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West P, Jensen EJ, Douglas SN, Wyatt G, Robbins L, Given C. Perceptions of families with adolescents utilizing augmentative and alternative communication technology: A qualitative approach. J Pediatr Nurs 2023:S0882-5963(23)00103-3. [PMID: 37127476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although family involvement is critical to successful augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device utilization, little is known about how families adapt to technology. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore parent-reported factors contributing to family adaptation among families with adolescents diagnosed with autism and/or Down syndrome (DS) utilizing AAC technology. This study describes families' experiences related to several interacting variables of the Resiliency Model, including demand, type, appraisal, resources, and problem-solving/coping, that helped shape the outcome of adaptation to AAC technology. Nurses are well-positioned in a variety of practice settings to assess vulnerable families and assist with identifying resources and navigating complex service systems. DESIGN AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight parents of adolescents with autism and/or DS (aged 13-18) recruited through online research registries, support organizations, and a social networking site. Recorded interviews were transcribed, and two independent reviewers coded and analyzed the data. Comparisons across all families' thematic summaries were examined for patterns. RESULTS Five themes described aspects of family adaptation: Contextual Strains and Influences, Continuum of Person-First Approach, Opening Doors, Facilitators of Support, and Planning Is Key. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlighted the challenges and demands associated with raising an adolescent using an AAC device, as well as the attributes, resources, perceptions, and strategies that either contributed or hindered family adaptation. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS AAC technology is readily available for adolescents with developmental disabilities. It is essential that nurses assess key adaptation components to support families in integrating and using the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia West
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Emily J Jensen
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 West Circle Drive, Human Ecology, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Sarah N Douglas
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 West Circle Drive, Human Ecology, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Gwen Wyatt
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Lorraine Robbins
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Charles Given
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, Life Science, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Mayadunnage S, Stannard HJ, West P, Old JM. Identification of roadkill hotspots and the factors affecting wombat vehicle collisions using the citizen science tool, WomSAT. Aust Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/am22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Roads directly impact wildlife through vehicle collisions. In Australia only a few studies have examined the impact of environmental characteristics on wombat roadkill. We analysed wombat roadkills reported into WomSAT, a website and application where citizen scientists can upload sightings of wombats, to map wombat roadkill across their distribution. We used Maxent software to identify the main factors influencing wombat roadkill hotspots. A total of 2391 wombat deaths on roads were reported by 567 citizen scientists from 2015 to 2019. More wombat roadkill deaths occurred in winter, with most unaffected by sarcoptic mange. The average daily solar exposure, distance to populated areas, precipitation of warmest quarter (bio 18), temperature seasonality (bio 4), and precipitation seasonality (bio 15) were identified as the main factors influencing wombat roadkill. The most roadkills reported per kilometre (3.7/km) occurred on Old Bega Road and Steeple Flat Road, in the New South Wales southern tablelands. Reduced reporting corresponded with a reduced number of citizen scientists continuing to report sightings over time, reflecting the limitations of the data collected by citizen scientists. However, data should continue to be collected by citizen scientists as it is an easy and low-cost method of collecting data over large areas, and can provide information to managers to support conservation efforts directed at reducing roadkill. Our study emphasises the need to continue to engage and reward citizen scientists for their efforts.
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West P, Van Riper M, Wyatt G, Lehto R, Douglas SN, Robbins L. Adaptation to Technology Use in Families of Children With Complex Communication Needs: An Integrative Review and Family Theory Application. J Fam Nurs 2020; 26:153-178. [PMID: 32389060 DOI: 10.1177/1074840720915536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Families with children who have developmental disabilities and complex communication needs (CCNs) face challenging demands affecting family adaptation. Many children with CCNs use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices to support communication, yet little is known about family adaptation to such technology. To fill this gap, an integrative review, guided by the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation was conducted to assess conceptual foundations and the state of the science of family adaptation among children utilizing AAC. Web-based searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thirty-three studies met eligibility. Findings demonstrated that to enhance the science underpinning family adaptation to AAC use, future research should be grounded conceptually and address important components of the Resiliency Model. Work in this emerging area will identify and facilitate nursing efforts to assist families as they adapt to communication technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gwen Wyatt
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Kamp KJ, West P, Holmstrom A, Luo Z, Wyatt G, Given B. Systematic Review of Social Support on Psychological Symptoms and Self-Management Behaviors Among Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Nurs Scholarsh 2019; 51:380-389. [PMID: 31119856 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to determine the relationship between social support, psychological symptoms and self-management behaviors among adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and examine the influence of types of social support and patient age. DESIGN This was a systematic review. PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Communication and Mass Media Complete, and Communication Abstracts were searched. Publication dates were limited to January 2000 to August 2018. METHODS The systematic review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement, and quality was appraised based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for cohort studies tool. The data were synthesized using narrative synthesis techniques. FINDINGS The literature review yielded 458 results. Eight articles met inclusion criteria. Articles utilized a variety of conceptualizations of both social support and self-management behaviors, making comparisons difficult. Findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between social support and psychological symptoms, and in one study only when social support buffered high stress. Studies with significant relationships between age and self-management behaviors indicated that a lower age was associated with decreased self-management behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Social support has the potential to influence psychological symptoms among patients with IBD. Future research should examine types of social support (i.e., emotional, informational, and tangible support) and measure levels of received social support. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Social support may serve as a modifiable factor to improve psychological symptoms among adults with IBD. Younger adults (age <40 years) may benefit from specialized interventions to address self-management behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Kamp
- Psi , Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Washington, Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, Seattle, WA,, USA
| | - Patricia West
- Alpha Psi , PhD Student, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Amanda Holmstrom
- Associate Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zhehui Luo
- Associate Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gwen Wyatt
- Alpha Psi , Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barbara Given
- Alpha Psi , Professor, Interim Associate Dean for Research, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Atmoko H, West P, Griffiths C, Bulfone-Paus S. 1030 Role of mast cells in psoriasis associated-pruritus. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
A microcomputer system has been developed to acquire, process and store respiratory and heart rate data for all-night sleep studies. Signals monitored continuously are: expired carbon dioxide (an index of airflow); respiratory inductance plethysmography (an index of the volume of air exchanged); oxygen saturation; and heart rate. The respiratory inductance Plethysmograph signal is reduced to a set of values which summarize each complete respiratory cycle (inspiratory time, expiratory time, and tidal volume index). Values of oxygen saturation and heart rate are saved at two points: the onset of inspiration and expiration. These signals, and derived values, are continuously updated on the system video display terminal. An audible alarm signals the presence of apneic events, and defects in the computer-polygraph interface. The software identifies three forms of apnea (central, obstructive, and mixed) in accordance with conventional definitions. A continuous polygraphic recording is time-synchronized, by a software generated time-coded signal, to enable the subsequent incorporation of the manually reduced sleep stage data. The sleep stage distribution data is placed, under program control, on the same storage medium as the computer-acquired data. Statistical relationships between sleep stage and respiration are investigated.
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Roca A, Bojang A, Camara B, Oluwalana C, Lette K, West P, D'Alessandro U, Bottomley C. Maternal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus is associated with colonization in newborns. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:974-979. [PMID: 28478240 PMCID: PMC5714057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although Staphylococcus aureus and Group B streptococcus (GBS) are major causes of neonatal sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa, it is unclear how these bacteria are transmitted to the neonate. METHODS In a cohort of 377 Gambian women and their newborns, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected at delivery (day 0), and 3, 6, 14 and 28 days later. Breast milk samples and vaginal swabs were collected from the mother. Staphylococcus aureus and GBS were isolated using conventional microbiological methods. RESULTS Most women were carriers of S. aureus (264 out of 361 with all samples collected, 73.1%) at some point during follow up and many were carriers of GBS (114 out of 361, 31.6%). Carriage of S. aureus was common in all three maternal sites and GBS was common in the vaginal tract and breast milk. Among newborns, carriage of S. aureus peaked at day 6 (238 out of 377, 63.1%) and GBS at day 3 (39 out of 377, 10.3%). Neonatal carriage of S. aureus at day 6 was associated with maternal carriage in the breast milk adjusted OR 2.54; 95% CI 1.45-4.45, vaginal tract (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 1.32-4.92) and nasopharynx (aOR 2.49; 95% CI 1.56-3.97). Neonatal carriage of GBS at day 6 was associated with maternal carriage in the breast milk (aOR 3.75; 95% CI 1.32-10.65) and vaginal tract (aOR 3.42; 95% CI 1.27-9.22). CONCLUSIONS Maternal colonization with S. aureus or GBS is a risk factor for bacterial colonization in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - A Bojang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
| | - B Camara
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
| | - C Oluwalana
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
| | - K Lette
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
| | - P West
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - U D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Bottomley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- BL Allen
- The University of Queensland; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; Gatton Queensland Australia
- Robert Wicks Pest Animal Research Centre; Biosecurity QLD; Toowoomba Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - P West
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Orange New South Wales Australia
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Baker SE, Shaw RF, Atkinson RPD, West P, Macdonald DW. Potential welfare impacts of kill-trapping European moles ( Talpa europaea) using scissor traps and Duffus traps: a post mortem examination study. Anim Welf 2015. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.24.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Capillaries with a high-index fluorescent coating represent a new type of whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavity sensor. By coating silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) onto the channel wall of a microcapillary, a cylindrical microcavity forms in which the optical confinement arises from the index contrast at the interface between the QD layer and the glass capillary wall. However, the ability to functionalize the QD layer for biosensing applications is an open question, since the layer consists of a mixture of Si-QDs embedded in a glassy SiOx matrix. Here, we employ a polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayer approach to functionalize the microcapillary inner surface and demonstrate the potential of this refractive index sensing platform for label-free biosensing applications, using biotin-neutravidin as a specific interaction model.
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Byles BW, West P, Cullen DA, More KL, Pomerantseva E. Todorokite-type manganese oxide nanowires as an intercalation cathode for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended hydrothermal treatment at an elevated temperature of 220 °C allowed high yield synthesis of manganese oxide nanowires with a todorokite crystal structure suitable for reversible intercalation of Li+ and Na+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Byles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - P. West
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - D. A. Cullen
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - K. L. More
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - E. Pomerantseva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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Affiliation(s)
- BL Allen
- The University of Queensland; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; Gatton; Queensland; Australia
| | - P West
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Orange; New South Wales; Australia
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Merrill D, Shamim A, Ali, Jahan, Labrique B, Christian, West P. Groundwater Iron Assessment and Consumption by Women in Rural Northwestern Bangladesh. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2012; 82:5-14. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Bangladesh, approximately 97 % of the rural population uses groundwater as a drinking source. In many areas of the country this water is known to have elevated levels of iron. The contribution to iron intake that this exposure provides, and the impact on health, are unknown. In the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2008, we measured iron content of household tube well water, explored local water collection methods, and estimated iron intake through consumption of groundwater for 276 women of reproductive age in a rural setting in northwestern Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were analyzed for total iron (mg/L), arsenic (category of µg/L), pH, temperature (oC), and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh). Participants drank [mean (SD); 2.7 (0.8) L] of water per day, all of which was collected from domestic tube wells. Total iron concentration in groundwater was high, [median (IQR) 16.3 (6.9, 28.2) mg/L], and variable throughout the area. Using this value, estimated daily iron intake [median (IQR)] was 41.1 (16.0, 71.0) mg from drinking water alone. The amount of water consumed was unrelated to its iron concentration (r = - 0.06; p = 0.33) despite potentially unpleasant organoleptic qualities of high iron content in water. Groundwater contributes substantially to daily iron intake of rural Bangladeshi women and currently represents an under-assessed potential source of dietary iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Merrill
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - A. Shamim
- The JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Ali
- The JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan
- The JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - B. Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - P. West
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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Palmer J, Weir-Hauptman A, Smith A, West P, Conard K, Fontaine B, Donley E, Cezar G. Metabolomics of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to predict developmental toxicity: A comparison. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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West P. Two cases of long chain 3 hydroxyl acyl coenzyme A dehdyrogenase deficiency in two consecutive pregnancies. Clin Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Continuity of patient care after discharge from hospital relies on effective discharge communication between the hospital doctors and the patient's general practitioner. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of discharge communication, in terms of its content and timing. The study involved analysing all discharge correspondence received by two city-based group practice medical centres over a period of one month. Three hundred and one pieces of discharge correspondence were scrutinised. These comprised 164 initial discharge summaries and 137 follow-up discharge letters. In general, information was more thoroughly and more accurately recorded in the follow-up letters than in the discharge summaries; however, there were significant delays in the receipt of the letters by the GPs. Results showed that there are many aspects of the correspondence between secondary and primary care which need improving. These include: improvement in the design of discharge correspondence forms; improvement in completing the forms; and improvement to the administrative systems for dispatching discharge correspondence. Although not specifically looked at in this study, we also believe that it would be useful for a mechanism to be set up for hospital pharmacists to establish links with their community colleagues in advance of a patient's discharge in order that the patient's pharmaceutical needs may be readily met in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mottram
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, England L3 3AF
| | - S Slater
- School of Pharmacy, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, England L3 3AF
| | - P West
- Liverpool Family Health Services Authority
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Neily J, Mills PD, Lee P, Carney B, West P, Percarpio K, Mazzia L, Paull DE, Bagian JP. Medical team training and coaching in the veterans health administration; assessment and impact on the first 32 facilities in the programme. Qual Saf Health Care 2010; 19:360-4. [DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2008.031005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Stockman A, Smithson H, Aboshiha J, West P, Ripamonti C. Chromatic appearance depends on the rate of change of the colour signal (the "slew" rate). J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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West P, Sweeting H, Young R, Kelly S. Social hierarchies in youth: school-based peer hierarchies are more important than family socioeconomic status for stress (cortisol). Br J Soc Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.096719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Yoong W, Memtsa M, Cartwright J, West P, Fakokunde A. O1033 Can urinary protein creatinine ratio predict outcome of pregnancy in women with pre-eclampsia? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)61406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Memtsa M, West P, Stavroulis A, Fakokunde A, Yoong W. P173 Is there a correlation between urinary protein-creatinine ratio and serum biochemical markers of pre-eclampsia? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)61664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Starostina N, Brodsky M, Prikhodko S, Hoo CM, Mecartney ML, West P. J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 225-232 (May/June 2008) AFM capabilities in characterization of particles and surfaces: from angstroms to microns. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00462_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Starostina N, Brodsky M, Prikhodko S, Hoo CM, Mecartney ML, West P. AFM capabilities in characterization of particles and surfaces: from angstroms to microns. J Cosmet Sci 2008; 59:225-232. [PMID: 18528590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), invented 25 years ago, is now routinely employed as a surface characterization technique. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the most widely used form of SPM, since AFM can be used in ambient conditions with minimal sample preparation. Examples of applications relevant to cosmetics include, but are not limited to, hair and skin roughness measurements and powder particle and nano-emulsion characterization. AFM is well suited for individual particle characterization, especially for measurements of volume, height, size, shape, aspect ratio, and particle surface morphology. Statistical distributions for a large set of particles can be generated through single-particle analysis techniques (i.e., ensemble-like information). AFM is better capable of resolving complex particle-size distributions than dynamic light-scattering (DLS). Single-particle analysis techniques with AFM can be more cost- and time-effective than analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, AFM offers resolution that is comparable to or greater than SEM or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and routinely allows direct measurements of the particle height and volume and produces images easily displayed in a quantified 3D format.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Starostina
- Pacific Nanotechnology Inc., Irvine, CA 92614, USA
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West P, Schmiedeskamp M, Neeley H, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E, Kaplan B. Use of high-dose ganciclovir for a resistant cytomegalovirus infection due to UL97 mutation. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10:129-32. [PMID: 17605740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2007.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major complication following solid organ transplantation resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. The guidelines published in 2004 have recommendations for therapy; however, the frequency of resistant CMV infection is increasing and therapy is not clearly defined. There are a few alternatives to ganciclovir such as foscarnet, cidofovir, and leflunomide; however, their use is limited by adverse effects. This report summarizes the successful use of high-dose ganciclovir for the treatment of a resistant CMV caused by UL97 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P West
- Transplant Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Yoong W, Memtsa M, Pun S, West P, Loo C, Okolo S. Pregnancy outcomes of women with pruritus, normal bile salts and liver enzymes: a case control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87:419-22. [DOI: 10.1080/00016340801976079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Despite its complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, warfarin is still one of the most widely used oral anticoagulant agents. Attaining optimal anticoagulation with this agent is clinically challenging in view of its many food and drug interactions. Inappropriate anticoagulation control can expose patients to an increased risk of bleeding or thromboembolic complications, due to over and underanticoagulation, respectively. Fluctuations in dietary vitamin K intake can have a significant effect on the degree of anticoagulation in patients treated with warfarin. In addition, the explosion in use of various dietary supplements and herbal products can lead to undesired outcomes on anticoagulant levels. The aim of this review is to discuss the scope and the potential clinical impact of the most commonly reported food, dietary supplement and herbal interactions with warfarin therapy. Practical steps for patients and providers to minimise these interactions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith A Nutescu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois, College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Kaplan B, West P, Neeley H, Martellotto J, Iqbal R, Gangemi A, Hatipoglu B, Benedetti E, Oberholzer J. Use of low dose tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and maintenance IL-2 receptor blockade in an islet transplant recipient. Clin Transplant 2007; 22:250-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2007.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Memtsa M, Pun S, West P, Okolo S, Yoong W. Consensus on the management of obstetric cholestasis: national UK survey. BJOG 2007; 114:910-1. [PMID: 17567430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huang TS, Xu C, Walker K, West P, Zhang S, Weese J. Decontamination Efficacy of Combined Chlorine Dioxide with Ultrasonication on Apples and Lettuce. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dashti AA, West P, Paton R, Amyes SGB. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Kuwait and UK strains identified by the Vitek system, and subsequent comparison of the Vitek system with other commercial ESBL-testing systems using these strains. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:417-421. [PMID: 16533989 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and fifty-one unique patient isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (123), Escherichia coli (114), Klebsiella oxytoca (7), Enterobacter cloacae (5) and Citrobacter freundii (2), flagged as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive by the Vitek system (GNS-526 card), were collected. These strains were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens submitted to the clinical bacteriology laboratories of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE), Edinburgh, UK (and associated GP practices), Hairmyers Hospital, Glasgow, UK, and the Amiri and Farwania Hospitals, Kuwait. Of the 101 RIE strains tested, 15 E. coli strains were found to be ESBL negative by Etest ESBL strips. On retesting the 15 E. coli strains with the Vitek GNS-532 card, 14 were found to be ESBL negative, despite being originally flagged as ESBL positive. The remaining 236 ESBL-producing strains were also subjected to the double disc-diffusion (DDD) technique for the detection of ESBLs. Of these, two were false negatives by Etest ESBL test strips (using both cefotaxime and ceftazidime strips), and 38 were false negatives by the DDD method. The Etest false-negative ESBL-producing strains of K. pneumoniae were positive by DDD. Technically, the Vitek method was the least demanding method to perform, as it was an integral part of the routine susceptibility test card. Etest strips were reliable, but were the most expensive of all the techniques used. The DDD test, while relatively inexpensive, was technically subjective, and in our hands, seven of the ESBL-positive strains that were confirmed by the other two techniques were not detected. Despite the false-positive ESBL-producing E. coli strains, the Vitek susceptibility card with its integral ESBL test offers the clinical laboratory a valuable and quick option to screen for ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. and E. coli as part of the routine laboratory methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Dashti
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - P West
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health Science Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - R Paton
- Molecular Chemotherapy, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - S G B Amyes
- Molecular Chemotherapy, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Doody JS, Green B, Sims R, Rhind D, West P, Steer D. Indirect impacts of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on nest predation in pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta). Wildl Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/wr05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cane toad (Bufo marinus) was introduced into Australia in 1935. Because this toxic frog is novel to the Australian fauna, its introduction has impacted native fauna in a variety of ways. We anticipated a severe decline in the yellow-spotted monitor lizard (Varanus panoptes) associated with the arrival of cane toads along the Daly River, Northern Territory, and predicted a simultaneous impact on nest predation in the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) because the lizard is the chief predator of C. insculpta eggs at the site. We surveyed for monitors and cane toads for five years at two sites before and after the arrival of cane toads, and surveyed for turtle nest predation for three years before, and one year after, the arrival of the toads. Collectively, our data and observations, combined with unpublished reports, indicate that: (1) cane toads arrived at our study sites during the wet seasons of 2003–04 and 2004–05; (2) the lizard V. panoptes readily succumbs to cane toad toxins; (3) . panoptes has experienced a marked decline in relative population numbers coincident with the arrival of the toads at the site; and (4) V. panoptes has been reduced to such low numbers that it is currently no longer a significant predator of pig-nosed turtle eggs.
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Brown J, Thorpe H, Napp V, Fairlamb DJ, Gower NH, Milroy R, Parmar MKB, Rudd RM, Spiro SG, Stephens RJ, Waller D, West P, Peake MD. Assessment of quality of life in the supportive care setting of the big lung trial in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:7417-27. [PMID: 16157935 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Big Lung Trial (BLT) was a large, pragmatic trial to evaluate the addition of chemotherapy to primary treatment (ie, surgery, radical radiotherapy, or supportive care) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the supportive care group, there was a small but significant survival benefit in patients treated with chemotherapy compared with supportive care alone (no chemotherapy). A substudy was undertaken to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) implications of the treatment options. QoL was assessed using European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaires C30 (QLQ-C30) and LC17, and daily diary cards. PATIENTS AND METHODS EORTC QLQ-C30 and LC17 were collected at 0, 6 to 8, 12, 18, and 24 weeks. Diary cards were completed during the first 12 weeks of the study. The primary end point was global QoL at 12 weeks. RESULTS A total of 273 patients were randomly assigned: 138 to no chemotherapy and 135 to chemotherapy. There was no evidence of a large detrimental effect on QoL of chemotherapy. No statistically significant differences in global QoL or physical/emotional functioning, fatigue and dyspnea, and pain were detected at 12 weeks. Higher rates of palliative radiotherapy in the no chemotherapy arm may have lessened differences in QoL. Global QoL, role functioning, fatigue, appetite loss, and constipation were prognostic indicators of survival at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION There were no important adverse effects of chemotherapy on QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, 17 Springfield Mount, Leeds LS2 9NG, United Kingdom.
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Maslove L, Gower N, Spiro S, Rudd R, Stephens R, West P. Estimation of the additional costs of chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax 2005; 60:564-9. [PMID: 15994264 PMCID: PMC1747451 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.039479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large multicentre randomised trial, the Big Lung Trial, which in part compared supportive care with or without cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact on the UK National Health Service of the costs incurred with the use of chemotherapy. METHODS This costing study was based on the retrospective collection of resource use data from hospital records. Case notes from 194 patients (98 chemotherapy + supportive care (C), 96 supportive care alone (NoC)) were inspected in eight centres recruiting the largest numbers of patients into the Big Lung Trial. Quantities were multiplied by fixed unit costs to calculate a total cost for each patient. The main outcome measure was the total cost incurred by the use of secondary care resources (including investigations, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical procedures, inpatient days, outpatient attendances, and hospice inpatient care) in the two groups. RESULTS Patients randomised to receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy had an average of 3.4 more inpatient bed days than the mean of 11.9 days for patients randomised to supportive care alone, and more outpatient attendances. NoC patients were more likely to have received palliative radiotherapy. The mean total cost for C patients was 5355 sterling pound compared with 3595 sterling pound for the NoC group, difference 760 sterling pound (95% CI 781 sterling pound to 2742 sterling pound ). When split, the cost in the C group associated with the administration of chemotherapy was 1233 sterling pound and non-chemotherapy costs were 4122 sterling pound . CONCLUSION The additional cost of chemotherapy was not offset by a reduction in subsequent costs (as the non-chemotherapy costs were similar), so the survival benefit of about 10 weeks observed in the C group was achieved with the cost of chemotherapy administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maslove
- York Health Economics Consortium Ltd, University of York, York, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate associations between 'less healthy eating' and 'unhealthy snacking' at age 11, and family life (family structure, meals and maternal employment status) together with potential socio-economic confounders and gender. METHODS Children participated in a school-based survey, questionnaires also being completed by parents. Analyses were based on those with complete data, weighted to account for bias in return of parental questionnaires (N = 2146). Data from a dietary inventory, questions on food choice and snacks were used to classify 'less healthy eating' and 'unhealthy snacking'. RESULTS Less healthy eating' (57%) and 'unhealthy snacking' (32%) were associated with greater deprivation, fewer maternal qualifications and being male. Compared with children of full-time homemakers, the likelihood of 'less healthy eating' was reduced among those whose mothers worked part-time (this effect remaining after socio-economic adjustment), full-time (effect removed after adjustment), or were unemployed, sick or disabled (effect emerging after adjustment). 'Unhealthy snacking' was not related to maternal employment, and neither measure was associated with family structure or daily meals. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that family structure or meals were associated with children's diets, although maternal employment had a positive association. Contrasting with the size of these effects, relationships between diet and socio-economic status were strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sweeting
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, UK.
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Spiro SG, Rudd RM, Souhami RL, Brown J, Fairlamb DJ, Gower NH, Maslove L, Milroy R, Napp V, Parmar MKB, Peake MD, Stephens RJ, Thorpe H, Waller DA, West P. Chemotherapy versus supportive care in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: improved survival without detriment to quality of life. Thorax 2004; 59:828-36. [PMID: 15454647 PMCID: PMC1746842 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1995 a meta-analysis of randomised trials investigating the value of adding chemotherapy to primary treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) suggested a small survival benefit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy in each of the primary treatment settings. However, the meta-analysis included many small trials and trials with differing eligibility criteria and chemotherapy regimens. METHODS The aim of the Big Lung Trial was to confirm the survival benefits seen in the meta-analysis and to assess quality of life and cost in the supportive care setting. A total of 725 patients were randomised to receive supportive care alone (n = 361) or supportive care plus cisplatin-based chemotherapy (n = 364). RESULTS 65% of patients allocated chemotherapy (C) received all three cycles of treatment and a further 27% received one or two cycles. 74% of patients allocated no chemotherapy (NoC) received thoracic radiotherapy compared with 47% of the C group. Patients allocated C had a significantly better survival than those allocated NoC: HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.89, p = 0.0006), median survival 8.0 months for the C group v 5.7 months for the NoC group, a difference of 9 weeks. There were 19 (5%) treatment related deaths in the C group. There was no evidence that any subgroup benefited more or less from chemotherapy. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the pre-defined primary and secondary quality of life end points, although large negative effects of chemotherapy were ruled out. The regimens used proved to be cost effective, the extra cost of chemotherapy being offset by longer survival. CONCLUSIONS The survival benefit seen in this trial was entirely consistent with the NSCLC meta-analysis and subsequent similarly designed large trials. The information on quality of life and cost should enable patients and their clinicians to make more informed treatment choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Spiro
- University College London Hospitals, UK
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Schwartz K, Monsur J, Northrup J, West P, Neale AV. Pharyngitis clinical prediction rules: effect of interobserver agreement: a MetroNet study. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57:142-6. [PMID: 15125623 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharyngitis clinical prediction rules improve Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) diagnosis and decrease unnecessary antibiotic use, yet few studies have addressed clinician variability in assessment of sore throat signs and symptoms. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a cross-sectional study in which two clinicians examined each of 200 adult sore throat patients. Each patient had a rapid GABHS antigen test. Clinicians were blinded to each other's assessment and to the rapid antigen result. Interobserver agreement was estimated using a kappa coefficient. Effect of agreement on sensitivity, specificity, and hypothetic rapid antigen testing and antibiotic prescribing was determined for two clinical prediction rules. RESULTS We found moderate inter-rater reliability on sore throat history and physical assessments. Clinician agreement was associated with significantly fewer hypothetic rapid antigen tests performed. CONCLUSION Interobserver agreement enhances the utility of pharyngitis clinical prediction rules. Medical school and residency training should focus on correct assessment of history and physical examination components used in GABHS clinical prediction rules. Correct assessment will result in less GABHS testing and antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Schwartz
- Division of Practice-Based Research, Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, 101 East Alexandrine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Dailey RK, Neale AV, Northrup J, West P, Schwartz KL. Herbal product use and menopause symptom relief in primary care patients: a MetroNet study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004; 12:633-41. [PMID: 14583104 DOI: 10.1089/154099903322404285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The four study objectives were to determine (1) the prevalence of use of four herbal product types promoted to reduce menopause symptoms (phytoestrogens, St. John's wort, Ginkgo biloba, and ginseng) among primary care patients approaching or in menopause, (2) the extent to which women who use these types of herbal products report menopause-related symptoms compared with herbal product nonusers, (3) the frequency of reported symptom reduction after use, and (4) if use was disclosed to their physicians. METHODS A cross-section of ethnically diverse women 40-55 years of age (35.5% African American, 60.2% Caucasian) who were recruited from eight primary care centers in Michigan to complete a self-report survey. The questionnaire included demographic items, health history, recent use of four herbal product types purported to relieve menopause symptoms and perception of symptom improvement, and interest in additional herbal product information. RESULTS Of 397 women, 24.9% reported taking, in the previous 6 months, at least one of the four study herbs. Herbal product use did not vary by patient demographics or health characteristics. Herbal product users reported more menopause symptoms than nonusers, and 68% of the users said that the herbs improved their symptoms; 56.4% said that their physician was aware of their herbal product use. CONCLUSIONS Primary care patients experiencing common menopausal symptoms are likely to use herbal products that are purported to provide menopause symptom relief, and many believe that these products improve their menopausal symptoms. Healthcare providers should be aware of patient's positive attitude, use patterns, and lack of disclosure of use of herbal medicines. Inquiry of herbal product use is another way for physicians to learn about patient self-medication of bothersome symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda K Dailey
- Division of Practice-based Research, Department of Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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West P. Health economics in paediatrics. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:2-3. [PMID: 14709488 PMCID: PMC1755929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P West
- York Health Economics Consortium Ltd, University of York, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sweeting
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
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West P. Real people. When hospital trustees speak, lawmakers listen to a community perspective. Hosp Health Netw 2002; 76:64, 4. [PMID: 12197044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Because they have no economic stake in the hospitals they serve, trustees can be most effective in bringing the community's health care perspective to their legislators' attention.
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Bulaj G, DeLaCruz R, Azimi-Zonooz A, West P, Watkins M, Yoshikami D, Olivera BM. Delta-conotoxin structure/function through a cladistic analysis. Biochemistry 2001; 40:13201-8. [PMID: 11683628 DOI: 10.1021/bi010683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delta-conotoxins are Conus peptides that inhibit inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. The suggestion that delta-conotoxins might be an essential component of the venoms of fish-hunting cone snails which rapidly immobilize their prey [Terlau, H., Shon, K., Grilley, M., Stocker, M., Stühmer, W., and Olivera, B. M. (1996) Nature 381, 148-151] has not been tested. On the basis of cDNA cloning, all of the fish-hunting Conus analyzed yielded at least one delta-conotoxin sequence. In addition, one delta-conotoxin isolated from the venom of Conus striatus had an amino acid sequence identical to that predicted from cDNA cloning. This new peptide exhibited properties of delta-conotoxins: it targeted sodium channels and potentiated action potentials by slowing channel inactivation. Homologous sequences of delta-conotoxins from two groups (clades) of related fish-hunting Conus species share consensus features but differ significantly from the two known delta-conotoxins from mollusc-hunting Conus venoms. Three large hydrophobic amino acids were conserved; analogues of the previously described delta-conotoxin PVIA with alanine substituted for the conserved amino acids F9 and I12 lost substantial biological activity. In contrast, both the T8A and K13A delta-conotoxin PVIA analogues, where substitutions were at nonconserved loci, proved to be biologically active. Taken together, our results indicate that a cladistic approach can identify amino acids critical for the activity of conotoxins and provide extensive information as to which amino acid substitutions can be made without significant functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bulaj
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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West P, Kay A, Hoffbrand B, Evans E. One Bristol. West J Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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West P. One Bristol. Doctors were to blame, if not wholly to blame. BMJ 2001; 323:1064. [PMID: 11712519 PMCID: PMC1121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Camacho N, West P, Griffith M, Warren R, Hidaka C. FT-IR imaging spectroscopy of genetically modified bovine chondrocytes. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(01)00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abbotts J, Williams R, Sweeting H, West P. Poor but healthy? The youngest generation of Irish catholics in west Scotland. Health Bull (Edinb) 2001; 59:373-80. [PMID: 12661387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catholic adults in the West of Scotland, who are mainly of Irish origin, have been shown to suffer excess morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. A major contributing factor to this inequality is socio-economic disadvantage. This paper investigates the health and socio-economic position of Catholics in the youngest generation. DESIGN Secondary analysis of baseline data from the West of Scotland 11-16 STUDY: Teenage Health, which is a longitudinal school-based survey. SETTING One hundred and thirty five primary schools in Glasgow and surrounding districts. SUBJECTS Two thousand five hundred and eighty six final-year pupils (average age eleven years and three months), born in 1983/1984. RESULTS Comparing Catholics and non-Catholics on a range of indicators of general health, recent acute symptoms, chronic conditions, mental health and physical measures, we found no evidence of any systematic health inequality. A few indicators did show statistically significant differences at the five percent level, but these were not in any consistent direction. In terms of household socio-economic position, though, we found strong evidence of disadvantage for Catholics. Catholic children were more likely to have parents of manual social class, without any formal qualifications, who were less likely to own their home or a car, more likely to express difficulty 'making ends meet', and more likely to live in a deprived area. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the prospects for diminishing socio-economic inequality over time between Catholics and non-Catholics in this cohort, which will depend on Catholic social mobility. We consider the likelihood of enduring health equality for Catholics, which will depend on the effects of different influences on health over the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abbotts
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow
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Abstract
AIM To explore whether the association between social class and smoking among teenagers varies according to the definition of smoking adopted. Design, setting and participants. A survey of 2196 15-year-olds in 43 secondary schools in the West of Scotland. MEASURES Current smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked, and social class based on the occupation of the head of the household. FINDINGS 'Current smoker' was the only category not significantly differentiated by class; the ratio of smokers from unskilled compared with professional backgrounds rose with increasingly stringent definitions of smoking. CONCLUSION The extent to which teenage smoking is patterned by social class depends on the definition of smoking adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sweeting
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, UK.
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West P. Grassroots advocacy is your responsibility. Trustee 2001; 54:34. [PMID: 11417006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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