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Jenkinson PM, Panagiotopoulou E, Koukoutsakis A, Fotopoulou A. Greater Risk Taking in Cosmetic Surgery Acceptance and History: An Experimental and Computational Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03910-9. [PMID: 38512407 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Cosmetic surgery is ever more affordable and accessible, but carries physical and psychological risks. Yet, no study to date has directly examined risk-taking behaviour under controlled conditions, beyond self-report and in relation to cosmetic surgery attitudes. We used the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and advanced computational modelling to measure decision-making behaviour and identify the latent parameters driving behaviour associated with cosmetic surgery attitudes in women with no cosmetic surgery history (N = 265) and a subsample of women with a cosmetic surgery history (N = 24). Risk taking was higher in women with greater acceptance and history of cosmetic surgery. Computational modelling revealed increased risk taking in women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery when decisions were made with greater knowledge of loss (risk) and not when the likelihood of loss was unknown (uncertainty). When women with greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery made decisions, they also placed less emphasis on possible losses (reduced loss aversion). Our findings suggest that women seeking cosmetic procedures may be less sensitive to losses and thus make more risky decisions. Greater emphasis should be placed on communicating potential losses rather than just the associated risks to women considering cosmetic procedures.No Level Assigned This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mark Jenkinson
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | - Athanasios Koukoutsakis
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aikaterini Fotopoulou
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Jenkinson PM, Koukoutsakis A, Panagiotopoulou E, Vagnoni E, Demartini B, Nistico V, Gambini O, Christakou A, Fotopoulou A. Body appearance values modulate risk aversion in eating restriction. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:3418-3432. [PMID: 37768577 PMCID: PMC7615344 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of eating disorders is hindered by the lack of integration between existing psychosocial and neurobiological approaches. We address this problem by developing a novel transdiagnostic and computational approach to eating restriction decisions. We first validated a novel paradigm which extends an established monetary risk task to involve body stimuli with psychosocial values. We used advanced behavioral data analysis of a large (total N = 539) sample of women from across the eating restraint spectrum, including those with anorexia nervosa (AN; n = 31), recovered from AN (n = 23), and subclinical women with varying levels of eating restraint (n = 485), obtained from an online experiment, public event, and laboratory-based study. We found that social and motivational values regarding body appearance have a significant effect on value-based, decision making in eating restriction. Subsequently, validated descriptive and predictive advanced computational modeling indicated that these behaviors are driven by an aversion to risk rather than loss, with desirable body outcomes being associated with less risk aversion, and undesirable body outcomes linked to greater risk aversion. These findings indicate that cognitive and social factors influence eating decisions by distinct mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mark Jenkinson
- ISN Psychology, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Athanasios Koukoutsakis
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Elena Panagiotopoulou
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
- Postgraduate Studies, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | | | - Benedetta Demartini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Centre for neurotechnology and experimental brain therapeutics, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Nistico
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Centre for neurotechnology and experimental brain therapeutics, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Orsola Gambini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Centre for neurotechnology and experimental brain therapeutics, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Aikaterini Fotopoulou
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
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Fotopoulou A, Jenkinson PM, Tsakiris M, Haggard P, Rudd A, Kopelman MD. Mirror-view reverses somatoparaphrenia: Dissociation between first- and third-person perspectives on body ownership. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3946-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jenkinson PM, Fotopoulou A. Motor awareness in anosognosia for hemiplegia: experiments at last! Exp Brain Res 2009; 204:295-304. [PMID: 19593552 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP) is the apparent inability to acknowledge contralesional paralysis, typically following right-hemisphere lesions. Here, we review studies that regard AHP as a specific deficit of motor awareness and explain its symptoms by employing an established computational model of motor control. These accounts propose that AHP arises from a breakdown in the monitoring of intended and actual movement. First, we critically examine physiological and behavioural experiments, which attempt to provide an account of AHP by verifying the presence or absence of motor intentions. We then review more recent experiments that endeavour to empirically address the hitherto unexplored role of motor intentions and internal representations of movements in AHP patients' non-veridical (illusory) awareness of movement. Finally, we consider implications of AHP research for clinical practice and the understanding of motor awareness more generally. We conclude that the false experience of movement in AHP may provide insight into what occurs when the mechanism responsible for monitoring and correcting significant discrepancies between predicted and executed actions is impaired. The system seems to continue to operate by deceiving awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mark Jenkinson
- Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
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Woolmore JA, Stone MJ, Holley SL, Jenkinson PM, Ike A, Jones PW, Fryer AA, Strange RC, Stephens R, Langdon DW, Hawkins CP. Polymorphisms of the cannabinoid 1 receptor gene and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 14:177-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458507081343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment occurs in 45—65% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The cannabinoid system may potentially be neuroprotective in MS. We examined the relationship between polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene and neuropsychological outcome in MS using a test and confirmatory sample of patients. One hundred and ninety-four MS patients were assessed over five key areas of neuropsychological function, which are most commonly impaired in MS. The first 97 patients formed the test sample. A further confirmatory sample of 97 patients was used to test association found in the test sample. The schedule included: Wisconsin card sorting test 64 version, Rey auditory verbal learning task immediate and delayed scores, controlled oral word association task, judgement of line orientation and symbol digit modalities task. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were typed within the CNR1 gene. For the overall neuropsychological assessment score we used a multiple linear regression model with selected covariates to show that subjects with the AA genotype of the SNP RS1049353 were more impaired (mean -2.47, SD 5.75, P = 0.008, Bonferroni corrected P = 0.024) than the other subjects (mean 0.24, SD 4.24). This was not confirmed when the association was retested in the confirmatory sample. No associations were identified between these CNR1 variants and cognitive impairment in MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 177—182. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Woolmore
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK,
| | - MJ Stone
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
| | - SL Holley
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
| | - PM Jenkinson
- School of Psychology, Keele Universtity, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - A. Ike
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
| | - PW Jones
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - AA Fryer
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
| | - RC Strange
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
| | - R. Stephens
- School of Psychology, Keele Universtity, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - DW Langdon
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, UK
| | - CP Hawkins
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University Medical School, Hartshill Campus, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7LN, UK
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Field HV, Jenkinson PM, Frame MH, Warner JO. Asthma treatment with a new corticosteroid aerosol, budesonide, administered twice daily by spacer inhaler. Arch Dis Child 1982; 57:864-6. [PMID: 6756319 PMCID: PMC1628026 DOI: 10.1136/adc.57.11.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a double-blind crossover trial a new corticosteroid aerosol, budesonide, delivered by spacer inhaler twice daily, was found to be at least as effective in controlling childhood asthma as beclomethasone dipropionate administration four times a day. The twice daily dosage schedule of the new preparation offers considerable advantages for compliance with therapy in schoolchildren. Previous studies have shown that lung deposition of aerosol is increased by the use of a tube spacer between the pressurised aerosol inhaler and the mouth. This technique of administration may improve the efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma.
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