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Pantelias A, King JD, Lammie P, Weil GJ. Development and Introduction of the Filariasis Test Strip: A New Diagnostic Test for the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:56-60. [PMID: 35292584 PMCID: PMC9154646 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component to achieving the global goal of elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is the availability of appropriate tools for disease mapping, monitoring, and surveillance. However, the development of these tools for a neglected disease such as LF can be a challenge. The lack of a commercial market and low familiarity with these diseases leave little incentive for diagnostic manufacturers to invest in this space. The Filarial Test Strip (FTS) development story provides a case study on how a multi-stakeholder, public-private partnership model facilitated the development, evaluation, and introduction of a new monitoring and surveillance tool for LF. This paper will reflect on the experience with the FTS and document the process from development of the target product profile to adoption and scale-up in country programs. Lessons learned from both the successes and challenges experienced during this process may help inform future efforts to develop and introduce new diagnostic or surveillance tools for neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pantelias
- Bridges to Development, Seattle, Washington;,Address correspondence to Anastasia Pantelias, Bridges to Development, 19028 Vashon Hwy SW, Vashon, Seattle, WA 98070. E-mail:
| | | | - Patrick Lammie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Chan YL, Patterson CL, Priest JW, Stresman G, William T, Chua TH, Tetteh K, Lammie P, Drakeley C, Fornace KM. Assessing seroprevalence and associated risk factors for multiple infectious diseases in Sabah, Malaysia using serological multiplex bead assays. Front Public Health 2022; 10:924316. [PMID: 36388287 PMCID: PMC9641279 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases continue to burden populations in Malaysia, especially among rural communities where resources are limited and access to health care is difficult. Current epidemiological trends of several neglected tropical diseases in these populations are at present absent due to the lack of habitual and efficient surveillance. To date, various studies have explored the utility of serological multiplex beads to monitor numerous diseases simultaneously. We therefore applied this platform to assess population level exposure to six infectious diseases in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, we concurrently investigated demographic and spatial risk factors that may be associated with exposure for each disease. Methods This study was conducted in four districts of Northern Sabah in Malaysian Borneo, using an environmentally stratified, population-based cross-sectional serological survey targeted to determine risk factors for malaria. Samples were collected between September to December 2015, from 919 villages totaling 10,100 persons. IgG responses to twelve antigens of six diseases (lymphatic filariasis- Bm33, Bm14, BmR1, Wb123; strongyloides- NIE; toxoplasmosis-SAG2A; yaws- Rp17 and TmpA; trachoma- Pgp3, Ct694; and giardiasis- VSP3, VSP5) were measured using serological multiplex bead assays. Eight demographic risk factors and twelve environmental covariates were included in this study to better understand transmission in this community. Results Seroprevalence of LF antigens included Bm33 (10.9%), Bm14+ BmR1 (3.5%), and Wb123 (1.7%). Seroprevalence of Strongyloides antigen NIE was 16.8%, for Toxoplasma antigen SAG2A was 29.9%, and Giardia antigens GVSP3 + GVSP5 was 23.2%. Seroprevalence estimates for yaws Rp17 was 4.91%, for TmpA was 4.81%, and for combined seropositivity to both antigens was 1.2%. Seroprevalence estimates for trachoma Pgp3 + Ct694 were 4.5%. Age was a significant risk factors consistent among all antigens assessed, while other risk factors varied among the different antigens. Spatial heterogeneity of seroprevalence was observed more prominently in lymphatic filariasis and toxoplasmosis. Conclusions Multiplex bead assays can be used to assess serological responses to numerous pathogens simultaneously to support infectious disease surveillance in rural communities, especially where prevalences estimates are lacking for neglected tropical diseases. Demographic and spatial data collected alongside serosurveys can prove useful in identifying risk factors associated with exposure and geographic distribution of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuYen L. Chan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: YuYen L. Chan
| | - Catriona L. Patterson
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Priest
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Tock H. Chua
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Kevin Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly M. Fornace
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Rebollo MP, Onyeze AN, Tiendrebeogo A, Senkwe MN, Impouma B, Ogoussan K, Zouré HGM, Deribe K, Cano J, Kinvi EB, Majewski A, Ottesen EA, Lammie P. Baseline Mapping of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa: The Accelerated WHO/AFRO Mapping Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2298-2304. [PMID: 33901001 PMCID: PMC8176498 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping is a prerequisite for effective implementation of interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Before the accelerated World Health Organization (WHO)/Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) NTD Mapping Project was initiated in 2014, mapping efforts in many countries were frequently carried out in an ad hoc and nonstandardized fashion. In 2013, there were at least 2,200 different districts (of the 4,851 districts in the WHO African region) that still required mapping, and in many of these districts, more than one disease needed to be mapped. During its 3-year duration from January 2014 through the end of 2016, the project carried out mapping surveys for one or more NTDs in at least 2,500 districts in 37 African countries. At the end of 2016, most (90%) of the 4,851 districts had completed the WHO-required mapping surveys for the five targeted Preventive Chemotherapy (PC)-NTDs, and the impact of this accelerated WHO/AFRO NTD Mapping Project proved to be much greater than just the detailed mapping results themselves. Indeed, the AFRO Mapping Project dramatically energized and empowered national NTD programs, attracted donor support for expanding these programs, and developed both a robust NTD mapping database and data portal. By clarifying the prevalence and burden of NTDs, the project provided not only the metrics and technical framework for guiding and tracking program implementation and success but also the research opportunities for developing improved diagnostic and epidemiologic sampling tools for all 5 PC-NTDs—lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Rebollo
- 1Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | | | - Benido Impouma
- 3World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Honorat G M Zouré
- 1Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Kebede Deribe
- 6Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Cano
- 1Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Ekoue Boniface Kinvi
- 1Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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Engels D, Hotez PJ, Ducker C, Gyapong M, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, Harrison W, Theobald S, Thomson R, Gamba V, Masong MC, Lammie P, Govender K, Mbabazi PS, Malecela MN. Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:615-624. [PMID: 33012861 PMCID: PMC7463188 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.252270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Female genital schistosomiasis as a result of chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium (commonly known as bilharzia) continues to be largely ignored by national and global health policy-makers. International attention for large-scale action against the disease focuses on whether it is a risk factor for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet female genital schistosomiasis itself is linked to pain, bleeding and sub- or infertility, leading to social stigma, and is a common issue for women in schistosomiasis-endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease should therefore be recognized as another component of a comprehensive health and human rights agenda for women and girls in Africa, alongside HIV and cervical cancer. Each of these three diseases has a targeted and proven preventive intervention: antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV; human papilloma virus vaccine for cervical cancer; and praziquantel treatment for female genital schistosomiasis. We discuss how female genital schistosomiasis control can be integrated with HIV and cervical cancer care. Such a programme will be part of a broader framework of sexual and reproductive health and rights, women's empowerment and social justice in Africa. Integrated approaches that join up multiple public health programmes have the potential to expand or create opportunities to reach more girls and women throughout their life course. We outline a pragmatic operational research agenda that has the potential to optimize joint implementation of a package of measures responding to the specific needs of girls and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Engels
- Uniting to Combat NTDs, Chemin de la Gouille 8, 1291 Commugny, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States of America (USA)
| | | | - Margaret Gyapong
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Amaya L Bustinduy
- Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - William E Secor
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Sally Theobald
- International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - Rachael Thomson
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England
| | - Victoria Gamba
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Makia C Masong
- Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, USA
| | - Kreeneshni Govender
- Human Rights and Gender, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pamela S Mbabazi
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mwelecele N Malecela
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Wilson N, Goodhew B, Mkocha H, Joseph K, Bandea C, Black C, Igietseme J, Munoz B, West SK, Lammie P, Kasubi M, Martin DL. Evaluation of a Single Dose of Azithromycin for Trachoma in Low-Prevalence Communities. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2018; 26:1-6. [PMID: 30543311 PMCID: PMC6352373 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1293693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Trachoma, caused by repeated ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination as a public health problem. We sought to determine whether a one-time azithromycin mass treatment would reduce trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) levels below the elimination threshold of 5% in communities with disease prevalence between 5 and 9.9%. Methods: The study was conducted in 96 sub-village units (balozis) in the Kongwa district of Tanzania which were predicted from prior prevalence surveys to have TF between 5 and 9.9%. Balozis were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms. The intervention arm received a single mass drug administration of azithromycin. At baseline and 12-month follow-up, ocular exams for trachoma, ocular swabs for detection of chlamydial DNA, and finger prick blood for analysis of anti-chlamydial antibody were taken. Results: Comparison of baseline and 12-month follow-up showed no significant difference in the overall TF1-9 prevalence by balozi between control and treatment arms. In the treatment arm there was a significant reduction of ocular infection 12 months after treatment (p = 0.004) but no change in the control arm. No change in Pgp3-specific antibody responses were observed after treatment in the control or treatment arms. Anti-CT694 responses increased in both study arms (p = 0.009 for control arm and p = 0.04 for treatment arm). Conclusion: These data suggest that a single round of MDA may not be sufficient to decrease TF levels below 5% when TF1-9 is between 5 and 9.9% at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wilson
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Brook Goodhew
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Kahaliah Joseph
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Claudiu Bandea
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Carolyn Black
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Joseph Igietseme
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Beatriz Munoz
- d Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sheila K West
- d Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Patrick Lammie
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Diana L Martin
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Martin D, Wiegand R, Goodhew B, Lammie P, Mkocha H, Kasubi M. Impact of Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis on Scabies in Eight Villages in Kongwa District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:937-939. [PMID: 30062986 PMCID: PMC6159570 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies was recently added to the World Health Organization list of neglected tropical diseases. The ability to treat scabies with oral ivermectin makes a mass drug administration (MDA) campaign a feasible option for scabies control. Ivermectin MDA in communities endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF) or onchocerciasis may already be having an impact on scabies. We examined the effect of ivermectin MDA for LF on scabies prevalence over 4 years in eight Tanzanian villages. At baseline, 4.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7-5.4) of individuals tested positive for scabies, decreasing to 0.84% (95% CI: 0.51-1.4) after one round of ivermectin MDA but increased in Year 3 (2.5% [95% CI: 1.9-3.3]) and Year 4 (2.9% [95% CI: 2.2-3.8]). Most scabies cases were seen in children younger than 15 years. The data suggest that single-dose ivermectin MDA may not be effective in attaining long-term decreases when scabies prevalence is less than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ryan Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Plucinski MM, Candrinho B, Chambe G, Muchanga J, Muguande O, Matsinhe G, Mathe G, Rogier E, Doyle T, Zulliger R, Colborn J, Saifodine A, Lammie P, Priest JW. Multiplex serology for impact evaluation of bed net distribution on burden of lymphatic filariasis and four species of human malaria in northern Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006278. [PMID: 29444078 PMCID: PMC5854460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is a primary control strategy against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, its impact on the three other main species of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis (LF), which share the same vectors in many co-endemic areas, is not as well characterized. The recent development of multiplex antibody detection provides the opportunity for simultaneous evaluation of the impact of control measures on the burden of multiple diseases. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two cross-sectional household surveys at baseline and one year after a LLIN distribution campaign were implemented in Mecubúri and Nacala-a-Velha Districts in Nampula Province, Mozambique. Both districts were known to be endemic for LF; both received mass drug administration (MDA) with antifilarial drugs during the evaluation period. Access to and use of LLINs was recorded, and household members were tested with P. falciparum rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Dried blood spots were collected and analyzed for presence of antibodies to three P. falciparum antigens, P. vivax MSP-119, P. ovale MSP-119, P. malariae MSP-119, and three LF antigens. Seroconversion rates were calculated and the association between LLIN use and post-campaign seropositivity was estimated using multivariate regression. The campaign covered 68% (95% CI: 58-77) of the population in Nacala-a-Velha and 46% (37-56) in Mecubúri. There was no statistically significant change in P. falciparum RDT positivity between the two surveys. Population seropositivity at baseline ranged from 31-81% for the P. falciparum antigens, 3-4% for P. vivax MSP-119, 41-43% for P. ovale MSP-119, 46-56% for P. malariae MSP-119, and 37-76% for the LF antigens. The seroconversion rate to the LF Bm33 antigen decreased significantly in both districts. The seroconversion rate to P. malariae MSP-119 and the LF Wb123 and Bm14 antigens each decreased significantly in one of the two districts. Community LLIN use was associated with a decreased risk of P. falciparum RDT positivity, P. falciparum LSA-1 seropositivity, and P. malariae MSP-119 seropositivity, but not LF antigen seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study area noted significant declines in LF seropositivity, but these were not associated with LLIN use. The MDA could have masked any impact of the LLINs on population LF seropositivity. The LLIN campaign did not reach adequately high coverage to decrease P. falciparum RDT positivity, the most common measure of P. falciparum burden. However, the significant decreases in the seroconversion rate to the P. malariae antigen, coupled with an association between community LLIN use and individual-level decreases in seropositivity to P. falciparum and P. malariae antigens show evidence of impact of the LLIN campaign and highlight the utility of using multiantigenic serological approaches for measuring intervention impact.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Dried Blood Spot Testing
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/epidemiology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/parasitology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control
- Family Characteristics
- Female
- Humans
- Insecticide-Treated Bednets
- Insecticides
- Malaria/epidemiology
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Male
- Mass Drug Administration/statistics & numerical data
- Middle Aged
- Mosquito Control/instrumentation
- Mosquito Control/methods
- Mosquito Control/statistics & numerical data
- Mozambique/epidemiology
- Plasmodium/immunology
- Seroconversion
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M. Plucinski
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Baltazar Candrinho
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Geraldo Chambe
- Mozambique Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - João Muchanga
- Mozambique Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Olinda Muguande
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Graça Matsinhe
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Guidion Mathe
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Eric Rogier
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Timothy Doyle
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rose Zulliger
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
- President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Colborn
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abu Saifodine
- President’s Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Priest
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
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Echazú A, Juarez M, Vargas PA, Cajal SP, Cimino RO, Heredia V, Caropresi S, Paredes G, Arias LM, Abril M, Gold S, Lammie P, Krolewiecki AJ. Albendazole and ivermectin for the control of soil-transmitted helminths in an area with high prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm in northwestern Argentina: A community-based pragmatic study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006003. [PMID: 28991899 PMCID: PMC5648268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control give a key role to deworming of school and pre-school age children with albendazole or mebendazole; which might be insufficient to achieve adequate control, particularly against Strongyloides stercoralis. The impact of preventive chemotherapy (PC) against STH morbidity is still incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a community-based program with albendazole and ivermectin in a high transmission setting for S. stercoralis and hookworm. METHODOLOGY Community-based pragmatic trial conducted in Tartagal, Argentina; from 2012 to 2015. Six communities (5070 people) were enrolled for community-based PC with albendazole and ivermectin. Two communities (2721 people) were re-treated for second and third rounds. STH prevalence, anemia and malnutrition were explored through consecutive surveys. Anthropometric assessment of children, stool analysis, complete blood count and NIE-ELISA serology for S. stercoralis were performed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS STH infection was associated with anemia and stunting in the baseline survey that included all communities and showed a STH prevalence of 47.6% (almost exclusively hookworm and S. stercoralis). Among communities with multiple interventions, STH prevalence decreased from 62% to 23% (p<0.001) after the first PC; anemia also diminished from 52% to 12% (p<0.001). After two interventions S. stercoralis seroprevalence declined, from 51% to 14% (p<0.001) and stunting prevalence decreased, from 19% to 12% (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Hookworm' infections are associated with anemia in the general population and nutritional impairment in children. S. stercoralis is also associated with anemia. Community-based deworming with albendazole and ivermectin is effective for the reduction of STH prevalence and morbidity in communities with high prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Echazú
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paola A. Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana P. Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Ruben O. Cimino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Viviana Heredia
- Gerencia Sanitaria, Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Tartagal, Salta, Argentina
| | - Silvia Caropresi
- Gerencia Sanitaria, Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Tartagal, Salta, Argentina
| | - Gladys Paredes
- Gerencia Sanitaria, Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Tartagal, Salta, Argentina
| | - Luis M. Arias
- Secretaria de Nutrición y Alimentación Saludable, Ministerio de Salud Pública de la Provincia de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Abril
- Departamento de Programas y Proyectos, Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Gold
- Departamento de Programas y Proyectos, Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alejandro J. Krolewiecki
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-Sede Regional Orán, San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Vargas P, Krolewiecki AJ, Echazú A, Juarez M, Cajal P, Gil JF, Caro N, Nasser J, Lammie P, Cimino RO. Serologic Monitoring of Public Health Interventions against Strongyloides stercoralis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:166-172. [PMID: 28719325 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Northwestern Argentina is endemic for soil-transmitted helminths, and annual deworming programs are carried out in prioritized areas. High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis was reported in this area; therefore, control programs including ivermectin are being evaluated. The NIE-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for this purpose. In this community trial, two groups of patients, classified according to housing and living conditions were evaluated. Simultaneous with baseline survey, Group 1 was moved to new households with access to improved water and sanitation facilities (W and S), where deworming (MDA, massive drug administration) took place within 1 month; whereas Group 2 received MDA but remained living with unimproved W and S. The mean time interval between baseline and the follow-up was 331 days for Group 1 and 508 for Group 2. Anti-NIE levels were measured for each individual before and after interventions and follow-up optical density (OD) ratios were calculated to quantify the variation. A significant decrease of the anti-NIE levels between baseline and follow-up was observed in both groups. Nonetheless, the number of patients that achieved the cure criteria (OD ratio < 0.6) was higher in Group 1 than Group 2 with values of 72.7% (24/33) and 45.0% (18/40), respectively (P = 0.0197). Our results support the conclusion that a combined intervention including deworming and improvements in life conditions is more effective, in terms of the proportion of subjects cured than deworming alone. Furthermore, we found that NIE-ELISA is a useful test for assessing the response to treatment and to evaluate the outcome of control intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vargas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Krolewiecki
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Adriana Echazú
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Pamela Cajal
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose F Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Caro
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina
| | - Julio Nasser
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Salta, Argentina
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rubén O Cimino
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales (IIET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Sede Regional Orán, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Martin DL, Wiegand R, Goodhew B, Lammie P, Black CM, West S, Gaydos CA, Dize L, Mkocha H, Kasubi M, Gambhir M. Serological Measures of Trachoma Transmission Intensity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18532. [PMID: 26687891 PMCID: PMC4685243 DOI: 10.1038/srep18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to trachoma, a leading infectious cause of blindness. Trachoma is targeted for elimination by 2020. Clinical grading for ocular disease is currently used for evaluating trachoma elimination programs, but serological surveillance can be a sensitive measure of disease transmission and provide a more objective testing strategy than clinical grading. We calculated the basic reproduction number from serological data in settings with high, medium, and low disease transmission based on clinical disease. The data showed a striking relationship between age seroprevalence and clinical data, demonstrating the proof-of-principle that age seroprevalence predicts transmission rates and therefore could be used as an indicator of decreased transmission of ocular trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Ryan Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Carolyn M Black
- National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Sheila West
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21055 USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Laura Dize
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | - Manoj Gambhir
- Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
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11
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Ichimori K, King JD, Engels D, Yajima A, Mikhailov A, Lammie P, Ottesen EA. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: the processes underlying programme success. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3328. [PMID: 25502758 PMCID: PMC4263400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Ichimori
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D. King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Engels
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aya Yajima
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexei Mikhailov
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasite Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Ottesen
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
- RTI International, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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12
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Krolewiecki AJ, Lammie P, Jacobson J, Gabrielli AF, Levecke B, Socias E, Arias LM, Sosa N, Abraham D, Cimino R, Echazú A, Crudo F, Vercruysse J, Albonico M. A public health response against Strongyloides stercoralis: time to look at soil-transmitted helminthiasis in full. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2165. [PMID: 23675541 PMCID: PMC3649958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infections have a worldwide distribution with a global burden in terms of prevalence and morbidity that is largely ignored. A public health response against soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections should broaden the strategy to include S. stercoralis and overcome the epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges that this parasite poses in comparison to Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms. The relatively poor sensitivity of single stool evaluations, which is further lowered when quantitative techniques aimed at detecting eggs are used, also complicates morbidity evaluations and adequate drug efficacy measurements, since S. stercoralis is eliminated in stools in a larval stage. Specific stool techniques for the detection of larvae of S. stercoralis, like Baermann's and Koga's agar plate, despite superiority over direct techniques are still suboptimal. New serologies using recombinant antigens and molecular-based techniques offer new hopes in those areas. The use of ivermectin rather than benzimidazoles for its treatment and the need to have curative regimens rather than lowering the parasite burden are also unique for S. stercoralis in comparison to the other STH due to its life cycle, which allows reproduction and amplification of the worm burden within the human host. The potential impact on STH of the benzimidazoles/ivermectin combinations, already used for control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis, should be further evaluated in public health settings. While waiting for more effective single-dose drug regimens and new sensitive diagnostics, the evidence and the tools already available warrant the planning of a common platform for STH and S. stercoralis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Krolewiecki
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Oran, Argentina.
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13
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Drexler N, Washington CH, Lovegrove M, Grady C, Milord MD, Streit T, Lammie P. Secondary mapping of lymphatic filariasis in Haiti-definition of transmission foci in low-prevalence settings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1807. [PMID: 23071849 PMCID: PMC3469481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To eliminate Lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that any area with infection prevalence greater than or equal to 1% (denoted by presence of microfilaremia or antigenemia) should receive mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs for at least five consecutive rounds. Areas of low-antigen prevalence (< 1%) are thought to pose little risk for continued transmission of LF. Five low-antigen prevalence communes in Haiti, characterized as part of a national survey, were further assessed for transmission in this study. An initial evaluation of schoolchildren was performed in each commune to identify antigen-positive children who served as index cases for subsequent community surveys conducted among households neighboring the index cases. Global positioning system (GPS) coordinates and immunochromatographic tests (ICT) for filarial antigenemia were collected on approximately 1,600 persons of all ages in the five communes. The relationship between antigen-positive cases in the community and distance from index cases was evaluated using multivariate regression techniques and analyses of spatial clustering. Community surveys demonstrated higher antigen prevalence in three of the five communes than was observed in the original mapping survey; autochthonous cases were found in the same three communes. Regression techniques identified a significantly increased likelihood of being antigen-positive when living within 20 meters of index cases when controlling for age, gender, and commune. Spatial clustering of antigen-positive cases was observed in some, but not all communes. Our results suggest that localized transmission was present even in low-prevalence settings and suggest that better surveillance methods may be needed to detect microfoci of LF transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Drexler
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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14
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Joseph H, Maiava F, Naseri T, Silva U, Lammie P, Melrose W. Epidemiological assessment of continuing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2011; 105:567-78. [PMID: 22325816 PMCID: PMC4089807 DOI: 10.1179/2047773211y.0000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) was assessed in five Samoan villages by measuring microfilaraemia (Mf), circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and antibody prevalence. Compared to the other villages, Fasitoo-Tai had a significantly higher Mf prevalence (3·2%), CFA prevalence (14·6%) and antibody prevalence in children (62·0%) (P<0·05). Puapua had a significantly lower CFA prevalence (2·5%), no detectable Mf-positive individuals and significantly low antibody prevalence in children (7·9%) (P<0·05). Siufaga, previously believed to be LF-free, recorded >1% CFA prevalence and a high antibody prevalence in children (46·6%). Overall, antibody prevalence in children appeared to reflect the transmission dynamics in the villages and, in Siufaga, identified an area of ongoing transmission. The Filariasis Cellabs Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (CELISA), based on recombinant antigen Bm14, to detect antibodies, could potentially be a promising diagnostic tool for inclusion in future surveillance in the South Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Joseph
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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15
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Montresor A, Engels D, Chitsulo L, Gabrielli A, Albonico M, Savioli L, Lammie P. The appropriate indicator should be used to assess treatment failure in STH infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:579-80; author reply 581. [PMID: 21896826 PMCID: PMC3163888 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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King JD, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Pa'au M, Lammie P. Improving community participation to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa. Acta Trop 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S48-54. [PMID: 20932818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, the American Samoa Department of Health initiated a campaign of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) to eliminate transmission of filariasis. Drug coverage was well below prescribed targets in the first three campaigns, ranging from 24 to 52% of the total population. Evaluation findings from a variety of formative research methods identified opportunities to improve MDA coverage and ensuing program modifications resulted in increased drug coverage of 65-71% in the following four annual distributions. Partnering with churches for drug distribution and using multiple media channels for health promotion led to sustained program improvements. With the increased emphasis on the use of mass distribution for delivery of drugs for a number of neglected tropical diseases, other programs may benefit from a similar approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D King
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
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17
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Weinkopff T, Lammie P. Lack of evidence for the direct activation of endothelial cells by adult female and microfilarial excretory-secretory products. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22282. [PMID: 21829611 PMCID: PMC3149047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiectasia (dilation of the lymphatic vessel (LV)) is pathognomonic for lymphatic filariasis. In both infected humans and animal models of infection, lymphangiectasia is not restricted to the site of the worm nest, but is found along the infected vessel. These observations argue that soluble products secreted by the worm could be mediating this effect by activating the lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) lining the vessel. We tested the ability of filarial Excretory-Secretory products to activate LECs, but were unable to detect a direct effect of the Excretory-Secretory products on the activation of LEC as assessed by a variety of approaches including cellular proliferation, cell surface molecule expression and cytokine and growth factor production (although other mediators used as positive controls did induce these effects). Collectively, these results do not support the hypothesis that Excretory-Secretory products directly activate LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Weinkopff
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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18
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Weinkopff T, Atwood JA, Punkosdy GA, Moss D, Weatherly DB, Orlando R, Lammie P. Identification of antigenic Brugia adult worm proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting. J Parasitol 2010; 95:1429-35. [PMID: 19537848 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2083.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent completion of the Brugia malayi genome, proteomics offers a new resource for a deeper understanding of the biology of filarial parasites. We employed 2-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis followed by peptide mass fingerprinting on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometer to identify Brugia adult worm proteins and then determined which proteins were recognized by the host humoral immune response. We identified 18 unique proteins, several of which were determined to be antigenic by immunoblot. The proteins identified here may contribute to future studies to analyze the transmission and pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Weinkopff
- Department of Cell Biology, 724 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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19
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20
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21
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Lammie P, Milner T, Houston R. Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85:545-9. [PMID: 17768503 PMCID: PMC2636360 DOI: 10.2471/blt.06.034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fortifying salt with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is a safe, low-cost and effective strategy to eliminate transmission of lymphatic filariasis. DEC-fortified salt has been used successfully in pilot projects in several countries and has been used operationally by China to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. The successful use of iodized salt to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders is encouraging; similarly, fortified salt could be used as a vehicle to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Despite the potential programmatic advantages of fortifying salt with DEC instead of undertaking mass administration of tablets, DEC-fortified salt remains an underutilized intervention. We discuss the reasons for this and suggest settings in which the use of DEC-fortified salt should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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22
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Rawlins SC, Lammie P, Tiwari T, Pons P, Chadee DD, Oostburg BF, Baboolal S. Lymphatic filariasis in the Caribbean region: the opportunity for its elimination and certification. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2000; 7:319-24. [PMID: 10893972 DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892000000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to support the case for a certification of elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in some Caribbean countries, we compared the prevalence of circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in communities in Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad. For the study, we assayed school children in six communities in Guyana, five communities in Suriname, and three communities in Trinidad for the prevalence of circulating W. bancrofti antigen, using a new immunochromatographic test for LF. We also assayed adults in these three countries, with a special focus on Blanchisseuse, Trinidad, where mass treatment for LF elimination had been carried out in 1981. The prevalences of W. bancrofti circulating antigen found in the school children populations ranged from 1.7% to 33.2% in Guyana and were 0.22% overall in Suriname and 0.0% in Trinidad. Among adults in two Guyana communities the prevalences were 16.7% and 32.1%. The results were all negative from 211 adults in communities in the north, center, and south of Trinidad, as well as from 29 adults in Suriname. The data suggest that contrary to reports of LF endemicity from the World Health Organization, LF may no longer be present in Trinidad and may be of very low prevalence in Suriname. Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean nations proven negative could seek to be awarded a certificate of LF elimination. In Suriname the small localized pocket of infected persons who may serve as a reservoir of LF infection could be tested and appropriately treated to achieve LF elimination. Such LF-positive countries as Guyana should access new international resources being made available for LF elimination efforts. An adequate certification program would help identify which countries should seek the new LF elimination resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Rawlins
- Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, Port of Spain, Trinidad
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23
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Abstract
This report describes a significant increase in the prevalence of hookworm infection in an area of Haiti where intestinal parasites are common, but hookworm has not been common. Changing environmental conditions, specifically deforestation and subsequent silting of a local river, have caused periodic flooding with deposition of a layer of sandy loam topsoil and increased soil moisture. We speculate that these conditions, conducive to transmission of the infection, have allowed hookworm to reemerge as an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lilley
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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24
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Monroe JG, Haldar S, Prystowsky MB, Lammie P. Lymphokine regulation of inflammatory processes: interleukin-4 stimulates fibroblast proliferation. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 49:292-8. [PMID: 3262472 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(88)90119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While recent evidence from several laboratories has shown that interleukin-4 (IL-4) can act on a number of cells in addition to B lymphocytes, these have thus far been limited to cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Here we report that murine IL-4 promotes DNA synthesis in both primary and immortalized fibroblasts. Marked stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation was observed for primary skin fibroblasts or Balb/c3T3 cells stimulated with HPLC- or immunoaffinity-purified as well as recombinant IL-4. Responses to immunoaffinity and recombinant IL-4 were completely blocked with anti-IL-4 antibody. Similar dose/response relationships were observed for recombinant IL-4 on skin fibroblasts and an IL-4 responsive murine T cell tumor, suggesting that the receptors for this lymphokine on these cells is similar. Together, these results show that IL-4 can cause DNA synthesis by murine fibroblasts presumably through ligand-receptor interactions at the cell surface. Implications of these findings to inflammation during an immune response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Monroe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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