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Wong RHX, Nealon RS, Scholey A, Howe PRC. Low dose resveratrol improves cerebrovascular function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:393-399. [PMID: 27105868 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Progressive microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) may impair the ability of cerebral vessels to supply blood to brain regions during local metabolic demand, thereby increasing risks of dementia. Having previously demonstrated that resveratrol can enhance vasodilator function in the systemic circulation, we hypothesised that resveratrol could similarly benefit the cerebral circulation. We aimed to determine the most efficacious dose of resveratrol to improve cerebral vasodilator responsiveness (CVR) in T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover intervention, 36 dementia-free, non-insulin dependent T2DM older adults (49-78 years old) consumed single doses of synthetic trans-resveratrol (0, 75, 150, and 300 mg) at weekly intervals. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to assess CVR to a hypercapnic stimulus, both before and 45 min after treatment. CVR, measured bilaterally in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and posterior cerebral arteries (PCA), was expressed as the percentage change in mean blood flow velocity from baseline to the peak velocity attained during hypercapnia. Resveratrol consumption increased CVR in the MCA; mean within-individual changes for each dose from placebo were 13.8 ± 3.5% for 75 mg (P = 0.001), 8.9 ± 3.5% for 150 mg (P = 0.016), and 13.7 ± 3.3% for 300 mg (P < 0.001); only the 75 mg dose was efficacious in the PCA (13.2 ± 4.5%, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first clinical evidence of an acute enhancement of vasodilator responsiveness in cerebral vessels following consumption of resveratrol in this population who are known to have endothelial dysfunction and sub-clinical cognitive impairment. Importantly, maximum improvement was observed with the lowest dose used. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12614000891628 (www.anzctr.org.au).
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Affiliation(s)
- R H X Wong
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - R S Nealon
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - A Scholey
- Swinburne University, Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - P R C Howe
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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Tsiros MD, Coates AM, Howe PRC, Walkley J, Hills AP, Wood RE, Buckley JD. Adiposity is related to decrements in cardiorespiratory fitness in obese and normal-weight children. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:144-50. [PMID: 25950151 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese children are typically less physically active than their normal-weight peers and are often assumed to be 'unfit'. OBJECTIVE Investigate the relationships between adiposity, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in obese and normal-weight children. A secondary aim was to examine obese/normal-weight differences in CRF. METHODS Obese (N = 107) and normal-weight (N = 132) 10-13-year-olds participated. Fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat, physical activity and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) were assessed. Analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS Higher percent fat was inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for mass (r = -0.780, P < 0.001) even after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.673, P < 0.001). While higher percent fat was also inversely associated with VO2peak normalized for FFM, this was only significant in males (r = -0.247, P = 0.004) and did not persist after controlling for physical activity (r = -0.059 P = 0.526). Compared with normal-weight children, obese children had higher absolute VO2peak , lower VO2peak corrected for mass (P ≤ 0.009) and lower VO2peak corrected for FFM (P = 0.041) that did not persist after controlling for SES (P = 0.086). CONCLUSION Obesity-related inefficiencies in CRF were evident. Higher adiposity was associated with poorer CRF relative to mass, irrespective of physical activity levels. However, low physical activity levels may be responsible for associations between adiposity and CRF relative to FFM seen in boys, indicating the importance of encouraging physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P R C Howe
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Walkley
- RMIT University, School of Health Sciences, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - A P Hills
- Mater Mothers' Hospital, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R E Wood
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - J D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Tsiros MD, Buckley JD, Howe PRC, Olds T, Walkley J, Taylor L, Mallows R, Hills AP, Kagawa M, Coates AM. Day-to-day physical functioning and disability in obese 10- to 13-year-olds. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:31-41. [PMID: 22962042 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject? Compared with their healthy-weight peers, children with obesity have; impaired physical health-related quality of life reduced physical activity levels reduced capacity to perform certain weight-bearing tasks in field-based fitness tests What this study adds? First investigation of obesity-related disability in children using the International Classification for Functioning, Disability and Health framework for Children and Youth. Obesity in children appears to be associated with disability impacting basic locomotor skills and physical health-related quality of life. Children's participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appears to be minimally impacted by obesity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity is related to impaired day-to-day physical functioning and disability in children. METHODS An observational case-control study was conducted in three Australian states. Obese (n = 107) and healthy-weight (n = 132) 10- to 13-year-olds (132 male, 107 female) were recruited via media advertisements. Assessment of body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), locomotor capacity (six-minute walk test [6MWT], timed up and down stairs test [TUDS] and timed up and go [TUG]) and child-reported physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were undertaken. Participants wore an accelerometer for 8 days and completed two use-of-time telephone interviews to assess participation in key life areas. RESULTS Compared with their healthy-weight counterparts, obese children had lower physical HRQoL scores (P < 0.01) and reduced locomotor capacity (TUDS z-score, TUG and 6MWT; P < 0.01). Higher percent body fat was significantly related to lower physical HRQoL scores (r = -0.48, P < 0.01), slower performance times for the TUDS and TUG (r = 0.59 and 0.26 respectively, P < 0.01), shorter 6MWT distances (r = -0.51, P < 0.01) and reduced time spent in community participation activities (r = -0.23, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS As anticipated, obesity appears to undermine physical functioning in children, including the capacity to perform basic locomotor skills yet, unexpectedly, participation in key life areas related to physical functioning appeared largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tsiros
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Haren MT, Misan G, Grant JF, Buckley JD, Howe PRC, Taylor AW, Newbury J, McDermott RA. Proximal correlates of metabolic phenotypes during 'at-risk' and 'case' stages of the metabolic disease continuum. Nutr Diabetes 2012; 2:e24. [PMID: 23154680 PMCID: PMC3302143 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2011.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the social and behavioural correlates of metabolic phenotypes during 'at-risk' and 'case' stages of the metabolic disease continuum. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of a random population sample. PARTICIPANTS A total of 718 community-dwelling adults (57% female), aged 18-92 years from a regional South Australian city. MEASUREMENTS Total body fat and lean mass and abdominal fat mass were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fasting venous blood was collected in the morning for assessment of glycated haemoglobin, plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol lipoproteins and insulin. Seated blood pressure (BP) was measured. Physical activity and smoking, alcohol and diet (96-item food frequency), sleep duration and frequency of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms, and family history of cardiometabolic disease, education, lifetime occupation and household income were assessed by questionnaire. Current medications were determined by clinical inventory. RESULTS 36.5% were pharmacologically managed for a metabolic risk factor or had known diabetes ('cases'), otherwise were classified as the 'at-risk' population. In both 'at-risk' and 'cases', four major metabolic phenotypes were identified using principal components analysis that explained over 77% of the metabolic variance between people: fat mass/insulinemia (FMI); BP; lipidaemia/lean mass (LLM) and glycaemia (GLY). The BP phenotype was uncorrelated with other phenotypes in 'cases', whereas all phenotypes were inter-correlated in the 'at-risk'. Over and above other socioeconomic and behavioural factors, medications were the dominant correlates of all phenotypes in 'cases' and SDB symptom frequency was most strongly associated with FMI, LLM and GLY phenotypes in the 'at-risk'. CONCLUSION Previous research has shown FMI, LLM and GLY phenotypes to be most strongly predictive of diabetes development. Reducing SDB symptom frequency and optimising the duration of sleep may be important concomitant interventions to standard diabetes risk reduction interventions. Prospective studies are required to examine this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Haren
- Division of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Spencer Gulf Rural Health School (SGRHS), University of South Australia and The University of Adelaide, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Rural Health and Community Development (CRHaCD), University of South Australia, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Misan
- Centre for Rural Health and Community Development (CRHaCD), University of South Australia, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, Australia
| | - J F Grant
- Population Research and Outcomes Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J D Buckley
- Nutrition Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P R C Howe
- Nutrition Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A W Taylor
- Population Research and Outcomes Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Newbury
- Spencer Gulf Rural Health School (SGRHS), University of South Australia and The University of Adelaide, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia, Australia
| | - R A McDermott
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wong RHX, Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Kunz I, Berry NM. Acute resveratrol supplementation improves flow-mediated dilatation in overweight/obese individuals with mildly elevated blood pressure. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:851-856. [PMID: 20674311 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery (FMD) is a biomarker of endothelial function and cardiovascular health. Impaired FMD is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and obesity. Various food ingredients such as polyphenols have been shown to improve FMD. We investigated whether consuming resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, can enhance FMD acutely and whether there is a dose-response relationship for this effect. METHODS AND RESULTS 19 overweight/obese (BMI 25-35 kg m(-2)) men or post-menopausal women with untreated borderline hypertension (systolic BP: 130-160 mmHg or diastolic BP: 85-100 mmHg) consumed three doses of resveratrol (resVida™ 30, 90 and 270 mg) and a placebo at weekly intervals in a double-blind, randomized crossover comparison. One hour after consumption of the supplement, plasma resveratrol and FMD were measured. Data were analyzed by linear regression versus log(10) dose of resveratrol. 14 men and 5 women (age 55 ± 2 years, BMI 28.7 ± 0.5 kg m(-2), BP 141 ± 2/89 ± 1 mmHg) completed this study. There was a significant dose effect of resveratrol on plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.001) and on FMD (P < 0.01), which increased from 4.1 ± 0.8% (placebo) to 7.7 ± 1.5% after 270 mg resveratrol. FMD was also linearly related to log(10) plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Acute resveratrol consumption increased plasma resveratrol concentrations and FMD in a dose-related manner. This effect may contribute to the purported cardiovascular health benefits of grapes and red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H X Wong
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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Abstract
This review addresses the impact of obesity on paediatric physical functioning utilizing the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). The ICF encompasses functioning (as it relates to all body functions and structures), activities (undertaking a particular task) and participation (in a life situation) with disability referring to impairments in body functions/structures, activity restrictions or participation limitations. Electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published in English prior to May 2009 that examined aspects of physical functioning in children (≤18 years). Eligible studies (N = 104) were ranked by design and synthesized descriptively. Childhood obesity was found to be associated with deficits in function, including impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and performance of motor tasks; and there was some limited evidence of increased musculoskeletal pain and decrements in muscle strength, gait and balance. Health-related quality of life and the subset of physical functioning was inversely related to weight status. However, studies investigating impacts of obesity on wider activity and participation were lacking. Further research utilizing the ICF is required to identify and better characterize the effects of paediatric obesity on physical function, activity and participation, thereby improving targets for intervention to reduce disability in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tsiros
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Davison K, Berry NM, Misan G, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Dose-related effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:568-76. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Animal studies suggest that increased consumption of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, can protect against the development of obesity in animals exposed to an obesogenic diet and reduce body fat when already obese. There is also evidence that increased intakes of these fatty acids can reduce body fat in humans, but human studies are relatively few and have generally been conducted over short time periods with small sample sizes, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Reported reductions in body fat may result from appetite-suppressing effects, adipocyte apoptosis and changes of gene expression in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, intestine and adipose tissues that suppress fat deposition and increase fat oxidation and energy expenditure. We conclude that increased intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may improve body composition, but longer-term human studies are needed to confirm efficacy and determine whether increasing omega-3 intakes might be an effective strategy to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Buckley
- Nutritional Physiology Research Centre and Australian Technology Network (ATN) Centre for Metabolic Fitness, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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