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Jamali R, Generosi A, Villafan JY, Mengoni M, Pelagalli L, Battista G, Martarelli M, Chiariotti P, Mansi SA, Arnesano M, Castellini P. Facial Expression Recognition for Measuring Jurors' Attention in Acoustic Jury Tests. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2298. [PMID: 38610510 PMCID: PMC11014261 DOI: 10.3390/s24072298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The perception of sound greatly impacts users' emotional states, expectations, affective relationships with products, and purchase decisions. Consequently, assessing the perceived quality of sounds through jury testing is crucial in product design. However, the subjective nature of jurors' responses may limit the accuracy and reliability of jury test outcomes. This research explores the utility of facial expression analysis in jury testing to enhance response reliability and mitigate subjectivity. Some quantitative indicators allow the research hypothesis to be validated, such as the correlation between jurors' emotional responses and valence values, the accuracy of jury tests, and the disparities between jurors' questionnaire responses and the emotions measured by FER (facial expression recognition). Specifically, analysis of attention levels during different statuses reveals a discernible decrease in attention levels, with 70 percent of jurors exhibiting reduced attention levels in the 'distracted' state and 62 percent in the 'heavy-eyed' state. On the other hand, regression analysis shows that the correlation between jurors' valence and their choices in the jury test increases when considering the data where the jurors are attentive. The correlation highlights the potential of facial expression analysis as a reliable tool for assessing juror engagement. The findings suggest that integrating facial expression recognition can enhance the accuracy of jury testing in product design by providing a more dependable assessment of user responses and deeper insights into participants' reactions to auditory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jamali
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Andrea Generosi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Josè Yuri Villafan
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Maura Mengoni
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Leonardo Pelagalli
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Battista
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Milena Martarelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Privata Giuseppe La Masa, 1, 20156 Milano, Italy;
| | - Silvia Angela Mansi
- Università Telematica eCampus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (S.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Arnesano
- Università Telematica eCampus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, Italy; (S.A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (R.J.); (J.Y.V.); (M.M.); (L.P.); (M.M.); (P.C.)
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Giulietti N, Caputo A, Chiariotti P, Castellini P. SwimmerNET: Underwater 2D Swimmer Pose Estimation Exploiting Fully Convolutional Neural Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2364. [PMID: 36850962 PMCID: PMC9966167 DOI: 10.3390/s23042364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Professional swimming coaches make use of videos to evaluate their athletes' performances. Specifically, the videos are manually analyzed in order to observe the movements of all parts of the swimmer's body during the exercise and to give indications for improving swimming technique. This operation is time-consuming, laborious and error prone. In recent years, alternative technologies have been introduced in the literature, but they still have severe limitations that make their correct and effective use impossible. In fact, the currently available techniques based on image analysis only apply to certain swimming styles; moreover, they are strongly influenced by disturbing elements (i.e., the presence of bubbles, splashes and reflections), resulting in poor measurement accuracy. The use of wearable sensors (accelerometers or photoplethysmographic sensors) or optical markers, although they can guarantee high reliability and accuracy, disturb the performance of the athletes, who tend to dislike these solutions. In this work we introduce swimmerNET, a new marker-less 2D swimmer pose estimation approach based on the combined use of computer vision algorithms and fully convolutional neural networks. By using a single 8 Mpixel wide-angle camera, the proposed system is able to estimate the pose of a swimmer during exercise while guaranteeing adequate measurement accuracy. The method has been successfully tested on several athletes (i.e., different physical characteristics and different swimming technique), obtaining an average error and a standard deviation (worst case scenario for the dataset analyzed) of approximately 1 mm and 10 mm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giulietti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Caputo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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de Alteriis G, Conte C, Caputo E, Chiariotti P, Accardo D, Cigada A, Schiano Lo Moriello R. Low-Cost and High-Performance Solution for Positioning and Monitoring of Large Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1788. [PMID: 35270934 PMCID: PMC8914905 DOI: 10.3390/s22051788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Systems for accurate attitude and position monitoring of large structures, such as bridges, tunnels, and offshore platforms are changing in recent years thanks to the exploitation of sensors based on Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) as an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Currently adopted solutions are, in fact, mainly based on fiber optic sensors (characterized by high performance in attitude estimation to the detriment of relevant costs large volumes and heavy weights) and integrated with a Global Position System (GPS) capable of providing low-frequency or single-update information about the position. To provide a cost-effective alternative and overcome the limitations in terms of dimensions and position update frequency, a suitable solution and a corresponding prototype, exhibiting performance very close to those of the traditional solutions, are presented and described hereinafter. The solution leverages a real-time Kalman filter that, along with the proper features of the MEMS inertial sensor and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS, allows achieving performance in terms of attitude and position estimates suitable for this kind of application. The results obtained in a number of tests underline the promising reliability and effectiveness of the solution in estimating the attitude and position of large structures. In particular, several tests carried out in the laboratory highlighted high system stability; standard deviations of attitude estimates as low as 0.04° were, in fact, experienced in tests conducted in static conditions. Moreover, the prototype performance was also compared with a fiber optic sensor in tests emulating actual operating conditions; differences in the order of a few hundredths of a degree were found in the attitude measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio de Alteriis
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (R.S.L.M.)
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Claudia Conte
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (R.S.L.M.)
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, Italy
| | - Enzo Caputo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (R.S.L.M.)
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy; (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Accardo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (R.S.L.M.)
| | - Alfredo Cigada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy; (P.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Rosario Schiano Lo Moriello
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (E.C.); (D.A.); (R.S.L.M.)
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Tessarolo F, Nollo G, Maniglio D, Rigoni M, Benedetti L, Helfer F, Corradi I, Rovati L, Ferrari A, Piccini M, Accorsi L, Veronesi E, Cuoghi A, Baglio S, Tuccitto N, Stefani S, Stracquadanio S, Caraci F, Terrasi A, Tricomi A, Musumeci M, Miraglia A, Cuttone G, Cosentino S, Muscas C, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Angrisani L, Colicchio R, D’Anna A, Iavicoli I, De Falco G, Di Natale F, Di Maio E, Salvatore P, Quaglia F, Mingoia M, Castellini P, Chiariotti P, Simoni S, Montalto L, Baleani A, Paone N. Testing Surgical Face Masks in an Emergency Context: The Experience of Italian Laboratories during the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1462. [PMID: 33557403 PMCID: PMC7915703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic brought about a broader use of masks by both professionals and the general population. This resulted in a severe worldwide shortage of devices and the need to increase import and activate production of safe and effective surgical masks at the national level. In order to support the demand for testing surgical masks in the Italian context, Universities provided their contribution by setting up laboratories for testing mask performance before releasing products into the national market. This paper reports the effort of seven Italian university laboratories who set up facilities for testing face masks during the emergency period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Measurement set-ups were built, adapting the methods specified in the EN 14683:2019+AC. Data on differential pressure (DP) and bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of 120 masks, including different materials and designs, were collected over three months. More than 60% of the masks satisfied requirements for DP and BFE set by the standard. Masks made of nonwoven polypropylene with at least three layers (spunbonded-meltblown-spunbonded) showed the best results, ensuring both good breathability and high filtration efficiency. The majority of the masks created with alternative materials and designs did not comply with both standard requirements, resulting in suitability only as community masks. The effective partnering between universities and industries to meet a public need in an emergency context represented a fruitful example of the so-called university "third-mission".
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tessarolo
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Giandomenico Nollo
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Devid Maniglio
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Marta Rigoni
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Luca Benedetti
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Fabrizia Helfer
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivan Corradi
- LASS-TN-Covid-19 Laboratorio Associato per la Verifica di Dispositivi di Protezione, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Trento and Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari di Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (G.N.); (D.M.); (M.R.); (L.B.); (F.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Luigi Rovati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Mattia Piccini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Accorsi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Elena Veronesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Aurora Cuoghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena—Italy and Science & Technology Park for Medicine, TPM, 41037 Modena, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.); (M.P.); (L.A.); (E.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Salvo Baglio
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Stracquadanio
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Filippo Caraci
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonio Terrasi
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessia Tricomi
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Mario Musumeci
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-Italia-Sicilia-Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Miraglia
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-Italia-Sicilia-Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- AntiCovidLab, Torre Biologica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.B.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (S.S.); (F.C.); (A.T.); (A.T.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.)
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-Italia-Sicilia-Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sofia Cosentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlo Muscas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (S.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Luca Agostino Vitali
- UNICAM- U-TYM Lab Microbiologia—ex Dip. Biologia, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- UNICAM- U-TYM Lab Microbiologia—ex Dip. Biologia, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.A.V.); (D.P.)
| | - Leopoldo Angrisani
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Gianluigi De Falco
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Francesco Di Natale
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Presidio Tecnico/Scientifico di Ateneo per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80124 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (R.C.); (A.D.); (I.I.); (G.D.F.); (F.D.N.); (E.D.M.); (P.S.); (F.Q.)
| | - Marina Mingoia
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Paolo Castellini
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Serena Simoni
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Luigi Montalto
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Alessia Baleani
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicola Paone
- LABC19 Centro di Ricerca e Servizio per l’Emergenza COVID-19, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.B.); (N.P.)
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Minnetti E, Chiariotti P, Paone N, Garcia G, Vicente H, Violini L, Castellini P. A Smartphone Integrated Hand-Held Gap and Flush Measurement System for in Line Quality Control of Car Body Assembly. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20113300. [PMID: 32531962 PMCID: PMC7309121 DOI: 10.3390/s20113300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and the characterization of a portable laser triangulation measurement system for measuring gap and flush in the car body assembly process. Targeting Human in the Loop (HILT) operations in the manufacturing sector, and in line with the vision of human empowerment with Industry 4.0 technologies, the instrument embeds features to ease operators’ activity and compensate possible misuse that could affect the robustness and the quality of data acquired. The device is based on a smartphone integrated with a miniaturized laser triangulation system installed in a cover. The device embodies additional sensors and control systems in order to guarantee operators’ safety (switching on and off the laser line based on specific conditions), support operators during the measurement execution task, and optimize the image acquisition process for minimizing the uncertainty associated to the measurement. The smartphone performs on-board processing and allows Wi-Fi communication with the plant IT infrastructure. Compliance to Industry 4.0 requirements is guaranteed using OPC-UA (Open Platform Communications—Unified Architecture) communication protocol enabling the exchange of live data with the plant middleware. The smartphone provides also an advanced high-resolution color display and well proven and ergonomic human–machine interfaces, which have been fully exploited in the design. The paper introduces the system optical layout and then presents the algorithms implemented to realize the gap and flush measurement. The paper finally presents the calibration of the instrument and estimates its calibration uncertainty in laboratory conditions. Then it discusses how performance decays when the operator handles the instrument on a reference car body. Finally, it shows the analysis of uncertainty when the device is used on real car bodies of different colors in a production line. It is observed that the measurement uncertainty of the whole measurement chain (measurand + instrument + operator + uncontrolled environmental conditions) is larger than the instrument calibration uncertainty because the measurement process is affected by the operator and the variable conditions of the production line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Minnetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 6013 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (N.P.); (L.V.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Chiariotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 6013 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (N.P.); (L.V.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Paone
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 6013 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (N.P.); (L.V.); (P.C.)
| | - Gisela Garcia
- Volkswagen Autoeuropa, 2954-024 Q.ta do Anjo, Portugal; (G.G.); (H.V.)
| | - Helder Vicente
- Volkswagen Autoeuropa, 2954-024 Q.ta do Anjo, Portugal; (G.G.); (H.V.)
| | - Luca Violini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 6013 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (N.P.); (L.V.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Castellini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 6013 Ancona, Italy; (E.M.); (N.P.); (L.V.); (P.C.)
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