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Thapa B, Wolter PT, Sturtevant BR, Foster JR, Townsend PA. Linking frass and insect phenology to optimize annual forest defoliation estimation. MethodsX 2023; 10:102075. [PMID: 36875342 PMCID: PMC9978851 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is often logistically impractical to measure forest defoliation events in the field due to seasonal variability in larval feeding phenology (e.g., start, peak, and end) in any given year. As such, field data collections are either incomplete or at coarse temporal resolutions, both of which result in inaccurate estimation of annual defoliation (frass or foliage loss). Using Choristoneura pinus F. and Lymantria dispar dispar L., we present a novel approach that leverages a weather-driven insect simulation model (BioSIM) and defoliation field data. Our approach includes optimization of a weighting parameter (w) for each instar and imputation of defoliation. Results show a negative skew in this weighting parameter, where the second to last instar in a season exhibits the maximum consumption and provides better estimates of annual frass and foliage biomass loss where sampling data gaps exist. Respective cross-validation RMSE (and normalized RMSE) results for C. pinus and L. dispar dispar are 77.53 kg·ha-1 (0.16) and 38.24 kg·ha-1 (0.02) for frass and 74.85 kg·ha-1 (0.10) and 47.77 kg·ha-1 (0.02) for foliage biomass loss imputation. Our method provides better estimates for ecosystem studies that leverage remote sensing data to scale defoliation rates from the field to broader landscapes and regions.•Utilize fine temporal resolution insect life cycle data derived from weather-driven insect simulation model (BioSIM) to bridge critical gaps in coarse temporal resolution defoliation field data.•Fitting distributions to optimize the instar weighting parameter (w) and impute frass and foliage biomass loss based on a cumulative density function (CDF).•Enables accurate estimation of annual defoliation impacts on ecosystems across multiple insect taxa that exhibit distinct but seasonally variable feeding phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thapa
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - P T Wolter
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - B R Sturtevant
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Rhinelander, WI 54501, USA
| | - J R Foster
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - P A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Cawse‐Nicholson K, Raiho AM, Thompson DR, Hulley GC, Miller CE, Miner KR, Poulter B, Schimel D, Schneider FD, Townsend PA, Zareh SK. Intrinsic Dimensionality as a Metric for the Impact of Mission Design Parameters. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2022; 127:e2022JG006876. [PMID: 36248721 PMCID: PMC9539474 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg006876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution space-based spectral imaging of the Earth's surface delivers critical information for monitoring changes in the Earth system as well as resource management and utilization. Orbiting spectrometers are built according to multiple design parameters, including ground sampling distance (GSD), spectral resolution, temporal resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. Different applications drive divergent instrument designs, so optimization for wide-reaching missions is complex. The Surface Biology and Geology component of NASA's Earth System Observatory addresses science questions and meets applications needs across diverse fields, including terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, natural disasters, and the cryosphere. The algorithms required to generate the geophysical variables from the observed spectral imagery each have their own inherent dependencies and sensitivities, and weighting these objectively is challenging. Here, we introduce intrinsic dimensionality (ID), a measure of information content, as an applications-agnostic, data-driven metric to quantify performance sensitivity to various design parameters. ID is computed through the analysis of the eigenvalues of the image covariance matrix, and can be thought of as the number of significant principal components. This metric is extremely powerful for quantifying the information content in high-dimensional data, such as spectrally resolved radiances and their changes over space and time. We find that the ID decreases for coarser GSD, decreased spectral resolution and range, less frequent acquisitions, and lower signal-to-noise levels. This decrease in information content has implications for all derived products. ID is simple to compute, providing a single quantitative standard to evaluate combinations of design parameters, irrespective of higher-level algorithms, products, applications, or disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Cawse‐Nicholson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - A. M. Raiho
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterBiospheric Sciences LabGreenbeltMDUSA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, GreenbeltMDUSA
| | - D. R. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - G. C. Hulley
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - C. E. Miller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. R. Miner
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - B. Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterBiospheric Sciences LabGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - D. Schimel
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - F. D. Schneider
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - P. A. Townsend
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- University of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - S. K. Zareh
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Couture JJ, Singh A, Charkowski AO, Groves RL, Gray SM, Bethke PC, Townsend PA. Integrating Spectroscopy with Potato Disease Management. Plant Dis 2018; 102:2233-2240. [PMID: 30145947 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0054-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spectral phenotyping is an efficient method for the nondestructive characterization of plant biochemical and physiological status. We examined the ability of a full range (350 to 2,500 nm) of foliar spectral data to (i) detect Potato virus Y (PVY) and physiological effects of the disease in visually asymptomatic leaves, (ii) classify different strains of PVY, and (iii) identify specific potato cultivars. Across cultivars, foliar spectral profiles of PVY-infected leaves were statistically different (F = 96.1, P ≤ 0.001) from noninfected leaves. Partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) accurately classified leaves as PVY infected (validation κ = 0.73) and the shortwave infrared spectral regions displayed the strongest correlations with infection status. Although spectral profiles of different PVY strains were statistically different (F = 6.4, P ≤ 0.001), PLS-DA did not classify different strains well (validation κ = 0.12). Spectroscopic retrievals revealed that PVY infection decreased photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf lignin content. Spectral profiles of potato cultivars also differed (F = 9.2, P ≤ 0.001); whereas average spectral classification was high (validation κ = 0.76), the accuracy of classification varied among cultivars. Our study expands the current knowledge base by (i) identifying disease presence before the onset of visual symptoms, (ii) providing specific biochemical and physiological responses to disease infection, and (iii) discriminating between multiple cultivars within a single plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Singh
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology
| | | | - R L Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S M Gray
- Emerging Pest and Pathogen Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - P C Bethke
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, and Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - P A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Lawrence KM, Jones RC, Jackson TR, Baylie RL, Abbott B, Bruhn-Olszewska B, Board TN, Locke IC, Richardson SM, Townsend PA. Chondroprotection by urocortin involves blockade of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5147. [PMID: 28698554 PMCID: PMC5505992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by progressive destruction of articular cartilage and chondrocyte cell death. Here, we show the expression of the endogenous peptide urocortin1 (Ucn1) and two receptor subtypes, CRF-R1 and CRF-R2, in primary human articular chondrocytes (AC) and demonstrate its role as an autocrine/paracrine pro-survival factor. This effect could only be removed using the CRF-R1 selective antagonist CP-154526, suggesting Ucn1 acts through CRF-R1 when promoting chondrocyte survival. This cell death was characterised by an increase in p53 expression, and cleavage of caspase 9 and 3. Antagonism of CRF-R1 with CP-154526 caused an accumulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) over time and cell death. These effects could be prevented with the non-selective cation channel blocker Gadolinium (Gd3+). Therefore, opening of a non-selective cation channel causes cell death and Ucn1 maintains this channel in a closed conformation. This channel was identified to be the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1. We go on to determine that this channel inhibition by Ucn1 is mediated initially by an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and a subsequent inactivation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), whose metabolites are known to modulate ion channels. Knowledge of these novel pathways may present opportunities for interventions that could abrogate the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - R C Jones
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - T R Jackson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - R L Baylie
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
| | - B Abbott
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - B Bruhn-Olszewska
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - T N Board
- The Center for Hip Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wigan, WN6 9EP, UK
| | - I C Locke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - S M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - P A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
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Larkin SET, Johnston HE, Jackson TR, Jamieson DG, Roumeliotis TI, Mockridge CI, Michael A, Manousopoulou A, Papachristou EK, Brown MD, Clarke NW, Pandha H, Aukim-Hastie CL, Cragg MS, Garbis SD, Townsend PA. Detection of candidate biomarkers of prostate cancer progression in serum: a depletion-free 3D LC/MS quantitative proteomics pilot study. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1078-1086. [PMID: 27685442 PMCID: PMC5117786 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common male cancer in the United Kingdom and we aimed to identify clinically relevant biomarkers corresponding to stage progression of the disease. METHODS We used enhanced proteomic profiling of PCa progression using iTRAQ 3D LC mass spectrometry on high-quality serum samples to identify biomarkers of PCa. RESULTS We identified >1000 proteins. Following specific inclusion/exclusion criteria we targeted seven proteins of which two were validated by ELISA and six potentially interacted forming an 'interactome' with only a single protein linking each marker. This network also includes accepted cancer markers, such as TNF, STAT3, NF-κB and IL6. CONCLUSIONS Our linked and interrelated biomarker network highlights the potential utility of six of our seven markers as a panel for diagnosing PCa and, critically, in determining the stage of the disease. Our validation analysis of the MS-identified proteins found that SAA alongside KLK3 may improve categorisation of PCa than by KLK3 alone, and that TSR1, although not significant in this model, might also be a clinically relevant biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E T Larkin
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H E Johnston
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - T R Jackson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4QL, UK
| | - D G Jamieson
- Biorelate, BASE, Greenhey's, Manchester Science Park, Pencroft Way, Manchester M15 6JJ, UK
| | - T I Roumeliotis
- Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C I Mockridge
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A Michael
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
| | - A Manousopoulou
- Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - E K Papachristou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - M D Brown
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - N W Clarke
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - H Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
| | - C L Aukim-Hastie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S D Garbis
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P A Townsend
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4QL, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Rosengarten JA, Scott PA, Larkin SE, Garbis S, Curzen NP, Townsend PA, Morgan JM, Lee H, Ling TY, Wang XL, Chai Q, Lau TW, Koestler CM, Park SJ, Daly RC, Greason KL, Cha YM. Main Session: Molecular mechanisms in cardiomyopathies. Europace 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rosengarten JA, Scott PA, Larkin SE, Garbis S, Curzen NP, Townsend PA, Morgan JM. 070 HIGH RESOLUTION MULTIDIMENSIONAL PROTEOMICS DETECTS CANDIDATE ARRHYTHMIA BIOMARKERS: Table 1. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Robichon C, Annereau JP, Gomes B, Pillon A, de Vries L, Cussac D, Meyer N, Lamant L, Kruczynski A, Guilbaud N, Kluza J, Jendoubi M, Corazao-Rozas P, Andre F, Jonneaux A, Guerreschi P, Formstecher P, Mortier L, Marchetti PHI, Bozkurt E, Atmaca H, Uzunoglu S, Uslu R, Karaca B, Erenpreisa J, Jackson TR, Huna A, Salmina K, Innashkina I, Jankevics E, Townsend PA, Cragg MS, Atmaca H, Bozkurt E, Uzunoglu S, Uslu R, Karaca B, Ramos SP, Bin M, Neto MDS, Curvello R, de Souza ACS, Nunes M, Weiswald LB, Vrignaud P, Vacher S, Turlotte E, Richon S, Roman-Roman S, Bieche I, Dangles-Marie V, Morais-Santos F, Pinheiro C, Vieira A, Schmitt F, Paredes J, Baltazar F, Zhang T, Lee YW, Rui YF, Cheng TY, Li G, Sreelatha KH, Reshma RS, Veena S, Rakesh SN, Thara S, Jem P, Priya S, Veena S, Sreelatha KH, Reshma RS, Rakesh SN, Priya S. Poster session 5. Translational research. Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Skeen VR, Collard TJ, Southern SL, Greenhough A, Hague A, Townsend PA, Paraskeva C, Williams AC. BAG-1 suppresses expression of the key regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) in colorectal tumour cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:4490-9. [PMID: 23108401 PMCID: PMC3880928 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As colorectal cancer remains the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths in much of the industrialised world, identifying novel strategies to prevent colorectal tumour development remains an important challenge. BAG-1 is a multi-functional protein, the expression of which is up-regulated at relatively early stages in colorectal tumorigenesis. Importantly, BAG-1 is thought to enhance colorectal tumour progression through promoting tumour cell survival. Here we report for the first time a novel role for BAG-1, establishing it as a suppressor of transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β1] expression in colorectal tumour cells. Microarray analysis first highlighted the possibility that BAG-1 may regulate TGF-β1 expression, a key cytokine in normal colonic tissue homeostasis. Q-RT-PCR and ELISA demonstrated TGFB1 mRNA and protein expression to be significantly increased when BAG1 levels were reduced by siRNA; additionally, induction of BAG-1L caused suppression of TGFB1 mRNA in colorectal tumour cells. Using reporter and ChIP assays, a direct association of BAG-1 with the TGFB1 gene regulatory region was identified. Immunohistochemistry and Weiser fraction data indicated levels of BAG-1 and TGF-β1 are inversely correlated in the normal colonic epithelium in vivo, consistent with a role for BAG-1-mediated repression of TGF-β1 production. In vitro studies showed that the change in TGF-β1 production following manipulation of BAG-1 is functionally relevant; through induction of anchorage-independent growth in TGF-β1 dependent NRK fibroblasts and regulation of SMAD2 phosphorylation in TGF-β1 sensitive adenoma cells. Taken together, this study identifies the anti-apoptotic protein BAG-1 as a suppressor of the inhibitory growth factor TGF-β1, suggesting that high expression of BAG-1 can impact on a number of the hallmarks of cancer, of potential importance in promoting the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Establishing BAG-1 as a repressor of TGF-β1 has important biological implications, and highlights a new role for BAG-1 in colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Skeen
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Collard TJ, Urban BC, Patsos HA, Hague A, Townsend PA, Paraskeva C, Williams AC. The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) as an anti-apoptotic factor: expression of Rb is required for the anti-apoptotic function of BAG-1 protein in colorectal tumour cells. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e408. [PMID: 23059827 PMCID: PMC3481130 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene RB1 is inactivated in a wide range of human tumours, in colorectal cancer, the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) function is often preserved and the RB locus even amplified. Importantly, we have previously shown that Rb interacts with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1) protein, which is highly expressed in colorectal carcinogenesis. Here we show for the first time that Rb expression is critical for BAG-1 anti-apoptotic activity in colorectal tumour cells. We demonstrate that Rb expression not only increases the nuclear localisation of the anti-apoptotic BAG-1 protein, but that expression of Rb is required for inhibition of apoptosis by BAG-1 both in a γ-irradiated Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line and colorectal adenoma and carcinoma cell lines. Further, consistent with the fact that nuclear BAG-1 has previously been shown to promote cell survival through increasing nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, we demonstrate that the ability of BAG-1 to promote NF-κB activity is significantly inhibited by repression of Rb expression. Taken together, data presented suggest a novel function for Rb, promoting cell survival through regulating the function of BAG-1. As BAG-1 is highly expressed in the majority of colorectal tumours, targeting the Rb–BAG-1 complex to promote apoptosis has exciting potential for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Collard
- Cancer Research UK Colorectal Tumour Biology Research Group, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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11
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Larkin SET, Holmes S, Cree IA, Walker T, Basketter V, Bickers B, Harris S, Garbis SD, Townsend PA, Aukim-Hastie C. Identification of markers of prostate cancer progression using candidate gene expression. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:157-65. [PMID: 22075945 PMCID: PMC3251845 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) has no curative treatment options. Some forms of PCa are indolent and slow growing, while others metastasise quickly and may prove fatal within a very short time. The basis of this variable prognosis is poorly understood, despite considerable research. The aim of this study was to identify markers associated with the progression of PCa. METHODS Artificial neuronal network analysis combined with data from literature and previous work produced a panel of putative PCa progression markers, which were used in a transcriptomic analysis of 29 radical prostatectomy samples and correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS Statistical analysis yielded seven putative markers of PCa progression, ANPEP, ABL1, PSCA, EFNA1, HSPB1, INMT and TRIP13. Two data transformation methods were utilised with only markers that were significant in both selected for further analysis. ANPEP and EFNA1 were significantly correlated with Gleason score. Models of progression co-utilising markers ANPEP and ABL1 or ANPEP and PSCA had the ability to correctly predict indolent or aggressive disease, based on Gleason score, in 89.7% and 86.2% of cases, respectively. Another model of TRIP13 expression in combination with preoperative PSA level and Gleason score was able to correctly predict recurrence in 85.7% of cases. CONCLUSION This proof of principle study demonstrates a novel association of carcinogenic and tumourigenic gene expression with PCa stage and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E T Larkin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michaels Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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Scott PA, Townsend PA, Ng LL, Zeb M, Harris S, Roderick PJ, Curzen NP, Morgan JM. Defining potential to benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: the role of biomarkers. Europace 2011; 13:1419-27. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Tiffon CE, Adams JE, van der Fits L, Wen S, Townsend PA, Ganesan A, Hodges E, Vermeer MH, Packham G. The histone deacetylase inhibitors vorinostat and romidepsin downmodulate IL-10 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1590-602. [PMID: 21198545 PMCID: PMC3057296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vorinostat and romidepsin are histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI), approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, the mechanism(s) by which these drugs exert their anti-cancer effects are not fully understood. Since CTCL is associated with immune dysregulation, we investigated whether these HDI modulated cytokine expression in CTCL cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CTCL cell lines and primary CTCL cells were treated in vitro with vorinostat or romidepsin, or with STAT3 pathway inhibitors. Cell cycle parameters and apoptosis were analysed by propidium iodide and annexin V/propidium iodide staining respectively. Cytokine expression was analysed using QRT-PCR and elisa assays. STAT3 expression/phosphorylation and transcriptional activity were analysed using immunoblotting and transfection/reporter assays respectively. KEY RESULTS Vorinostat and romidepsin strongly down-regulated expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10, frequently overexpressed in CTCL, at both the RNA and protein level in CTCL cell lines and at the RNA level in primary CTCL cells. Vorinostat and romidepsin also increased expression of IFNG RNA and decreased expression of IL-2 and IL-4 RNA, although to a lesser extent compared to IL-10. Transient exposure to vorinostat was sufficient to suppress IL-10 secretion but was not sufficient to irreversibly commit cells to undergo cell death. STAT3 pathway inhibitors decreased production of IL-10 and vorinostat/romidepsin partially decreased STAT3-dependent transcription without effects on STAT3 expression or phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that HDI modulate cytokine expression in CTCL cells, potentially via effects on STAT3. Immunomodulation may contribute to the clinical activity of HDI in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- CE Tiffon
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, UK
| | - JE Adams
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, UK
| | - L van der Fits
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Wen
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
| | - PA Townsend
- Human Genetics Division, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, UK
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK
| | - E Hodges
- Molecular Pathology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS TrustSouthampton, UK
| | - MH Vermeer
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, the Netherlands
| | - G Packham
- Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General HospitalSouthampton, UK
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14
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Mello AJ, Townsend PA, Filardo K. Reforestation and Restoration at the Cloud Forest School in Monteverde, Costa Rica: Learning by Doing. ECOL RESTOR 2010. [DOI: 10.3368/er.28.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Lawrence KM, Kabir AMN, Bellahcene M, Davidson S, Cao XB, McCormick J, Mesquita RA, Carroll CJ, Chanalaris A, Townsend PA, Hubank M, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Marber MS, Latchman DS. Cardioprotection mediated by urocortin is dependent upon PKCε activation. FASEB J 2005; 19:831-3. [PMID: 15764590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2506fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (Ucn) is an endogenous cardioprotective agent that protects against the damaging effects of ischemia and reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. We have found that the mechanism of action of Ucn involves both acute activation of specific target molecules, and using Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) gene chip technology, altered gene expression of different end effector molecules. Here, from our gene chip data, we show that after a 24 h exposure to Ucn, there was a specific increase in mRNA and protein levels of the protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) isozyme in primary rat cardiomyocytes compared with untreated cells and in the Langendorff perfused ex vivo heart. Furthermore, a short 10 min exposure of these cells to Ucn caused a specific translocation/activation of PKCepsilon in vitro and in the Langendorff perfused ex vivo heart. The importance of the PKCepsilon isozyme in cardioprotection and its relationship to cardioprotection produced by Ucn was assessed using PKCepsilon-specific inhibitor peptides. The inhibitor peptide, when introduced into cardiomyocytes, caused an increase in apoptotic cell death compared with control peptide after ischemia and reperfusion. When the inhibitor peptide was present with Ucn, the cardioprotective effect of Ucn was lost. This loss of cardioprotection by Ucn was also seen in whole hearts from PKCepsilon knockout mice. These findings indicate that the cardioprotective effect of Ucn is dependent upon PKCepsilon.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK.
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16
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Parkinson EJ, Townsend PA, Stephanou A, Latchman DS, Eaton S, Pierro A. The protective effect of moderate hypothermia during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion is associated with modification of hepatic transcription factor activation. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:696-701. [PMID: 15137002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Moderate hypothermia throughout intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury reduces multiple organ dysfunction. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been shown to be protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins are pivotal determinants of the cellular response to reperfusion injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of hypothermic protection during IIR. METHODS Adult rats underwent intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR), 60-minute ischemia and 60-minute reperfusion, or sham (120 minutes) at either normothermia or moderate hypothermia. Four groups of animals were studied: (1) normothermic sham (NS), (2) normothermic IIR (NIIR), (3) hypothermic sham (HS), and (4) hypothermic IIR (HIIR). Western blotting measured heat shock protein expression, phosphorylated (p-) and total (T-) hepatic STAT-1 and STAT-3. RESULTS There were no differences in expression of HSPs 27, 47, 60, i70, c70, or 90 between any of the experimental groups. NIIR caused a significant increase in p-STAT-1 compared with normothermic sham (P <.05) and a highly significant increase in p-STAT-3 (P <.001), both these increases were completely abolished by moderate hypothermia (P <.01 v NIIR.) CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of moderate hypothermia on liver is not mediated by HSP expression at this time-point. Hypothermia may act by decreasing hepatic STAT activation, supporting the potential therapeutic role of moderate hypothermia. Modulation of STAT activation may also provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Parkinson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, London, England, UK
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17
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Lawrence KM, Scarabelli TM, Turtle L, Chanalaris A, Townsend PA, Carroll CJ, Hubank M, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Latchman DS. Urocortin protects cardiac myocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating calcium insensitive phospholipase A2gene expression. FASEB J 2003; 17:2313-5. [PMID: 14563694 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0832fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have used Affymetrix gene chip technology to look for changes in gene expression caused by a 24 h exposure of rat primary neonatal cardiac myocytes to the cardioprotective agent urocortin. We observed a 2.5-fold down-regulation at both the mRNA and protein levels of a specific calcium-insensitive phospholipase A2 enzyme. Levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, a toxic metabolite of phospholipase A2, were lowered by 30% in myocytes treated with urocortin for 24 h and by 50% with the irreversible iPLA2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone compared with controls. Both 4 h ischemia and ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion caused a significant increase in lysophosphatidylcholine concentration compared with controls. When these myocytes were pretreated with urocortin, the ischemia-induced increase in lysophosphatidylcholine concentration was significantly lowered. Moreover, co-incubation of cardiac myocytes with urocortin, or the specific phospholipase A2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone, reduces the cytotoxicity produced by lysophosphatidylcholine or ischemia/reperfusion. Similarly, in the intact heart ex vivo we found that cardiac damage measured by infarct size was significantly increased when lysophoshatidylcholine was applied during ischemia, compared with ischemia alone, and that pre-treatment with both urocortin and bromoenol lactone reversed the increase in infarct size. This, to our knowledge, is the first study linking the cardioprotective effect of urocortin to a decrease in a specific enzyme protein and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of its cardiotoxic metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St., London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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18
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Cutress RI, Townsend PA, Brimmell M, Bateman AC, Hague A, Packham G. BAG-1 expression and function in human cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:834-9. [PMID: 12373595 PMCID: PMC2376178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 07/18/2002] [Accepted: 07/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BAG-1 is a multifunctional protein that interacts with a wide range of target molecules to regulate apoptosis, proliferation, transcription, metastasis and motility. Interaction with chaperone molecules may mediate many of the effects of BAG-1. The pathways regulated by BAG-1 play key roles in the development and progression of cancer and determining response to therapy, and there has been considerable interest in determining the clinical significance of BAG-1 expression in malignant cells. There is an emerging picture that BAG-1 expression is frequently altered in a range of human cancers relative to normal cells and a recent report suggests the exciting possibility that BAG-1 expression may have clinical utility as a prognostic marker in early breast cancer. However, other studies of BAG-1 expression in breast cancer and other cancer types have yielded differing results. It is important to view these findings in the context of current knowledge of BAG-1 expression and function. This review summarises recent progress in understanding the clinical significance of BAG-1 expression in cancer in light of our understanding of BAG-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Cutress
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Unit, Cancer Sciences Division, Mail Point 824, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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19
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Lawrence KM, Chanalaris A, Scarabelli T, Hubank M, Pasini E, Townsend PA, Comini L, Ferrari R, Tinker A, Stephanou A, Knight RA, Latchman DS. K(ATP) channel gene expression is induced by urocortin and mediates its cardioprotective effect. Circulation 2002; 106:1556-62. [PMID: 12234964 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000028424.02525.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urocortin is a novel cardioprotective agent that can protect cardiac myocytes from the damaging effects of ischemia/reperfusion both in culture and in the intact heart and is effective when given at reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS We have analyzed global changes in gene expression in cardiac myocytes after urocortin treatment using gene chip technology. We report that urocortin specifically induces enhanced expression of the Kir 6.1 cardiac potassium channel subunit. On the basis of this finding, we showed that the cardioprotective effect of urocortin both in isolated cardiac cells and in the intact heart is specifically blocked by both generalized and mitochondrial-specific K(ATP) channel blockers, whereas the cardioprotective effect of cardiotrophin-1 is unaffected. Conversely, inhibiting the Kir 6.1 channel subunit greatly enhances cardiac cell death after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the altered expression of a K(ATP) channel subunit induced by a cardioprotective agent and demonstrates that K(ATP) channel opening is essential for the effect of this novel cardioprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
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20
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Townsend PA, Dublin E, Hart IR, Kao RH, Hanby AM, Cutress RI, Poulsom R, Ryder K, Barnes DM, Packham G. BAG-i expression in human breast cancer: interrelationship between BAG-1 RNA, protein, HSC70 expression and clinico-pathological data. J Pathol 2002; 197:51-9. [PMID: 12081204 DOI: 10.1002/path.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BAG-1 (BCL-2 athanogene-1), a multifunctional protein which associates with steroid hormone receptors (including the oestrogen receptor) and the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein, regulates steroid hormone-dependent transcription and apoptosis. Direct interaction with 70 kD heat-shock proteins, HSC70 and HSP70, may mediate the diverse functions of BAG-1. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of BAG-1 and HSC70 in 160 cases of invasive breast cancer. BAG-1 was expressed in 92% of cases; most tumours exhibited cytoplasmic BAG-1, while a smaller proportion also had nuclear immunostaining. There was a significant inverse correlation between histological grade and nuclear BAG-1 expression, with higher-grade tumours tending to have reduced nuclear BAG-1 expression, but there was no association with cytoplasmic BAG-1. There was also no significant correlation between nuclear or cytoplasmic BAG-1 expression and oestrogen receptor positivity. Since BAG-1 may be influenced by hormonal background, the relationship between grade and oestrogen receptor was examined separately in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. The statistically significant correlation between nuclear BAG-1 expression and low tumour grade was strong in pre-menopausal, but not apparent in postmenopausal women. A statistically significant correlation was observed between cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, BAG-1 expression and oestrogen receptor status in pre-menopausal, but not postmenopausal, women. There was no correlation between BAG-1 protein expression and RNA, suggesting that important post-transcriptional mechanisms control BAG-1 expression in vivo. HSC70 was also detected in the majority (97%) of cases, although expression was not correlated with BAG-1 levels, oestrogen receptor status or tumour grade. Overall survival in cases with high levels of nuclear BAG-1 expression was improved, though not significantly. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that BAG-1 plays an important but variable role in breast cancers developing in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Townsend
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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21
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Cutress RI, Townsend PA, Bateman AC, Johnson PW, Ryder K, Barnes DM, Packham G. BAG-1 immunostaining and survival in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:3706-7. [PMID: 11504752 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.16.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Lewis CA, Townsend PA, Isacke CM. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates the phosphorylation of CD44 required for cell migration on hyaluronan. Biochem J 2001; 357:843-50. [PMID: 11463356 PMCID: PMC1222015 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, and binding to this ligand underlies CD44-mediated cell attachment and migration. As would be expected for a widely expressed adhesion receptor, CD44 is subject to complex regulatory events, and mis-regulation of the receptor has been associated with a number of disease pathologies, including chronic inflammatory conditions and the progression of metastatic tumours. In previous studies we have demonstrated that a key control point for this receptor is the phosphorylation of CD44 on a conserved cytoplasmic serine residue, Ser(325). This modification is not required for efficient ligand binding, but is an essential component of CD44-dependent cell migration on a hyaluronan substratum. To understand better the mechanism regulating CD44 phosphorylation on Ser(325), we have generated a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes CD44 phosphorylated on Ser(325), and have developed assays to identify the Ser(325) kinase. We demonstrate here that CD44 is phosphorylated to high stoichiometry in resting cells and that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is a CD44 Ser(325) kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lewis
- Department of Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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23
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MacCarthy-Morrogh L, Townsend PA, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Packham G. Differential effects of estrone and estrone-3-O-sulfamate derivatives on mitotic. Arrest, apoptosis, and microtubule assembly in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60:5441-50. [PMID: 11034086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the potential use of estrogen derivatives for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. We demonstrated previously that the sulfamoylated estrone derivative 2-methoxyestrone-3-O-sulfamate (2-MeOEMATE) induced G2-M cell cycle arrest and modest levels of apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro, whereas the parent estrone derivative, 2-methoxyestrone, did not. 2-MeOEMATE also induced breast tumor regression in vivo in intact rats. To further explore the significance of sulfamoylation on the anticancer activity of estrone derivatives and to elucidate their mechanism of action, we synthesized two additional agents, 2-ethylestrone and 2-ethylestrone-3-O-sulfamate (2EtEMATE). 2-MeOEMATE and 2-EtEMATE inhibited the growth of a panel of estrogen receptor-negative and -positive breast cancer cell lines in vitro, induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis, and suppressed the long-term clonogenic potential of MCF7 and CAL51 breast cancer cells. In each assay, the sulfamoylated estrone derivatives were >10-fold more potent than their parent compounds. The sulfamoylated estrone derivatives were also significantly more potent inhibitors of cell growth than the previously studied endogenous estradiol metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol. 2-MeOEMATE and 2-EtEMATE functioned as antimicrotubule agents and inhibited the ability of paclitaxel to promote tubulin assembly in vitro. Like other antimicrotubule agents, the sulfamoylated estrone derivatives induced BCL-2 and BCL-XL phosphorylation and increased p53 expression. 2-MeOEMATE and 2-EtEMATE are novel antimicrotubule agents that have potent anticancer activity in breast cancer cells in vitro and may be beneficial as anticancer agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L MacCarthy-Morrogh
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK
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24
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Townsend PA, Villanova I, Uhlmann E, Peyman A, Knolle J, Baron R, Teti A, Horton MA. An antisense oligonucleotide targeting the alphaV integrin gene inhibits adhesion and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:397-409. [PMID: 10708943 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to show the anti-adhesive potential of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) approach when designed to suppress the cellular function of the alphaV integrin subunit in breast cancer cells. The alphaV integrins play major roles in favouring breast cancer spreading. In this study, we inhibited alphaV subunit synthesis in the human breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB231, by a partially phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (5543-ODN). The alphaV antisense 5543-ODN reduced alphaV, but not actin, mRNA transcription and protein expression by 55% and 65% respectively (1 microM, 72 h). Control sense and mismatch reagents were inactive. The antisense, but not the sense and mismatch, 5543-ODN induced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of MDA-MB231 adhesion to serum, vitronectin, fibrinogen and fibronectin substrates but was inactive on adhesion to laminin. Thus, the alphaV integrin was located in adhesion structures, which were disrupted by treatment with the alphaV antisense 5543-ODN. Antisense treated cells also showed evidence of programmed cell death with the appearance of apoptotic bodies. MDA-MB231 cells express a mutant form of the pro-apoptotic factor p53; however, no changes in the expression of p53 were observed by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence did reveal an increased nuclear translocation of p53 suggesting activation of the protein, but such a translocation did not lead to significant changes in either the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1/CIP1) the cell survival factor Bcl-2 or the pro-apoptotic factor Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Townsend
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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25
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Villanova I, Townsend PA, Uhlmann E, Knolle J, Peyman A, Amling M, Baron R, Horton MA, Teti A. Oligodeoxynucleotide targeted to the alphav gene inhibits alphav integrin synthesis, impairs osteoclast function, and activates intracellular signals to apoptosis. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14:1867-79. [PMID: 10571687 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.11.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The alphav integrin subunit is highly expressed in osteoclasts where it dimerizes with beta1 and beta3 subunits to form receptors for vitronectin and bone sialoproteins. Inhibition of osteoclast adhesion and function has previously been achieved by alphavbeta3 antibodies or Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptides which have the disadvantages of blocking a single receptor type, or of being rather nonspecific, respectively. Here we show that alphav integrin expression in rabbit osteoclasts can be inhibited by partially phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) spanning the adenine-uracil-guanine (AUG) translational start site of the human/rabbit alphav gene, a procedure which offers the advantage of affecting all the alphav receptors with high efficiency. The alphav antisense ODN caused a dose-dependent, substrate-specific reduction of osteoclast adhesion and bone resorption. Control ODNs, such as sense, inverted, and mismatch, were without effect, providing evidence of specificity of the antisense reagent. It is likely as a consequence of loss of substrate interaction, the antisense ODN induced osteoclast retraction and apoptosis, increase of the cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complex inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, and inhibition of the cell survival gene, bcl-2. Although the expression of the cell death-promoting gene, bax, remained unchanged, a reduction of the bcl-2/bax ratio, known to underlie the intracellular signal to apoptosis, was observed. This finding led us to hypothesize that these changes could provide a link between reduction of alphav synthesis and osteoclast programmed death. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the use of alphav antisense ODN as an efficacious mechanism for blocking osteoclast function and underscores for the first time the involvement of integrins in bone cell apoptosis. In vivo studies may verify potential application of this ODN as alternative therapy for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Villanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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26
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Abstract
The involvement of beta1 integrins in osteoclast function has been investigated by utilising an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) approach. 18-mer antisense and control phosphorothioate ODNs were made to a conserved internal region of beta1 integrin sequence (nucleotide positions 1634-1651 of the human beta1 fibronectin receptor). These were tested on rabbit osteoclasts for anti-adhesive and resorptive effects mediated by alphaVbeta3 and alpha2beta1, the major integrins of osteoclasts. Antisense, but not control, beta1 ODNs inhibited osteoclast adhesion to collagen-coated glass (by up to 70%), but not to glass coated with vitronectin, fibronectin or fibrinogen. Adhesion to dentine and subsequent resorption were also inhibited (up to 60%) in a sequence-specific manner. The mechanism of action was verified using both a melanoma cell line, DX3, which expresses multiple integrins at high level including alphaVbeta3 and alpha2beta1, and in a rabbit osteoclast marrow culture (BMC) system. Exposure of DX3 cells to antisense ODN for up to 48 hours reduced adhesion to FCS- and collagen-coated glass, and concomitantly inhibited beta1 protein expression assessed by FACS and Western blot analysis; expression of other integrin subunits, alphaV and beta3, was unaffected. Similarly, the beta1 protein levels in the BMC were reduced by > 75% without any effect on actin expression. These data reveal the utility of antisense ODNs in exploring osteoclast biology and further define the functional role of osteoclastic beta1 integrin(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Townsend
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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27
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Roberts WS, Kavanagh JJ, Greenberg H, Bryson SC, LaPolla JP, Townsend PA, Hoffman MS, Cavanagh D, Hewitt S. Concomitant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced squamous carcinoma of the lower female genital tract. Gynecol Oncol 1989; 34:183-6. [PMID: 2753423 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(89)90138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-three consecutive patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the lower female genital tract were entered into a pilot study to determine the response rate and toxicity of a combination of intravenous cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil given concomitantly with radiation therapy. Twenty (87%) of the patients had a complete clinical response. Two patients (9%) had a partial response and one (4%) had stable disease. Nine (45%) of the complete responders have recurred with a median time to recurrence of 4 months. Seven (35%) had some component of local recurrence. The complete responders who have not recurred have been followed a median of 17 months. The acute toxicity was generally mild and there was no life-threatening acute complications. Three patients developed significant late complications. The response rate in this study was very high. The responses were usually prompt and dramatic, but often not sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Roberts
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa 33682
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28
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Hughes RB, Townsend PA, Branum QK. Relationship between neonatal behavioral responses and lactation outcomes. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 1988; 11:271-81. [PMID: 3072325 DOI: 10.3109/01460868809038021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Four cases are described of acute peripheral arterial occlusion associated with surgery for gynecologic cancer during the 5 years 1979 to 1983 at the University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Hospital Center. No such cases were recorded during the preceding 5 years. The probable underlying etiologic factors are discussed and recommendations made regarding the evaluation and management of such patients.
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30
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Lovecchio JL, Averette HE, Lichtinger M, Townsend PA, Girtanner RW, Fenton AN. Treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cis-Platinum, and megestrol acetate. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63:557-60. [PMID: 6538327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A prospective clinical trial using combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cis-Platinum and megestrol acetate (CAP-M) was initiated to study its effect on advanced or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma. Fifteen patients were clinically evaluable. Nine patients (60%) demonstrated an overall objective clinical response resulting in either complete regression of disease (33%) or a reduction in tumor size. For all responders the mean progression free interval was eight months, with a range of five to 11 months. Similarly, a mean survival time of 12 months with a range of five to 21 months was observed. An additional four patients showed no progressive disease for a mean of seven months duration. Reversible cis-Platinum-induced nephrotoxicity occurred in two patients. This is the first reported series of endometrial cancer patients using nonhormonal cytotoxic agents, including cis-Platinum, in conjunction with a progestin. This preliminary experience is encouraging and appears worthy of further clinical evaluation.
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31
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Townsend PA. Surgical Staging for Gynaecological Cancer. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 1984. [DOI: 10.3109/01443618409075759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Mooney NA, Townsend PA, Wiltshaw E, Evans DG, Shanti-Raju K, Poulton TA. An assessment of sequential measurements of immune complex levels in ovarian cancer patients with respect to clinical progress. Gynecol Oncol 1983; 15:207-13. [PMID: 6299906 DOI: 10.1016/0090-8258(83)90076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of immune-complex levels as an additional parameter in the clinical follow-up of ovarian cancer patients is described. These patients were treated aggressively with monthly chemotherapy following surgery. Sequential measurements of immune-complex levels have been carried out concurrently and clinical findings were recorded in a uniform manner suitable for comparison with the levels of immune complexes. The relationships between changes in tumor mass and changes in levels of immune complexes were investigated. A significant relationship between decreasing immune-complex levels and simultaneously decreasing tumor mass was found. Chemotherapy was associated with a decrease in immune-complex levels which increased again within 1 month. These data did not support an effective role for immune-complex levels in the evaluation of these patients.
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