptor levels; overexpression of the amphotropic retrovirus receptor Pit2 markedly improved the transduction efficiency to 50%. To characterize receptor levels and binding affinity, we synthesized a fusion protein that joins the amino terminus of the amphotropic envelope protein to the Fc region of a human immunoglobulin G1 molecule for use in binding assays. In comparison to the parental cell line, the modified cell line showed an order of magnitude increase in binding sites of from 18,000 to 150,000 per cell. Thus, efficient transduction by an amphotropic retrovirus vector requires high-level expression of the retrovirus receptor Pit2. These results provide the rationale for further examination of the role of receptor levels in inefficient transduction, especially with regard to target cells for gene therapy, where a high transduction rate is often crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kurre
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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