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Damilos S, Saliakas S, Kokkinopoulos I, Karayannis P, Karamitrou M, Trompeta AF, Charitidis C, Koumoulos EP. Occupational Safety Analysis for COVID-Instigated Repurposed Manufacturing Lines: Use of Nanomaterials in Injection Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122418. [PMID: 35745994 PMCID: PMC9228191 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic instigated massive production of critical medical supplies and personal protective equipment. Injection moulding (IM) is considered the most prominent thermoplastic part manufacturing technique, offering the use of a large variety of feedstocks and rapid production capacity. Within the context of the European Commission-funded imPURE project, the benefits of IM have been exploited in repurposed IM lines to accommodate the use of nanocomposites and introduce the unique properties of nanomaterials. However, these amendments in the manufacturing lines highlighted the need for targeted and thorough occupational risk analysis due to the potential exposure of workers to airborne nanomaterials and fumes, as well as the introduction of additional occupational hazards. In this work, a safety-oriented failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was implemented to evaluate the main hazards in repurposed IM lines using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as additives. Twenty-eight failure modes were identified, with the upper quartile including the seven failure modes presenting the highest risk priority numbers (RPN), signifying a need for immediate control action. Additionally, a nanosafety control-banding tool allowed hazard classification and the identification of control actions required for mitigation of occupation risks due to the released airborne silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Damilos
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Stratos Saliakas
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Karayannis
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Melpo Karamitrou
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composites, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.-F.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composites, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.-F.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Costas Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composites, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (A.-F.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Elias P. Koumoulos
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Petrakli F, Gkika A, Bonou A, Karayannis P, Koumoulos EP, Semitekolos D, Trompeta AF, Rocha N, Santos RM, Simmonds G, Monaghan G, Valota G, Gong G, Charitidis CA. End-of-Life Recycling Options of (Nano)Enhanced CFRP Composite Prototypes Waste-A Life Cycle Perspective. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2129. [PMID: 32961922 PMCID: PMC7570043 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of '1 product piece'. Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Petrakli
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Anastasia Gkika
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Alexandra Bonou
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Karayannis
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Elias P. Koumoulos
- IRES—Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions, Rue Koningin Astritlaan 59B, 1780 Wemmel, Belgium; (F.P.); (A.G.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Dionisis Semitekolos
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Nuno Rocha
- INEGI—Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management & LAETA—Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (N.R.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Raquel M. Santos
- INEGI—Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management & LAETA—Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics, FEUP Campus, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (N.R.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Guy Simmonds
- AP&M—Anthony, Patrick and Murta Exportacao, Estrada Nacional 120-Falfeira—Lagos, 8600-308 Lagos, Portugal;
| | - Glen Monaghan
- GSG—Global Safe Guard Ltd., 2 Longhorsley, Morpeth NE65 8RX, UK;
| | - Giorgio Valota
- Brembo S.p.A, CURNO (Bergamo)—Via Brembo, 25, 24035 Curno, Italy;
| | - Guan Gong
- RISE SICOMP AB, Fibervägen 2, 943 33 Öjebyn, Sweden;
| | - Costas A. Charitidis
- RNANO Lab.—Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials & Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15773 Zographos Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (A.-F.T.); (C.A.C.)
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Karayannis P, Petrakli F, Gkika A, Koumoulos EP. 3D-Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems-Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E825. [PMID: 31795128 PMCID: PMC6969929 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a detailed strategy for Safe-by-Design (SbD) 3D-printed lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device manufacturing, using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. First, the applicability of FFF in lab-on-a-chip device development is briefly discussed. Subsequently, a methodology to categorize, identify and implement SbD measures for FFF is suggested. Furthermore, the most crucial health risks involved in FFF processes are examined, placing the focus on the examination of ultrafine particle (UFP) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission hazards. Thus, a SbD scheme for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing is provided, while also taking into account process optimization for obtaining satisfactory printed LOC quality. This work can serve as a guideline for the effective application of FFF technology for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing through the safest applicable way, towards a continuous effort to support sustainable development of lab-on-a-chip devices through cost-effective means.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elias P. Koumoulos
- Innovation in Research & Engineering Solutions (IRES), Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79/22, 1080 Brussels, Belgium; (P.K.); (F.P.); (A.G.)
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Zoidis G, Kolocouris N, Foscolos GB, Kolocouris A, Fytas G, Karayannis P, Padalko E, Neyts J, De Clercq E. Are the 2-Isomers of the Drug Rimantadine Active Anti-Influenza a Agents? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:153-64. [PMID: 14521332 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of information in the medical chemistry literature concerning the anti-influenza A activity of the drug rimantadine's 2-isomer (2-rimantadine). We now present results showing that, although 2-adamantanamine (2-amantadine) 3 is only moderately active, some 2-rimantadine analogues are effective anti-influenza A virus agents in vitro. The 2-rimantadine analogues and their spirocyclobutane and spirocyclopentane congeners were synthesized through interesting routes. The 2-rimantadine analogues were 2–4 times more potent than rimantadine 2 against influenza virus A H2N2 strain; their spirocyclobutane congeners proved equally active to rimanta-dine 2. Two compounds exhibited a similar activity and one of the compounds was was fourfold more potent than rimantadine 2 against H3N2 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Marrone A, Zampino R, Karayannis P, Cirillo G, Cesaro G, Guerrera B, Ricciotti R, del Giudice EM, Utili R, Adinolfi LE, Ruggiero G. Clinical reactivation during lamivudine treatment correlates with mutations in the precore/core promoter and polymerase regions of hepatitis B virus in patients with anti-hepatitis B e-positive chronic hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:707-14. [PMID: 16197491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-resistant mutants may emerge in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving lamivudine therapy. AIM To evaluate whether different viral mutational patterns may be associated with clinical reactivation during lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic B hepatitis. METHODS Eight anti-hepatitis B e-positive patients with (group A) and 14 patients without clinical exacerbation (five anti-hepatitis B e-positive, group B1; nine hepatitis B e antigen-positive, group B2) during lamivudine treatment were investigated. RESULTS 'Polymerase region': M204V/I variants were found in all group A patients, but in none of group B1 (P=0.0007) and in four of nine of group B2 (44%; P=0.02) patients. The L180M substitution was detected in four of eight (50%) of group A and in none of groups B1 and B2. 'Core promoter': the double basic core promoter (A1762T/G1764A) variant was detected in seven of eight (87%) of group A and in one of five (20%; P=0.03) of group B1 and one of nine (11%; P=0.002) of group B2 patients. 'Precore': the G1896A stop codon mutation was present in seven of eight (87%) of group A and in zero of five (P=0.004) of group B1 and one of nine (11%; P=0.002) of group B2. CONCLUSIONS Different mutational patterns were observed in the lamivudine-treated patients with and without exacerbation. There was an association of the basic core promoter and stop codon mutations with lamivudine resistance in patients with disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marrone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy.
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