Haemostatic potency of sodium alginate/aloe vera/sericin composite scaffolds - preparation, characterisation, and evaluation

Fabrication of haemostatic materials with excellent antimicrobial, biocompatible and biodegradable properties remains as a major challenge in the field of medicine. Haemostatic agents play vital role in protecting patients and military individuals during emergency situations. Natural polymers serve as promising materials for fabricating haemostatic compounds due to their efficacy in promoting hemostasis and wound healing. In the present work, sodium alginate/aloe vera/sericin (SA/AV/S) scaffold has been fabricated using a simple cost-effective casting method. The prepared SA/AV/S scaffolds were characterised for their physicochemical properties such as scanning electron microscope, UV-visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. SA/AV/S scaffold showed good mechanical strength, swelling behaviour and antibacterial activity. In vitro experiments using erythrocytes proved the hemocompatible and biocompatible features of SA/AV/S scaffold. In vitro blood clotting assay performed using human blood demonstrated the haemostatic and blood absorption properties of SA/AV/S scaffold. Scratch wound assay was performed to study the wound healing efficacy of prepared scaffolds. Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay carried out using fertilised embryos proved the angiogenic property of SA/AV/S scaffold. Thus, SA/AV/S scaffold could serve as a potential haemostatic healthcare product due to its outstanding haemostatic, antimicrobial, hemocompatible, biocompatible and angiogenic properties.

Thymoquinone protects thioacetamide-induced chronic liver injury by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad3 axis in rats

Chronic liver injury due to various etiological factors results in excess secretion and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to scarring of liver tissue and ultimately to hepatic fibrosis. If left untreated, fibrosis might progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymoquinone (TQ), an active compound of Nigella sativa, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Therefore, the effect of TQ against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis was assessed in rats. Fibrosis was induced with intraperitoneal administration of TAA (250 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week for 5 weeks. TQ (20 mg/kg b.w.) and silymarin (50 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered daily for 5 weeks separately in TAA administered groups. Liver dysfunction was reported by elevated liver enzymes, increased oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis upon TAA administration. Our study demonstrated that TQ inhibited the elevation of liver marker enzymes in serum. TQ administration significantly increased antioxidant markers, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue of rats. Further, TQ significantly attenuated liver fibrosis, as illustrated by the downregulation of TAA-induced interleukin-β, tumour necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase and fibrosis markers like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), α-smooth muscle actin, collagen-1, Smad3 and 7. Therefore, these findings suggest that TQ has a promising hepatoprotective property, as indicated by its potential to effectively suppress TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via TGF-β/Smad signaling.

Multi-functional bandage - bioactive glass/metal oxides/alginate composites based regenerative membrane facilitating re-epithelialization in diabetic wounds with sustained drug delivery and anti-bactericidal efficacy

Chronic wounds, especially diabetic, foot and pressure ulcers are a major health problem affecting >10 % of the world's populace. Calcium phosphate materials, particularly, bioactive glasses (BG), used as a potential material for hard and soft tissue repair. This study combines nanostructured 45S5 BG with titania (TiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) into a composite via simple sol-gel method. Prepared composites with alginate (Alg) formed a bioactive nanocomposite hydrogel membrane via freezing method. X-ray diffraction revealed formation of two phases such as Na1.8Ca1.1Si6O14 and β-Na2Ca4(PO4)2SiO4 in the silica network. Fourier transformed InfraRed spectroscopy confirmed the network formation and cross-linking between composite and alginate. <2 % hemolysis, optimal in vitro degradation and porosity was systematically evaluated up to 7 days, resulting in increasing membrane bioactivity. Significant cytocompatibility, cell migration and proliferation and a 3-4-fold increase in Collagen (Col) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression were obtained. Sustained delivery of 80 % Dox in 24 h and effective growth reduction of S. aureus and destruction of biofilm development against E. coli and S. aureus within 24 h. Anatomical fin regeneration, rapid re-epithelialization and wound closure were achieved within 14 days in both zebrafish and in streptozotocin (STZ) induced rat in vivo animal models with optimal blood glucose levels. Hence, the fabricated bioactive membrane can act as effective wound dressing material, for diabetic chronic infectious wounds.

A flavonoid rich standardized extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra protects intestinal epithelial barrier function and regulates the tight-junction proteins expression

BACKGROUND

Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction predisposes to many gastrointestinal, metabolic, and psychological disorders. A flavonoid rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (FREG) has previously been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiulcer properties.

AIM

To investigate the effect of FREG (GutGard^®) on restoring intestinal barrier function in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulated human colonic adenocarcinoma cell monolayer (Caco-2) and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

METHODS

In in vitro, human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers were treated with TNF-α in the presence or absence of FREG and the paracellular permeability to FITC-conjugated 4-kD dextran (FD4) was measured to evaluate protection against the barrier dysfunction. In in vivo, intestinal barrier dysfunction was induced in male albino Wistar rats via intrarectal instillation of TNBS. Subsequently, the rats were treated orally with either FREG at 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg body weight, or Mesacol (250 mg/kg) for 5 days. On day 5, intestinal epithelial permeability was assessed with FD4 leakage into the serum. Also, colonic inflammation, colon morphology, histology and macroscopic score, weight to length ratio were evaluated. The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF- α, secretory IgA levels and tight junction proteins expression were evaluated in rat's colon.

RESULTS

FREG protected the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in human intestinal Caco-2 cells in vitro. FREG administration significantly improved the intestinal epithelial barrier function as evident from significant reduction in FD4 leakage. The colon morphology, histology score, macroscopic score, colon weight to length ratio also indicates beneficial effects of FREG on barrier function. In addition, FREG regulated the tight junction proteins, and markedly decreased TNF-α, MPO levels and significantly increased the secretory IgA levels in TNBS induced colitis rats.

CONCLUSION

The study findings support the protective action of FREG on intestinal epithelial barrier integrity indicating its potential in protecting from implications of leaky gut.

Cytotoxic Effect of Lippia nodiflora Leaf Extract against the Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths for men. Lippia. Nodiflora (L. nodiflora) has been used as a natural remedy for various diseases, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effect. This study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of L. nodiflora ethanolic leaf extract in prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3). The growth inhibitory effect of L. nodiflora ethanolic leaf extract was assessed by MTT assay. The cell morphological changes in L. nodiflora leaf extract-treated cells were observed using an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Apoptosis induction by L. nodiflora was determined by AO/EtBr (acridine orange and ethidium bromide) dual staining. MTT test results showed dose-dependent cell growth inhibition in PC-3 cells treated with L. nodiflora leaf extract (10-120 µg/mL). The IC-50 dose was observed at 40µg/ml. Morphological changes such as reduction in the number of cells, cell shrinkage, and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing were observed in the treated cells. Induction of apoptosis by L. nodiflora (40µg/ml) treated cells showed an increased number of early apoptotic and late apoptotic cells. The above data indicate that L. nodiflora inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that L. nodiflora exhibits anti-cancer activity, and thus it raises new hope for its use in anti-cancer therapy.

Anti-Cancer Effects of Saraca asoca Flower Extract on Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths for men. The role of plants in the prevention and treatment of disease has been known from the dawn of civilization. Plants maintain the health and vitality of individuals and also cure diseases, including cancer without causing toxicity. More than 50% of all modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products, many of which have the ability to control cancer cells. Saraca Asoca (Roxb.), De. Wild or Saraca indica is one of the most ancient trees of India Aim: Aim of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Saraca Asoca flower extract on prostate cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: The anti-cancer effects of Saraca Asoca extract on prostate cancer cell lines was assessed by cell viability assay, cell and nuclear morphological studies. The multiple concentration of Saraca Asoca extract (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg/ml) was used and IC50 doses were calculated. Results: The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay results showed the percentage of cell viability significantly decreased in treated cells compared to control groups without any treatment was represented as 100% and we observed inhibitory concentration was 60µg/ml. Morphologic changes observed showed cell shrinkage, and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing, were observed under phase-contrast microscope. The apoptotic nuclei (intensely stained, fragmented nuclei, and condensed chromatin) were viewed under a fluorescent microscope. Conclusion: Overall, the present study results demonstrated the cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of Saraca Asoca flower extract on prostate cancer cell line. However, more research is needed to understand the active prinsciple compounds present in the extract and molecular mechanisms of its anti-cancer effects.

Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Lippia nodiflora Leaf Extract against the Skin Cancer Cell Line

Background: Skin cancers are cancers that develop on the surface of the skin. They occur as a result of the formation of irregular cells with the potential to infiltrate or migrate to other areas of the body. Natural medicinal resources, such as the traditional herbal remedy Lippia nodiflora, have long been used to treat dermatological disorders including skin inflammation and melanogenesis. Apoptosis serves as a promising pathway in controlling cancer. However there are minimal amounts of studies exploring its proapoptotic activity of Lippia nodiflora in skin cancer  cells. Aim: The aim of this present study was to evaluate the pro-apoptotic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract against the skin cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract against skin cancer cells (B16-F10). The skin cancer cells were treated with different concentration Lippia nodiflora leaf extract for 24h. We calculated the optimum (IC-50; 20µg/ml) using the MTT assay, which was then used for further analysis. A phase-contrast microscope is used to analyse changes in cell morphology. AO/EtBr dual staining under a fluorescence microscope was used to determine the effect of Lippia nodiflora on B16-F10 cell death. Results: In our research, the cell viability of the B16-F10 skin cancer cell line was dramatically decreased after treatment with different concentrations (5-60 µg/ml) of Lippia nodiflora for 24 hours. 50% inhibition was detected at a concentration of 20 µg/ml, which was determined to be an inhibitory concentration (IC-50) value and used in subsequent studies. The viable cell will possess a uniform bright green nucleus. Early apoptotic cells will have bright orange areas of condensed or fragmented chromatin in the nucleus. Late apoptotic cells will have uniform bright red nucleus. Conclusion: The findings of this analysis revealed that Lippia nodiflora leaf extract inhibits the cell viability and indces apoptosis of skin cancer cells. Thus, Lippia nodiflora exhibits anti-cancer effects against skin cancer cells, therefore it raises new hope for anti-cancer therapy.

Cytotoxic Effect of Coriander Oleoresin against Lung Cancer Cell Line A549

Aim: The main aim of present study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of coriander oleoresin against lung cancer cell line A549. Introduction: Coriandrum sativum (Coriander), family Umbelliferae. Coriander contains mainly essential oil and has antioxidant, diuretic, anti-diabetic anticonvulsant, hypnotic sedative, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic activity. Materials and Methods: Coriander oleoresin (product number: 4010000243) was obtained from Synthite Industries Private Limited, Kerala. In the present study, lung cancer cell line A549 was treated with coriander oleoresin at different concentrations and later evaluated for its cytotoxic activity using MTT assay. Results: The cytotoxic effect of coriander oleoresin on lung cancer cell line was proved; the drug concentration increased, the percentage of cell viability decreased proving its cytotoxic effect. The coriander oleoresin has shown a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cell lines. As the drug concentration increased, the percentage of cell viability decreased proving its cytotoxic effect. The IC50 value was 80 μg/ml. Conclusion: In the present study, coriander oleoresin showed a good cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cell lines which may be helpful in treatment of lung cancer. However more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxicity property of the plants.

Anticancer effect of Digera muricata Leaf Extract against Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

Background: Prostate cancer has become a major health problem globally during the last few decades. It is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide and the fifth most common cancer overall. Chemotherapy or other cancer treatments including androgen depletion therapy, show high toxicity and cause serious side effects in cancer patients. Thus, there have been many studies conducted to find various natural products as potential anticancer drug candidates with low toxicity and fewer side effects for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. The Digera muricata of the genus Digera Forssk and family Amaranthaceae Juss. is a wild edible plant. The  presence  of  phenol,  flavonoids, alkaloids,  terpenes,  sterols,  tannins,  glycosides  and  lignins is seen in Digera muricata leaf extract, which are reported to have cytotoxic activities. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to assess the cytotoxic effects of Digera muricata leaf extract on prostate cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic potency of Digera muricata leaf extract was carried out by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay against the prostate cancer (PC-3) cell line. PC-3 cells were treated with different concentrations of Digera muricata leaf extract (25-150μg/ml) for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using phase contrast microscopy and nuclear morphological changes examined using DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining under the fluorescence microscopy Results: The MTT assay showed decreased cell vitality with increased concentration of Digera muricata leaf extract. The morphological study showed that the number of cells decreased after treatment and the cells exhibited cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. The treated cells also showed condensed chromatin and nuclear fragmentation Conclusion: Within the limits of this study it can be demonstrated that the leaf extract of Digera muricata were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis to the cancer cells.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Potential of Digera muricata Leaf Extract on Lung Cancer Cell Line

Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer, accounting for one out of every five male cancers and one out of every nine female cancers. Treatment for lung cancer is determined by the disease's cell type, the extent to which it has spread, and the patient's overall health. It is common knowledge that tumours impart resistance to chemotherapeutic medicines or radiation in part owing to apoptotic pathway dysfunction in cancer cells. Digera muricata (D.muricata) has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. The objective of the study was to examine the cytotoxic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata on lung cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic potency of D.muricata leaf extract was carried out by MTT assay against the lung cancer cell line (A549). Different concentrations of D.muricata ethanolic leaf extract (25-150µg/ml) were treated for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using phase contrast microscopy. Pro-apoptotic and nuclear morphological changes in D. muricata ethanolic leaf extract treated cells were examined using DAPI staining. The ethanolic leaf extract of D.muricata showed the dose dependent cytotoxic potency against the A549 cell line which confirmed with greater morphological changes upon 24 hrs treatment. The MTT assay clearly showed that the D.muricata treatment has significantly reduced the cell viability when the concentration was increased for 24hrs. We observed IC-50 dose at 50 μg/ml concentration. DAPI staining clearly showed condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei in treated lung cancer cells. All these results clearly showed that ethanolic extract of D. muricata treatment significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

Investigation of Proapoptotic Effect of Digera muricata Leaf Extract against the Skin Cancer Cell Line (B16-F10)

Introduction: Skin cancers, such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, frequently begin as changes in the skin. Cancer research continues to focus on finding tumor-selective and new anticancer drugs with fewer adverse effects. Digera muricata is a medicinal herb in the Amaranthaceae family that has antibacterial, antifungal, free radical scavenging function, anti tumor, and other valuable medicinal properties. Aim: To investigate the pro-apoptotic effect of Digera muricata leaf extract against the skin cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the viability of B16-F10 cells treated with different concentrations (20-200μg) of Digera muricata leaf extract. Phase contrast microscopy was used to examine the morphological changes. In addition, the mode of cell death was assessed using AO/EtBr dual staining and observed under a fluorescence microscope. Statistical analysis was performed, keeping the level of significance at p<0.05. Results: The MTT assay revealed that the ethanolic extract of Digera muricata leaf had significant cytotoxic and apoptotic potency against the B16-F10 skin cancer cell line, which was validated by significant morphological alterations under phase contrast microscope after 24 hours of treatment. AO/EtBr dual staining results clearly showed the Digera muricata leaf extract treatment induced the early apoptotic cells with bright orange areas of condensed or fragmented chromatin in the nucleus. Late apoptotic cells showing uniform bright red nucleus. Conclusion: Within the limits of the analysis, it can be inferred that the leaf extract of Digera muricata was cytotoxic and triggered cancer cell apoptosis at a concentration of 50 μg/ml within 24 hours. More research is needed to understand the cytotoxicity mechanisms of this plant extract.

Trachyspermum ammi Seed Ethanolic Extract Inhibits Cell Proliferation on A549 Lung Cancer Cell: An In-vitro Analysis

Introduction: Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer, accounting for one in every five male cancers and one in every nine female cancers. Lung cancer treatment is dictated by the cell type of the illness, the amount to which it has spread, and the patient's general condition. It is well understood that tumours confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation in part due to apoptotic pathway malfunction in cancer cells. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti proliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi (T.ammi) seeds against A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxicity and anti-cancer effects of ethanolic extract of Trachyspermum ammi (T.ammi) seeds against A549 cells were analyzed using MTT assay and morphological analysis by inverted phase contrast microscopy. Results: The MTT assay results showed that 50% of the cell proliferation (IC50) has been inhibited upon T.ammi seed extract treatment for 24hrs incubation. The Dose-dependent studies revealed cytotoxic dose level IC50 of 50μg/ml for T.ammi seed extract on lung cancer cells. It clearly showed that the dose dependent treatments significantly (p<0.001) reduces the cell viability thereby inhibiting the cancer cell proliferation when compared and it was further confirmed with morphological evaluation with microscopic study. Conclusion: From this study we concluded that the ethanol extract of T.ammi significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation against A549 cells and it might be a potent anti-proliferative value for further evaluation to determine the therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.

Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Ginger Oleoresin and Evaluation of its Anticancer Activity against Liver Cancer Cell Line

Introduction: Nanotechnology is getting used in developing countries to assist, treat disease, and stop health issues. Nanotechnology in addition to nanomedicine is being applied to or developed for application to a spread of commercial and purification processes. Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. Aim: The aim of the study was to green synthesis copper nanoparticles using ginger oleoresin and to evaluate its cytotoxic activity against liver cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The Ginger oleoresin was obtained from Synthite Industries Private Limited, Kerala with a product code: 4010000370 was used for the study. Copper nanoparticles were prepared from oleoresin and confirmed using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The prepared copper nanoparticles were then evaluated for the anticancer effect on liver cancer cells using the method of  Mosmann. The cells (1 × 105 cells per ml) were seeded in a 96 well microtiter plate (100 μl per well) with replications. Different concentration  (control, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 μg/ml) of ginger oleoresins mediated copper nanoparticles were tested for the anticancer activity. The percentage of cell viability was calculated. Results: Dose-dependent anticancer activity was observed with ginger oleoresins mediated copper Nanoparticles. The IC 50 value  was 30 mg / ml Conclusion: In the present study, ginger oleoresin showed a good activity cytotoxic effect on liver cancer cell lines. However, more research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxic property of the ginger plant.

Evaluation of Antitumour Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Tribulus terrestris in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction: Breast cancer is the form of cancer that occurs in the breast cells. After skin cancer, breast cancer is considered to be the most common cancer diagnosed in women. The number of deaths associated with this disease was increased in case of lack of early detection. Tribulus terrestris is an annual herb belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. Flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are some of the main phytoconstituents of the herb. They are known for their pharmacological actions such as anti carcinogenic, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties. Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitumor activity of ethanolic extract from Tribulus terrestris in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The effect of Tribulus terrestris on cell viability was measured by MTT assay carried against breast cancer cells and morphological changes were investigated with phase contrast microscopy to confirm its antitumor activity.  Results: the cell viability assay results indicate that 24hrs treatment with ethanolic extract of significantly reduces the cell viability in dose dependent manner. At 40 μg/ml of the Tribulus terrestris extract inhibits 50% cell viability and it has been fixed as IC50 value for further Tribulus terrestris experiments. Conclusion: From the results, the extracts were cytotoxic to the human breast cancer cell and it might be a good therapeutic value for further investigations needed to understand the mechanisms to develop antitumor agents.

Evaluation of Anticancer Effect of Lippia nodiflora Leaf Extract on Lung Cancer Cells

Background: Lung cancer, also known as bronchogenic carcinoma, is a kind of cancer that begins in the lung parenchyma or inside the bronchi. In the United States, it is one of the top causes of cancer-related fatalities. Lippia nodiflora is a flowering, broadleaf plant native to South America. Lippia nodiflora has been used as a natural medicine for a number of disorders due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor characteristics. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the anticancer effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract on lung cancer. Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract was assessed by an MTT assay. The A-549 cells were treated with different concentrations of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract (10-120 μg) for 24h. Analysis of changes in the cell morphology is examined by phase contrast microscope. For the nuclear morphological changes analysis, DAPI staining was used in lung cancer cells. The apoptotic nuclei were viewed under a fluorescent microscope. Results: In our study, Lippia nodiflora leaf extract treated cells showed significant reduction of cell viability in lung cancer cells. 50% of the inhibition was observed in a 20 μg/ml concentration, which has been taken as the inhibitory concentration (IC-50) which was used for further analyses. The pro-apoptotic effect of Lippia nodiflora leaf extract in A549 cell line was determined by DAPI staining under a fluorescence microscope. Lippia nodiflora leaf extract treatment alters the nuclear morphology and condensed nuclei in lung cancer cells at 20μg/ml concentration. Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that Lippia nodiflora presents anticancer activity at 20μg/ml concentration at 24 hrs againstthe lung cancer cell line. However, further research is warrented to find out the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity of effect this plant extract against lung cancer.

Anti-proliferative Potential of Erythrina indica Leaf Aqueous Extract against Human Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction: Breast cancer is a type of cancer that arises in the cells of the breast. Breast cancer can develop in either the lobules or the ducts. Breast cancer might develop in the fatty tissue or fibrous connective tissue. Materials and Methods: The effect of Erythrina indica (E.indica) on cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Briefly, the cells (1 × 105 cells/ml) were seeded in a 96 well microtiter plate with replications. Treatment was carried out for 24 with different concentrations (50-300 μg) of E.indica. The percentage of cell viability was calculated and plotted in graph. The cell morphological changes of E. indica leaf aqueous extract treated cells were observed under inverted phase contrast microscopy. Results: The crude extract obtained from E.indica leaf greatly inhibits the cancer cell proliferation in dose dependent manner. We observed IC50 at 100 μg/ml of E. indica leaf aqueous extract treated for 24 hrs in breast cancer cells and also it induces apoptosis, which was confirmed by cell morphological changes evaluated using phase contrast microscope. Conclusion: The results suggest that the E. indica leaf aqueous extract shows the potent anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells, and it might be a novel new anticancer drug for cancer therapy.  

Evaluation of Proapoptotic Potential of Saraca asoca Flower Extract on Skin Cancer Cell Line

Background: Cancer persists as a major health issue globally due to its high rate of morbidity and mortality. Skin cancer is the most common cancer and accounts for at least 40% of cancer cases worldwide. Search for tumour-selective and novel anticancer compounds with lesser side effects remains a major focus of cancer research. Saraca asoca is a traditional Indian medicinal plant, known to have anti-cancer, anti-menorrhagic, anti-oxidant, anti-oxytocic and anti-microbial activities. Though phytoconstituents of the Saraca asoca leaves, bark, and flowers have been reported in few studies, the cytotoxic potential of Saraca asoca flowers has not been evaluated. Aim: To evaluate the proapoptotic potential of Saraca asoca flower extract on skin cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: In this present study, the cytotoxic potential of Saraca asoca flower extract (10 to 60μg/ml) was evaluated by MTT assays in B16-F10 skin cancer cells. According to the MTT assay, we determined the optimal doses (IC-50: 30µg/ml) which were used for further analyses. Analysis of changes in cell morphology is examined by a phase-contrast microscope. The impacts of Saraca asoca in B16-F10 cell death were also determined by AO/EtBr dual staining under a fluorescence microscope. Results: In our study, the cell viability assay results showed that 50% of growth inhibition was observed at 30 μg/ml concentration of Saraca asoca flower extract treated B16-F10 cells, which has been taken as an inhibitory concentration (IC-50) dose value and fixed for further experiments. The morphological changes in B16-F10 skin cancer cell line with the treatment of Saraca asoca at 30 μg/mL for 24hrs has significantly altered  the morphology of B16-F10 cell lines. AO/EtBr dual staining results showed the early apoptotic cells having bright orange areas of condensed or fragmented chromatin in the nucleus after Saraca asoca flower extract treated skin cancer cells. Conclusion: The results of this present study showed that the flower extracts of Saraca asoca were cytotoxic and induced apoptosis to the cancer cells at a concentration of 30µg/ml at the 24th-time point.

Evaluation of Anti Proliferative Potential of Solanum virginianum Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line

Introduction: Solanum virginianum commonly known as wild eggplant or nightshade plant, is a prickly herb found in most of the parts of Asia and Australia of the world. It is used by the local people as folk medicines in treating throat infections and other inflammatory problems. Various phytoconstituents have been found, the major constituent is alkaloid. It has a vital role in various traditional as well as medicinal uses for curing internal and external physiological disorders. To determine the evaluation of anti proliferation potential of Solanum virginianum human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Materials and Methods: The effect of solanum virginianum hepG2 cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Briefly, the cells (1 × 104 cells per mL) were seeded in a 96 well microtiter plate (100 per well) with replications. Treatment was conducted for 24 hr with different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 μM) of solanum virginianum. Cell morphological changes were observed in phase contrast microscopy. Results: Cells were treated with solanum virginianum at higher concentration (50, 75, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μM) for 24 h, and cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Data are shown as means ± SD (n = 3). * compared with the control-blank group, p < 0.001. Conclusion: From the results, the extracts were cytotoxic to the hepG2 cells at (60μg/mL) concentration and incubation period. However more research is needed to understand the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the plants.

Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Activity of Saraca asoca Flower Extract against Lung Cancer Cell Line

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer, affecting one out of every five men and one out of every nine women. Lung cancer treatment is dictated by the cell type of the cancer, the amount to which it has spread, and the patient's overall condition. It is well known that cancer cells, in part due to apoptotic pathway malfunction, confer resistance to chemotherapy drugs or radiation. Saraca Asoca (S. asoca) has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of S. asoca flower extract against lung cancer cell line. The cytotoxic effect of S. asoca flower extract was carried out by cell viability assay against the lung cell line (A549). Different concentrations of S. asoca flower ethanolic extract (20-120µg/ml) were treated for 24h. Furthermore, the morphological changes were analysed using inverted microscopy. The nuclear morphology of S. asoca flower ethanolic extract treated lung cancer was analyzed by DAPI staining. The cell viability assay clearly showed that the extract of S. asoca flower treatment has significantly reduced the lung cancer cell viability in a dose dependent manner. We observed the IC50 dose at 60 μg/ml concentration. The DAPI staining results showed increased apoptotic cells with condensed chromatin and nuclear fragmentation in ethanolic extract of S. asoca flower treatment in lung cancer cells. The present study shows ethanolic extract of S. asoca flower treatment inhibits cell growth and induces the apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Further research is needed to find out the active compounds and understand the mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of S. asoca flower.

Quercetin Inhibits the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through Suppressing Akt Mediated Nuclear Translocation of β-Catenin in Lung Cancer Cell Line

Lung cancer is a first leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Quercetin (QUE) has chemo-preventive effect against a variety of cancers. However, the molecular mechanism of QUE mediated inhibition of cancer cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not clear in lung cancer. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of QUE on EMT and metastasis of lung cancer cell line (A549). The MTT assay, scratch wound healing assay, Transwell migration and invasion assay performed to assess the cell viability and migration potential of lung cancer cells after treatment with different concentration of QUE. Further, chemokines gene expression was analyzed by qPCR and EMT markers were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot. QUE inhibits cell viability in a dose-dependent (10-80 μM) manner both at 24 and 48 h treatment. The Akt/MAPK/β-catenin and EMT marker protein expressions were decreased significantly, whereas TIMP-2 expression was increased upon QUE treatment. QUE inhibits cell migration and invasion of A-549 cells. In addition, Immunocytochemistry result showed that QUE can reduce nuclear translocalisation of β-catenin in A549 cells. Our results suggest that QUE can inhibit the metastatic potential in lung cancer by altering the Akt/MAPK/β-catenin signaling pathway and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of β-catenin.

The ambiguous role of sirtuins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Oral cancer is one of the most leading cancer responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of class III histone deacetylases and are known to regulate a variety of molecular signaling associated with different cancer types including oral malignancies. SIRT1 acts as bifunctional in a variety of cancer. In oral cancer, SIRT1 seems to work as a tumor suppressor. The carcinogenic potential of SIRT1 is also reported in oral cancer, and hence, its role is still ambiguous. SIRT2 is also said to play a dual-faced role in different types of cancers. However, in oral cancer, SIRT2 is not studied and its role remains obscure. SIRT3 expression was positively correlated with oral malignancies. However, studies also showed the anti-cancer role of SIRT3 in oral cancer. SIRT7 loss was observed in oral cancer cells, while its overexpression caused the suppression of oral cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasiveness. The role of other SIRTs in oral cancer was studied meagerly or reports not available. To date, only the roles of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT7 have been reported in oral malignancies. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms employed by sirtuins to modulate oral cancer is important for developing potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.

Boldine treatment protects acetaminophen-induced liver inflammation and acute hepatic necrosis in mice

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent cause responsible for acute liver failure (ALF). Acetaminophen (APAP) is a known hepatotoxin predictably causing intrinsic DILI. At high doses, APAP causes acute liver necrosis and responsible for ALF and liver transplant cases in 50% and 20% of patients, respectively, in the United States alone. Oxidative stress and glutathione depletion are implicated in APAP-induced liver necrosis. Boldine, a plant-derived compound is shown to have promising antioxidant potential. Therefore, this study investigates the protective effect of boldine against APAP-induced acute hepatic necrosis in mice. A single toxic dose of APAP (300 mg/kg b.w. p.o.) was administered in overnight-fasted mice to induce acute liver necrosis. Separately, APAP + boldine and APAP + N-acetylcysteine (NAC) simultaneous treatments were also given. Serum transaminases and reduced glutathione, enzymic antioxidants, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and, IL-6 were evaluated in liver tissue. Acute APAP intoxication significantly elevated serum marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity. APAP administration increased lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 protein expressions. The enzymic antioxidants and reduced glutathione levels were decreased in liver tissue of APAP intoxicated mice. Boldine and NAC simultaneous treatments prevented APAP-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrosis. The results of this study suggest the crucial role of boldine to protect against APAP induced hepatotoxicity by virtue of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Anticancer effects and lysosomal acidification in A549 cells by Astaxanthin from Haematococcus lacustris

Astaxanthin (AXN) is known to have health benefits by epidemiological studies. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the effect of AXN (derived from indigenous unicellular green alga Haematococcus lacustris) to modulate cell cycle arrest, lysosomal acidification and eventually apoptosis using in vitro in A549 lung cancer cells. Natural extracts of astaxanthin were obtained by standardized methods as reported earlier and characterized by standard HPLC and MS. Treatment of A549 cells with AXN (purified fraction) showed significant reduction in cell viability (about 50%) as compared to crude extract at 50µM concentration. Thus, we show the anticancer effects and lysosomal acidification in A549 cells by Astaxanthin from Haematococcus lacustris for further consideration. Together, our results demonstrated the anticancer potential of AXN from Haematococcus lacustris, which is found to be mediated via its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, lysosomal acidification and apoptotic induction.

Cytotoxic potentials of silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles on human colorectal HT-29 cancer cells

It is of interest to study the cytotoxicity of silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles in human colorectal (HT-29) cancer cells. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using silibinin as a reducing agent. The synthesized silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles ( SSNPs) were characterized and analyzed using a transmission electron microscope and spectrophotometer. The SSNPs synthesized in this study are spherical and their size ranges from 10 to 80 nm. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ng/mL) of SSNPs and cytotoxicity was evaluated. The apoptosis was using flow cytometry. p53 protein expression using western blot. SSNPs are induced a decrease in viability and increased concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. SSNPs treatment also caused apoptosis-related morphological changes. SSNPs treatments at 8 and 16 ng/ml showed a prominent apoptotic change i.e., 70.3% and 83.6% respectively, and decreased viability of HT-29 cells 20% and 11.2% respectively as compared to control cells. SSNPs treatments induced p53 expression in HT-29 cells. Data shows that SSNPs have the potential to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. This provides insights for the further evaluation of SSNPs in fighting colon cancer.

Data on known anti-virals in combating CoVid-19

Design and development of effective anti-virals in combating CoVid-19 is a great challenge worldwide. Known drugs such as chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are used in the management of CoVid - 19. It is known that Ivermectin and remdesivir both are effective against filoviruses, paramyxo viruses. Available data also shows that ivermectin and remedesivir repress the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we document the potential use of ivermectin and remdesivir in the management of CoVid -19.

Melatonin regulates tumor angiogenesis via miR-424-5p/VEGFA signaling pathway in osteosarcoma

Melatonin is recognized as an anti-angiogenic agent, but its function in the tumor microenvironment especially in osteosarcoma remains uncertain. Among the selected miRNAs, miR-205, miR-424, miR-140, miR-106, and miR-519 were upregulated by melatonin in osteosarcoma cells. The functional role of miR-424-5p in osteosarcoma was further analyzed using miR-424-5p mimic/inhibitor. VEGFA mRNA and protein expression were altered by miR-424-5p mimic/inhibitor transfection with and without melatonin treatment and it was further identified that the VEGFA 3'UTR is directly targeted by miR-424-5p using the luciferase reporter gene system. The conditioned medium from SaOS2 and MG63 cells treated with melatonin and/or transfected with miR-424-5p mimic/inhibitor was exposed to endothelial cells, and cell proliferation and migration was analyzed. MG-63 and SaOS2 cells are also transfected with miR-424-5p inhibitors and positioned on CAM vascular bed to study the angiogenic activity at both morphological and molecular level under melatonin treatment. Our observations demonstrate for the first time that, melatonin upregulated the expression of miR-424-5p in osteosarcoma inhibiting VEGFA. Furthermore, it suppresses tumor angiogenesis, modulating surrounding endothelial cell proliferation and migration as well as the morphology of blood vessels, and angiogenic growth factors. These findings suggest that melatonin could play a pivotal role in tumor suppression via miR-424-5p/VEGFA axis.

In Vitro Anti-Neuroblastoma Activity of Thymoquinone Against Neuro-2a Cells via Cell-cycle Arrest

We have recently shown that thymoquinone (TQ) has a potent cytotoxic effect and induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation with down-regulation of XIAP in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells. Interestingly, our results showed that TQ was significantly more cytotoxic towards Neuro-2a cells when compared with primary normal neuronal cells. In this study, the effects of TQ on cell-cycle regulation and the mechanisms that contribute to this effect were investigated using Neuro-2a cells. Cell-cycle analysis performed by flow cytometry revealed cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase and a significant increase in the accumulation of TQ-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, indicating induction of apoptosis by the compound. Moreover, TQ increased the expression of p53, p21 mRNA and protein levels, whereas it decreased the protein expression of PCNA, cyclin B1 and Cdc2 in a dose- dependent manner. Our finding suggests that TQ could suppress cell growth and cell survival via arresting the cell-cycle in the G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells.

The Anticancer Role of Capsaicin in Experimentallyinduced Lung Carcinogenesis

OBJECTIVES

Capsaicin (CAP) is the chief pungent principle found in the hot red peppers and the chili peppers that have long been used as spices, food additives and drugs. This study investigated the anticancer potential of CAP through its ability to modify extracellular matrix components and proteases during mice lung carcinogenesis.

METHODS

Swiss albino mice were treated with benzo(a) pyrene (50 mg/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil) orally twice a week for four successive weeks to induce lung cancer at the end of 14(th) week. CAP was administrated (10 mg/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil) intraperitoneally. Extracellular matrix components were assayed; Masson's trichome staining of lung tissues was performed. Western blot analyses of matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9 were also carried out.

RESULTS

In comparison with the control animals, animals in which benzo(a)pyrene had induced lung cancer showed significant increases in extracellular matrix components such as collagen (hydroxy proline), elastin, uronic acid and hexosamine and in glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. The above alterations in extracellular matrix components were effectively counteracted in benzo(a)pyrene along with CAP supplemented animals when compared to benzo(a) pyrene alone supplemented animals. The results of Masson's trichome staining for collagen and of, immunoblotting analyses of matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9 further supported the biochemical findings.

CONCLUSION

The apparent potential of CAP in modulating extracellular matrix components and proteases suggests that CAP plays a chemomodulatory and anti- cancer role working against experimentally induced lung carcinogenesis.

Thymoquinone inhibits cell proliferation through regulation of G1/S phase cell cycle transition in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental rat hepatocellular carcinoma

Dysregulated cell proliferation and tumorigenesis is frequently encountered in several cancers including hepatocellular carcinogenesis (HCC). Thus, agents that inhibit cell proliferation and restrain hepatic tumorigenesis through cell cycle regulation have a beneficial effect in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of thymoquinone (TQ), an active compound derived from the medicinal plant Nigella sativa, on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) [0.01% in drinking water for 16 weeks]-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in experimental rats. After experimental period, the hepatic nodules, liver injury markers and tumor markers levels were substantially increased in NDEA induced liver tumors in rats. However, TQ (20mg/kg body weight) treatment greatly reduced liver injury markers and decreased tumor markers and prevented hepatic nodule formation and reduced tumor multiplicity in NDEA induced hepatic cancer bearing rats and this was evident from argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNORs) staining. Moreover, the uncontrolled cell proliferation was assessed by specific cell proliferative markers [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67] by immunofluorescence, immunoblot and analysis of mRNA expression. Simultaneously, we assessed the activity of TQ on G1/S phase cell cycle regulation with specific cell cycle proteins (p21(WAF1/CIP1), CDK4, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E) by immunoprecipitation in experimental rats. Treatment with TQ significantly reduced the detrimental alterations by abrogating cell proliferation, which strongly induced G1/S arrest in cell cycle transition. In conclusion, our results suggest that TQ has a potent anti proliferative activity by regulating the G1/S phase cell cycle transition and exhibit a beneficial role in the treatment of HCC.

Geraniol modulates tongue and hepatic phase I and phase II conjugation activities and may contribute directly to the chemopreventive activity against experimental oral carcinogenesis

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are chief determinants in both the susceptibility to mutagenic effect of chemical carcinogens and in the response of tumors to chemotherapy. The present study was aimed to analyze the effect of geraniol administration on the activity of phase I and phase II carcinogen metabolizing enzymes through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation against 4-niroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) induced oral carcinogenesis. The well-known chemical carcinogen 4NQO (50 ppm) was used to induce oral carcinogenesis through drinking water for 4, 12, and 20 weeks. The degree of cancer progression at each stage was confirmed by histological examination. At the end of the experimental period, 100% tumor formation was observed in the oral cavity of 4NQO induced animals with significant (P<0.05) alteration in the status of tumor markers, tongue and liver phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes indicating progression of disease. Oral administration of geraniol at the dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt., thrice a week to 4NQO induced animals was able to inhibit tumor formation and thereby delayed the progression of oral carcinogenesis by modulating tongue and liver phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes, as substantiated further by the histological and transmission electron microscopic studies. Our results demonstrate that geraniol exerts its chemopreventive potential by altering activities of phases I and II drug metabolizing enzymes to achieve minimum bioactivation of carcinogen and maximum detoxification.

Baicalein abrogates reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction during experimental pulmonary carcinogenesis in vivo

Our current study aimed to evaluate the chemotherapeutic efficacy of baicalein (BE) in Swiss albino mice, which is exposed to benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] for its ability to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and systolic failure. Here, we report that oral administration of B(a)P (50 mg/kg body weight)-induced pulmonary genotoxicities in mice was assessed in terms of elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage in lung mitochondria. MDA-DNA adducts were formed in immunohistochemical analysis, which confirmed nuclear DNA damage. mRNA expression levels studied by RT-PCR analysis of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) were found to be significantly decreased and showed a marked increase in membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. Accompanied by up-regulated Bcl-xL and down-regulated Bid, Bim and Cyt-c proteins studied by immunoblot were observed in B(a)P-induced lung cancer-bearing animals. Administration of BE (12 mg/kg body weight) significantly reversed all the above deleterious changes. Moreover, assessment of mitochondrial enzyme system revealed that BE treatment effectively counteracts B(a)P-induced down-regulated levels/activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome-C-oxidase and ATP levels. Restoration of mitochondria from oxidative damage was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopic examination. Further analysis of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C in lung mitochondria was carried out to substantiate the antioxidant effect of BE. The overall data conclude that chemotherapeutic efficacy of BE might have strong mitochondria protective and restoration capacity in sub-cellular level against lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.

Anti-cancer effects of thymoquinone in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells through caspase-3 activation with down-regulation of XIAP

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive component derived from the medicinal plant Nigella sativa. Recent studies reported that TQ exhibited cytotoxic effects in several cancer cell lines. Currently, no information in the literature is found concerning its mechanisms and cytotoxicity on neuroblastoma cells. In this study, the cytotoxicity of TQ in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a) was investigated. Our results showed that TQ significantly reduced viability of Neuro-2a cells than normal neuronal cells. Apoptosis induction by TQ was confirmed by DAPI and AO/PI staining. TQ triggered the apoptotic pathway, which was characterized by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. TQ significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, whereas decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, which leads to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Moreover, TQ treatment directs the activation of caspase-3 followed by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Interestingly, we also observed that TQ down-regulated caspase inhibitor X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). These results indicate that TQ induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation with down-regulation of XIAP in Neuro-2a cells.

Potential preventive effect of carvacrol against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

Antioxidants are one of the key players in tumorigenesis, several natural and synthetic antioxidants were shown to have anticancer effects. The aim of the present study is to divulge the chemopreventive nature of carvacrol during diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in male wistar albino rats. Administration of DEN to rats resulted in increased relative liver weight and serum marker enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT). The levels of lipid peroxides elevated (in both serum and tissue) with subsequent decrease in the final body weight and tissue antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). Carvacrol supplementation (15 mg/kg body weight) significantly attenuated these alterations, thereby showing potent anticancer effect in liver cancer. Histological observations and transmission electron microscopy studies were also carried out, which added supports to the chemopreventive action of the carvacrol against DEN-induction during liver cancer progression. These findings suggest that carvacrol prevents lipid peroxidation, hepatic cell damage, and protects the antioxidant system in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis.