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A P, D FDS, M J, T.S S, Sankaran S, Pittu PSKR, S V. Development of artificial intelligence edge computing based wearable device for fall detection and prevention of elderly people. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28688. [PMID: 38628753 PMCID: PMC11019185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Elderly falls are a major concerning threat resulting in over 1.5-2 million elderly people experiencing severe injuries and 1 million deaths yearly. Falls experienced by Elderly people may lead to a long-term negative impact on their physical and psychological health conditions. Major healthcare research had focused on this lately to detect and prevent the fall. In this work, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) edge computing based wearable device is designed and developed for detection and prevention of fall of elderly people. Further, the various deep learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are utilized for activity recognition of elderly. Also, the CNN-LSTM, RNN-LSTM and GRU-LSTM with and without attention layer respectively are utilized and the performance metrics are analyzed to find the best deep learning model. Furthermore, the three different hardware boards such as Jetson Nano developer board, Raspberry PI 3 and 4 are utilized as an AI edge computing device and the best deep learning model is implemented and the computation time is evaluated. Results demonstrate that the CNN-LSTM with attention layer exhibits the accuracy, recall, precision and F1_Score of 97%, 98%, 98% and 0.98 respectively which is better when compared to other deep learning models. Also, the computation time of NVIDIA Jetson Nano is less when compared to other edge computing devices. This work appears to be of high societal relevance since the proposed wearable device can be used to monitor the activity of elderly and prevents the elderly falls which improve the quality of life of elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam A
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Ferlin Deva Shahila D
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Jenath M
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Sivakumaran T.S
- Department of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Bule Hora University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Sakthivel Sankaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, 626126, India
| | - Pavan Sai Kiran Reddy Pittu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi S
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India
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S D, P A, As SG, A P, J VP. Deciphering the Genetic Alteration in the ZEB2 Gene Network and Their Possible Association With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Cureus 2023; 15:e46440. [PMID: 37927751 PMCID: PMC10622604 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an abnormal growth of cells that leads to tumor formation in the head and neck region. Several genes and genetic networks are involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Aim The aim of the present study is to unravel the prognostic marker from a pool of interacting networks governed by the ZEB2gene. Materials and methods Computational analysis was employed to identify the protein network interactions, genetic alterations, gene expression, and the survival analysis of the ZEB2 dysregulated network in the head and neck cancer dataset (HNSCC) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Firehose Legacy. The gene expression profiling and survival analysis were performed for the gene with the highest frequency of genetic alteration. Result The interaction network returned nine genes that interact with ZEB2. The ARHGAP31 gene was found to harbor the highest frequency of alteration at the genomic as well as the transcriptomic levels. Survival was also found to be significant with respect to the differential gene expression pattern while comparing the genders and different ethnic groups. Females with higher expression of ARHGAP31 and the Asian population exhibiting low/medium expression of the same were found to present with poor survival probability. Conclusion The identification of putative drivers or a candidate gene of a network could provide clues about the association with the disease phenotype of HNSCC. The present study identifies ARHGAP31 as the key gene of the ZEB2 gene network, wherein the genetic alterations correlate with the transcriptomics data and the survival probability of patients segregated based on gender and race. Further experimental evaluation is warranted to confirm the association of this infamous gene ARHGAP31 with the development of oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya S
- Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Anitha P
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Smiline Girija As
- Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Paramasivam A
- Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Vijayashree Priyadharsini J
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Abilasha R, Anitha P, Paramasivam A. Engineered Dex: A promising therapeutic strategy for oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 124:101277. [PMID: 36058533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - R Abilasha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - P Anitha
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Jaiswal A, Holzhey P, Budhiraja S, Paramasivam A, Santhakumaran S, Cöté S, Boie NR, Savundranayagam M, Vincent C, Kröger E, Wittich W. 1011 CONTINUUM OF GERIATRIC CARE FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH DUAL SENSORY LOSS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CANADA: LESSONS LEARNED. Age Ageing 2022. [PMCID: PMC9384318 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac126.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Around 1.1 million older Canadians live with combined hearing and vision impairment (dual sensory loss/DSL). Evidence highlights that they are at a high risk of cognitive impairment, functional decline, social isolation, falls, depression, and mortality. Compared to their non-DSL peers, older adults with DSL experience various challenges in accessing healthcare, which were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the continuum of geriatric care for older adults with DSL by integrating their perspectives, those of caregivers who accompany them on healthcare visits, and their healthcare providers in Canada during the pandemic. Method We conducted a qualitative study with 32 older Canadians with DSL and their caregivers, and an online survey with 228 healthcare providers across the country. Qualitative interviews were audio-recorded using Zoom and transcribed verbatim, while the survey data were collected using Lime Survey. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, whereas descriptive statistics were used for quantitative survey data. Results The findings highlighted the gaps in the continuum of care for this population. The reported gaps were lack of training on DSL among healthcare providers, lack of time and comfort to go beyond one’s specialty, lack or limited support to overcome communication challenges while providing care to older adults with DSL, difficulty in using technologies for virtual/telehealth, presence of comorbidities such as cognitive impairment, and restrictions in caregiver accompaniment during the pandemic. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the continuum of care for this group is negatively affected due to the pandemic, in a disproportionate manner, and structural barriers are experienced by older adults with DSL and their caregivers for access to care. To ensure effective care, healthcare professionals need training on DSL-specific accessibility and communication. A collaborative, cross-disciplinary geriatric care approach with the active involvement of essential care partners is an utmost need.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaiswal
- Université de Montréal
- Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W Wittich
- Université de Montréal
- Institut Nazareth et Louis-Braille
- Centre de réadaptation Lethbridge-Layton-Mackay
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Ramasubramanian A, Paramasivam A, Ramani P. FASTK family of genes linked to cancer. Bioinformation 2022; 18:206-213. [PMID: 36518140 PMCID: PMC9722426 DOI: 10.6026/97320630018206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fas Activated Serine/Threonine Kinase (FASTK) family is a protein family encoded in the nuclear genome that spans the mitochondria and executes numerous functions, and consists of FASTK, the founding member along with 5 homologous proteins FASTKD1-5. Up regulation of FASTK family members have not only been implicated in tumour progression and invasion but also in increased resistance to chemotherapy proven by their knockdown leading to increased sensitivity to drugs. Thus, this review reports the implication of FASTK proteins in cancer and hence provides a scope to emphasise the role of these proteins in Oral Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilasha Ramasubramanian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu - 600077, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Department of Dental Research Cell- Blue Lab, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu - 600077, India
| | - Pratibha Ramani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu - 600077, India
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Thariny E, Smiline Girija AM, Paramasivam A, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J. Aberrations in SMAD family of genes among HNSCC patients. Bioinformation 2021; 17:113-119. [PMID: 35291342 PMCID: PMC8900164 DOI: 10.6026/973206300171113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a debilitating disease with several etiological factors. One of the main etiologies to be noticed is the alteration, which is either caused by genetic or environmental factors. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the effect of genetic alterations, especially the non-synonymous mutations of the SMAD gene family and its possible association with HNSCC. Data shows a significant novel mutation in the SMAD gene family in association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which would aid in better diagnosis and treatment planning for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thariny
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - AM Smiline Girija
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Girija ASS, Gnanendra S, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Delineating the potential targets of thymoquinone in ESKAPE pathogens using a computational approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 34603934 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to identify and analyze the targets of thymoquinone on drug resistant pathogens employing in silico tools. The target identification was performed using STITCH tool, followed by the functional analysis of protein targets by VICMPred. Further, VirulentPred was used to determine the nature of virulence of target proteins. The putative epitopes present on the virulent proteins were identified using BepiPred tool. The subcellular location of the virulent proteins was assessed using PSORTb. The results showed multiple targets of the pathogens being targeted. The nitric-oxide synthase-like protein of Staphylococcus aureus and acetyltransferase family protein, histone acetyltransferase HPA2, GNAT family acetyltransferase of Acinetobacter baumannii was found to be the virulent proteins interacting with thymoquinone. Molinspiration assessments showed zero violations suggesting the druggability of TQ. The study unveils the molecular mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial effect of thymoquinone as demonstrated by in silico procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
| | - S Gnanendra
- Microbial Genomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - A Paramasivam
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Cellular and Molecular Research Division, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Clinical Genetics Lab, Cellular and Molecular Research Division, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077 India
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Devi SK, Paramasivam A, Girija ASS, Priyadharsini JV. Decoding The Genetic Alterations In Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Genes And Its Association With HNSCC. Gulf J Oncolog 2021; 1:36-41. [PMID: 35152193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) are enzymes belonging to the family of heme-containing proteins, most commonly found in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. These enzymes catalyze a variety of functions including metabolism of steroids, fatty acids, natural compounds, drugs and carcinogenic chemicals. The inherent association of CYPs with disease conditions have turned the focus into the genetic alterations or variations associated with phenotypes such as drug responsiveness, chemical toxicity and bioconversion of procarcinogens to active carcinogens. RESULTS A total of 8 genes of the CYP3 family were analyzed, among which 4 genes were found to harbour gross abnormalities and variations. The genes CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A43 showed a common pattern of gene amplification in a group of patients. Truncating and missense variants were also identified of which rs199908125 of CYP3A4 and rs768530577 of CYP3A5 were reported in different populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present observation study utilizes several computational tools to identify and predict the possible outcomes of gene alterations in CYP3 family of genes with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). cBioportal hosts an exhaustive collection of datasets of various cancers which was the primary source of analysis. Oncoprint data obtained was further analysed using tools such as PROVEAN, I-Mutant and gnomAD. DISCUSSION The gnomAD analysis revealed a few polymorphic rare variants with minor allele frequency less than 0.01, which could have a putative association with HNSCC. Five out of eight variants identified were found to be deleterious exhibiting decreased protein stability. CONCLUSION Further screening of the genetic abnormalities through experimental validation in different populations are warranted to derive an association between the gene identifiers and disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamala Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
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Abstract
Background: To assess the prevalence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex [Acb complex] and non-Acb strains from the urine samples of elderly population with urinary tract infection (UTI) by both phenotypic and genotypic (PCR) characterisation methods from India.Methods: A longitudinal cohort study on 1000 elderly population with UTI was performed for a period of 1 year. Using standard microbiological guidelines, the urine samples were cultured and the Acb and non-Acb complex were identified by standard biochemical characterisation tests. DNA was extracted from all the phenons of the complex for further confirmation by PCR. The amplicons were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis and clonal identification by comparative genomic assessments.Results and conclusions: Study population yielded 8.5% of Acb and non-Acb-complex with other gram-negative pathogens ranging from 1 to 49.3%. Males were highly affected with the complex under the age group of 70-90. Statistics of the demographic data within the groups showed significant results of the prevalence of Acb and non-Acb complex towards the age group selected and with other associated co-morbidities recorded (at p < 0.05). Chi2 statistics for the goodness of fit was significance for genotypic confirmation of the complex.Conclusions: The present investigation documents the prevalence of the Acb and non-Acb complex among the elderly population and suggests the implementation of phenotypic and molecular strategies to assess the correct prevalence rate of the same for surveillance which will also aid in the effective clinical management of UTI by Acb and non-Acb-complex in elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiline Girija AS
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayashree Priyadharsini J
- BRULAC-DRC, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Paramasivam A
- BRULAC-DRC, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Aditya J, Smiline Girija AS, Paramasivam A, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J. Genetic alterations in Wnt family of genes and their putative association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e5. [PMID: 33840169 PMCID: PMC8042306 DOI: 10.5808/gi.20065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer that usually arises from the mucosal surfaces of several organs including nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. The Wnt signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism for cellular maintenance and development. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway correlates with oncogenesis in various tissues including breast, colon, pancreatic as well as head and neck cancers. The present study aims to assess the gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes so as to derive an association with HNSCC. Computational approaches have been utilized for the identification of gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes. Several databases such as cBioportal, STRING, and UALCAN were used for the purpose. The frequency of alteration was high in case of Wnt family member 11 (5%). Gene amplification, deep deletions, missense and truncating mutations were observed in HNSCC patients. There was a marked difference in the gene expression profile of WNT11 between grades as well as normal samples. The survival probability measured using the Kaplan-Meier curve also presented with a significant difference among male and female subjects experiencing a low/medium level expression. The female patients showed less survival probability when compared to the male subjects. This provides the prognostic significance of the WNT11 gene in HNSCC. Taken together, the present study provides clues on the possible association of WNT11 gene alterations with HNSCC, which has to be further validated using experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jain Aditya
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
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Ramamoorthy K, Raghunandhakumar S, Anand RS, Paramasivam A, Kamaraj S, Nagaraj S, Ezhilarasan D, Lakshmi T, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Veeramuthu A. Anticancer effects and lysosomal acidification in A549 cells by Astaxanthin from Haematococcus lacustris. Bioinformation 2020; 16:965-973. [PMID: 34803274 PMCID: PMC8573450 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AXN) is known to have health benefits by epidemiological studies. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the effect of AXN (derived from indigenous unicellular green alga Haematococcus lacustris) to modulate cell cycle arrest, lysosomal acidification and eventually apoptosis using in vitro in A549 lung cancer cells. Natural extracts of astaxanthin were obtained by standardized methods as reported earlier and characterized by standard HPLC and MS. Treatment of A549 cells with AXN (purified fraction) showed significant reduction in cell viability (about 50%) as compared to crude extract at 50µM concentration. Thus, we show the anticancer effects and lysosomal acidification in A549 cells by Astaxanthin from Haematococcus lacustris for further consideration. Together, our results demonstrated the anticancer potential of AXN from Haematococcus lacustris, which is found to be mediated via its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, lysosomal acidification and apoptotic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramamoorthy
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras (Guindy Campus), Chennai, India-600 025
| | | | - RS Anand
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai - 600 025
| | - A Paramasivam
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - S Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University (PG Extension Centre), Dharmapuri - 636701
| | - S Nagaraj
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras (Guindy Campus), Chennai, India-600 025
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Thangavelu Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil ,57000,Kualalumpur, Malaysia
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Vidyashri S, Girija ASS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Deciphering the Genetic Alterations in SPARC Gene Family and Its Association with HNSCC. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2730861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the genetic alteration in SPARC gene family and its association with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Head and neck cancer is a set of cancerous lesions arising from the squamous cell of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, nose throat, larynx and pharynx. SPARC gene encodes for cysteine rich acid matrix metalloprotein, osteonectin whose expression in metastatic OSCC (Oral squamous cell carcinoma) was found to be higher. This expression pattern also correlated with the worst pattern of invasion and differentiation of OSCC tumors. In line with the above facts, the present study was carried out to ascertain the gene alterations and their consequences. Also the putative association of gene alterations with HNSCC was analyzed using computational tools. The Cancer Gene Atlas (TCGA, Firehose Legacy) dataset hosted by the cBioportal server was used in the present study. The non-synonymous variants identified were further assessed for protein stability and pathogenicity employing IMutant and PROVEAN tools. Gene amplification was observed in the FSTL1 gene, which was also shown to present with the highest frequency of gene alterations (5%) among eight genes. Furthermore, the expression of the FSTL1 gene was found to differ significantly among different grades of HNSCC. In conclusion, the study throws light on the possible association of the FSTL1 gene of the SPARC family with HNSCC.
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Dhivyadharshini J, Girija ASS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Decoding the Genetic Alterations in PRAME Gene Family and Its Association with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common form of cancer with an incidence rate greater in male than in female. Advancements in molecular diagnostics have identified several pathways which can have a direct or indirect role in the development and progression of HNSCC. The PRAME (PReferentially Antigen expressed in MElanoma) gene family is yet another group of genes which has been recently implicated in HNSCC. The present study aims to identify the genetic alterations, the pattern of gene expression and the consequence of mutations in the PRAME family of genes in HNSCC patients. Several databases such as cBioportal, gnomAD, IMutant, PROVEAN were used to assess genetic alterations. The alterations included deep deletions, amplification, inframe, missense, truncating mutations. The gene showing the highest frequency of alteration (PRAME - 3%) was further assessed for its gene expression profile using the UALCAN database. The expression profile relative to normal samples was found to be significantly higher in HNSCC patients (p = 1.11 x 10-16). Further, the survival curve based on high and low/medium expression of the PRAME gene was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method. The analysis revealed a significant difference in the survival rate of patients with high and low/medicum level expression (0.0095). In addition, the high level expression was found to be associated with poor survival rate in HNSCC patients compared to those exhibiting low and medium level expression. In conclusion the study provides insights into the putative association of genes of the PRAME family with HNSCC. The preliminary results have to be further validated using experimental procedures.
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Sivarajan M, Girija ASS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Computational Approach to Identify Mutations in Genes of Notch Signaling Pathway and Its Association with OSCC. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Derailments in signal transduction pathways are associated with the development of tumors. One such vital pathway is the Notch signaling pathway which is associated with various processes of carcinogenesis such as proliferation of cells, cell renewal, angiogenesis and oncogenic microenvironment preservation. Interestingly, Notch also plays a pivotal role in tumor development by acting as an oncogene as well as tumor suppressor gene. In view of this fact, the present study was designed to analyze mutations in Notch signalling pathway which might have a crucial role in the etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using computational approach. The Cancer Gene Atlas data set hosted in the cBioportal was used in the present study. These samples were queried for the presence of mutations in Notch signalling genes which included a predefined list of 55 genes. Further, the Oncoprint data obtained was compared to that of gnomAD database which identified novel and reported mutations in the genes analyzed. Additionally, I-Mutant and MutPred analysis was carried out to determine the stability and pathogenicity of the variations recorded. Among 55 genes analysed, SPEN gene was shown to possess the highest frequency of mutation (5%) followed by FBXW7, Notch1, EP300, NUMB, and RBPJL genes. Most of the mutations identified were novel as assessed using the control dataset from the gnomAD database. The stability of the protein was found to decrease upon nucleotide substitution. Finally, the MutPred score revealed that most of the mutant proteins were pathogenic. Several novel mutations have been identified in the pathway analyzed. Functional analysis of these variants using experimental approaches would aid in dissecting their association with OSCC.
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Akshayaa L, Smiline Girija AS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Deciphering the Genetic Aberrations in DNA Damage Response Genes and Their Possible Association with HNSCC. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1530639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes carcinomas in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. It is considered as the sixth most common form of cancer in the world. Several studies have confirmed that smoking and alcohol consumption are the major risk factors for HNSCC. DNA damage response genes play an important role in the maintenance of the genome. Defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair mechanisms, such as mutation or abnormalities, may lead to the wide spectrum of human diseases. The present study employs databases and computational tools to identify the genetic abnormalities associated with DNA damage related genes which might have a direct or indirect association with HNSCC. The demographic details of HNSCC patients was obtained from The Cancer Gene Atlas (TCGA, Firehose Legacy) dataset hosted by the cBioportal database. The oncoprint data analysis revealed the highest frequency of gene alteration in the ATR gene (15%), followed by ATM, BRCA2 and CHEK2 (5%). Other genes showed less than 5% alteration. The gene expression profile of ATR gene revealed its differential expression pattern in different grades of tumor relative to normal samples. The survival curve analysis using Kaplan-Meier method revealed that a high level expression of the ATR gene leads to poor survival rate in the female HNSCC patients when compared to males. Thus the present study has identified gross and single nucleotide variants in the ATR gene which could have a putative role in the development of tumor. Further experimental research is required to confirm this association.
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Singh AK, Girija ASS, Priyadharsini JV, Paramasivam A. Frequency of Chromosomally Encoded gyrA and parC Genetic Determinants of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in A. baumannii. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1630645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are administered as routine drugs of choice for treating complicated urinary tract infections caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. It is now a world-wide issue that gyr and par induced quinolone resistance as one of the major drug resistance mechanisms. This investigation is thus aimed to assess the prevalence of quinolone resistance and to characterize the gyrA and parC producing strains of A. baumannii. Genomic DNA from 50 fluoroquinolone resistant A. baumannii were screened for gyrA and parC by PCR for the genetic relatedness with fluoroquinolone resistance, with sequencing of the representative strains. All the strains were positive for gyrA(100%) and 82% (n=41) for parC. Presence of parC was observed in 56.09% (n=23) ciprofloxacin resistant A. baumannii with 43.90% (n=18) in levofloxacin resistant A. baumannii. The findings of the present study showed the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance among A. baumannii in urinary tract infections and the frequency of gyrA and parC in inducing the resistance.
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Nirubama K, Girija ASS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. Genetic Aberrations in Caspase Family of Genes and Their Possible Association with HNSCC. JPRI 2020. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1530629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cell suicide pathway of apoptosis is a necessary event in the life of multicellular organisms. It is involved in many biological processes ranging from development to the immune response. Over expression of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (later renamed caspase-1) was shown to be sufficient to induce apoptosis in mammalian cells. The present study aims to assess the gene alterations in the Caspase family of cytochromes so as to derive an association with HNSCC. Earlier eleven genes were found in the human genome to encode 11 human caspases, caspase-1 to caspase-10 and caspase-14, which is now populated to 13, whereas 10 genes were found in the mouse genome to encode 10 murine caspases including caspase-1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 14. Caspases share a number of features distinguishable from other proteases. The analysis follows an observational study design, employing several computational tools to identify and predict the possible outcomes of gene alterations identified in HNSCC patients. cBioportal server was used to identify the gene alterations which was further analyzed using tools such as PROVEAN, I-Mutant and gnomAD. Several reported polymorphic variants were also identified. The pathogenicity and protein stability of gene alterations documented in the present study were identified at standard biological conditions. Further experimental studies would provide concrete evidence on the association of the observed genetic abnormalities with HNSCC especially in individuals exposed to habitual carcinogens.
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J VP, A P. Virtual screening of mutations in antioxidant genes and its putative association with HNSCC: An in silico approach. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111710. [PMID: 32593872 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the antioxidant pathway are usually associated with inflammatory conditions, followed by tissue damage. Cancer is one such disease where there is a build-up of reactive oxygen species leading to pathological consequences. The present study aims to identify the alteration in genes and proteins associated with the common antioxidant pathways among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The study design follows a retrospective approach and employs computational tools to analyse the possible role of genes involved in the anti-oxidation pathways in patients with HNSCC. The TCGA PanCancer Atlas dataset was used for the analysis. The Oncoprint data were analysed further to obtain information on the type of gene alterations encountered in the HNSCC cases. Gene amplification and deletions were commonly observed in genes of the thiol reductase pathway, whereas substitutions leading to missense, frameshifts were found in the other pathways assessed. Gene encoding ceruloplasmin was found to harbor nucleotide variations in about 10 % of the patients with OSCC. An exhaustive knowledge of the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the pathways identified can open new avenues in selecting candidate genes which can be used as therapeutic targets against HNSCC. The present work identifies and nominates crucial genes from the antioxidant system for further in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Priyadharsini J
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC) - Dental Research Cell (DRC), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Paramasivam A
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC) - Dental Research Cell (DRC), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ushanthika T, Smiline Girija AS, Paramasivam A, Priyadharsini JV. An in silico approach towards identification of virulence factors in red complex pathogens targeted by reserpine. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1893-1898. [PMID: 31311319 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1641811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral cavity hosts an exhaustive collection of microorganisms which are known to be associated with disease such as dental caries, periodontal and deep-seated infections. Elimination of these pathogens from the site of infection remains a perplexing task, which demands the use of antibiotics. The emergence of drug resistant forms has spurred interest into identifying novel therapeutic targets against these pathogens. In this context, the present study has been designed to analyse and identify potential drug targets of the phytocompound reserpine in red complex pathogens. Computational tools were used to identify the targets, assess its functional role and virulence property. Further, the peptide epitopes present in the virulence factors were identified using BepiPred tool. The subcellular location of the virulence proteins were also elucidated using PSORTb. Reserpine was found to target vital protein transporters such as ABC transporter and efflux pumps which are known to play a crucial role in the survival of bacterial cells. Hence the present in silico study provides substantial evidence on the anti-bacterial activity of reserpine against red complex pathogens. However, in vitro studies using the compound is warranted to further confirm the efficacy of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ushanthika
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Girija ASS, Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Paramasivam A. Plasmid-encoded resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole mediated by dfrA1, dfrA5, sul1 and sul2 among Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urine samples of patients with severe urinary tract infection. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 17:145-146. [PMID: 30980957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India.
| | - J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- BRULAC-DRC, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- BRULAC-DRC, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
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Smiline A, Vijayashree JP, Paramasivam A. Molecular characterization of plasmid-encoded blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M among extended spectrum β-lactamases [ESBLs] producing Acinetobacter baumannii. Br J Biomed Sci 2018; 75:200-202. [PMID: 29962277 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2018.1492207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asg Smiline
- a Department of Microbiology , Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, [SIMATS] , Chennai , India
| | - J P Vijayashree
- b BRULAC-DRC , Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, [SIMATS] , Chennai , India
| | - A Paramasivam
- c Centre for cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad , India
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Vijayashree Priyadharsini J, Smiline Girija AS, Paramasivam A. In silico analysis of virulence genes in an emerging dental pathogen A. baumannii and related species. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 94:93-98. [PMID: 30015217 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen which has recently been categorized as a high risk pathogen by World Health Organisation (WHO). The microbe has stealthily entered the oral cavity and has established itself as a potential pathogen by acquiring drug resistance and expression of several virulence genes. Surveillance on the type of virulence factors harboured by the organism will enable us to comprehend the mechanism of pathogenesis. The study was performed to screen for the presence of crucial virulence factors associated with Acinetobacter spp. as reviewed from the literature by employing computational tools. DESIGN Nineteen genome sequences of Acinetobacter spp. with the predominance of different strains of A. baumannii were classified phylogenetically into clusters using in silico restriction digestion and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Further, the frequency of common virulence genes in the genome of various Acinetobacter spp. was recorded using in silico PCR analysis. RESULTS Based on PFGE pattern and phylogenetic tree the genomes of A. baumannii were clustered into 4 genotypes (G1-G4). Two species were excluded from the list since they were negative for almost all the virulence genes tested. Frequency of virulence genes in each of the 17 genomes analysed, found ompA and smpA to be the major virulence factors in A. baumannii and related species. Acinetobacter spp. belonging to genotypes 2 and 3 were found to harbour 1-15 and 6-10 potential genes encoding virulence factors respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed numerous virulence genes in genomes analysed. In silico analysis of these virulence genes can be used as candidates to build novel therapeutic targets against the pathogen. An extensive study on the functional role of these genes could aid in stalling the propagation and dissemination of A. baumannii among susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vijayashree Priyadharsini
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre-Dental Research Cell [BRULAC-DRC], Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Paramasivam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
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J VP, AS S, A P. Enterococcus faecalis an Emerging Microbial Menace in Dentistry-An Insight into the In-Silico Detection of Drug Resistant Genes and Its Protein Diversity. J Clin Diagn Res 2018. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2018/36480.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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AnnaAnandh M, RichardJagatheesan P, Kumar P, Paramasivam A, Rajarajan G. Effect of Rearing Systems on Reproductive Performance of Turkey. Vet World 2012. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.226-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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