1
|
Nova ICV, de Almeida WA, Procópio TF, Godoy RSM, Miranda FR, Barbosa RC, Nascimento JDS, Paiva PMG, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL, Pimenta PFP, Martins GF, Navarro DMDAF, Napoleão TH, Pontual EV. Extract from Opuntia ficus-indica cladode delays the Aedes aegypti larval development by inducing an axenic midgut environment. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2023; 113:e21872. [PMID: 35112391 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of acute exposure of Aedes aegypti third instar (L3 ) larvae to the saline extract of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes on the biological cycle and fertility of the emerging adults. For this, larvae were treated for 24 h with the extract at ¼ LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of larvae), ½ LC50 or LC50 ; the development and reproduction of the emerged adults were evaluated after a recovery period of 9 days. The resistance of proteins in the extract to hydrolysis by L3 digestive enzymes and histomorphological alterations in the larval midgut were also investigated. The extract contained lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. It showed a LC50 of 3.71% for 48 h. The data indicated mean survival times similar in control and extract treatments. It was observed development delay in extract-treated groups, with a lower number of adults than in control. However, the females that emerged laid similar number of eggs in control and treatments. Histological evaluation revealed absence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in the food content in midguts from larvae treated with cladode extract. Electrophoresis revealed that three polypeptides in the extract resisted to hydrolysis by L3 digestive proteases for 90 min. The lectin activity was not altered even after 24-h incubation with the enzymes. In conclusion, the extract from O. ficus-indica can delay the development of Ae. aegypti larvae, which may be linked to induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut and permanence of lectin activity even after proteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella C V Nova
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Welton A de Almeida
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Thamara F Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raquel S M Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franciane R Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Renata C Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jéssica da Silva Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M G Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Magda R A Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Luiz A L Soares
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Daniela Maria do Amaral F Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel V Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cecílio P, Pires ACAM, Valenzuela JG, Pimenta PFP, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Secundino NFC, Oliveira F. Exploring Lutzomyia longipalpis Sand Fly Vector Competence for Leishmania major Parasites. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1199-1203. [PMID: 32328656 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies are the major natural vector of Leishmania infantum parasites, responsible for transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. Several experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of Lu. longipalpis to sustain development of different Leishmania species. However, no study had explored in depth the potential vector competence of Lu. longipalpis for Leishmania species other than L. infantum. Here, we show that Lu. longipalpis is a competent vector of L. major parasites, being able to acquire parasites from active cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, sustain mature infections, and transmit them to naive hosts, causing disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Clara A M Pires
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernandes FDF, Barletta ABF, Orfanó AS, Pinto LC, Nacif-Pimenta R, Miranda JC, Secundino NFC, Bahia AC, Pimenta PFP. Ultrastructure of the Antennae and Sensilla of Nyssomyia intermedia (Diptera: Psychodidae), Vector of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:1722-1734. [PMID: 32761144 PMCID: PMC7899269 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The antennal sensilla and the antenna of females Nyssomyia intermedia, one of the main vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The main goal was to characterize the quantity, typology, and topography of the sensilla with particular attention to the olfactory types. The insects were captured in the city of Corte de Pedra, State of Bahia, Brazil, by CDC-type light traps and raised in a laboratory as a new colony. Fourteen well-differentiated sensilla were identified, among six cuticular types: trichoidea, campaniformia, squamiformia, basiconica, chaetica, and coeloconica. Of these, six sensilla were classified as olfactory sensilla due to their specific morphological features. Smaller noninnervated pilosities of microtrichiae type were also evidenced by covering all antennal segments. The antennal segments differ in shapes and sizes, and the amount and distribution of types and subtypes of sensilla. This study may foment future taxonomic and phylogenetic analysis for a better evolutionary understanding of the sand flies. Besides, it may assist the targeting of future electrophysiological studies by Single Sensillum Recording, and aim to develop alternative measures of monitoring and control of this vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Freitas Fernandes
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz F Barletta
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alessandra S Orfanó
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Pinto
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jose Carlos Miranda
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Transmitted by Vectors, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nágila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Bahia
- Laboratory of Insects and Parasites Biochemistry, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology (LEM), René Rachou Institute (IRR), FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marialva EF, Secundino NF, Fernandes FF, Araújo HRC, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Pimenta PFP, Pessoa FAC. Morphological aspects of immature stages of Migonemyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), an important vector of Leishmaniosis in South America, described by scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242163. [PMID: 33180853 PMCID: PMC7660558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the immature stages of Migonemyia migonei, which is the vector of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America, and a putative vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to refine the description of the structures of the egg, all instar larvae, and the pupa. The eggs have polygonal cells on the egg exochorion, and differences between larval and pupal chaetotaxy have been highlighted. Different sensillary subtypes-trichoidea, basiconica, coelonica and campanoformia-were observed in the larval stages. The results presented herein contribute to the taxonomy of Mg. migonei and may contribute to future studies on the phylogeny of this important vector species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fabrício Marialva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia da Interação Patógeno Hospedeiro, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Nágila F. Secundino
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernando F. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Divisão de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Helena R. C. Araújo
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Industrial, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Claudia M. Ríos-Velásquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Felipe A. C. Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nacif-Pimenta R, Pinto LC, Volfova V, Volf P, Pimenta PFP, Secundino NFC. Conserved and distinct morphological aspects of the salivary glands of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis: an anatomical and ultrastructural study. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:441. [PMID: 32883363 PMCID: PMC7469427 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sand flies are vectors of Leishmania spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis in vertebrates, including man. The sand fly saliva contains powerful pharmacologically active substances that prevent hemostasis and enhance Leishmania spp. infections. On the other hand, salivary proteins can protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites. Therefore, sand fly salivary proteins are relevant for the epidemiology of leishmaniasis and can be a potential target for a vaccine against leishmaniasis. Despite this, studies on sand fly salivary glands (SGs) are limited. Methods The present study analyzes, in detail, the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the SGs of sand fly vectors of the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. We used histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and lectin labeling associated with confocal laser microscopy. Results The SGs have conserved and distinct morphological aspects according to the distinct sand fly species. Each SG has a single rounded lobe constituting of c.100–120 secretory cells. The SG secretory cells, according to their ultrastructure and lectin binding, were classified into five different subpopulations, which may differ in secretory pathways. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, these morphological details of sand fly salivary glands are described for the first time. Further studies are necessary to better understand the role of these different cell types and better relate them with the production and secretion of the saliva substances, which has a fundamental role in the interaction of the sand fly vectors with Leishmania.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Pinto
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vera Volfova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baia-da-Silva DC, Orfanó AS, Nacif-Pimenta R, de Melo FF, Guerra MGVB, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Pimenta PFP. Microanatomy of the American Malaria Vector Anopheles aquasalis (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) Midgut: Ultrastructural and Histochemical Observations. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:1636-1649. [PMID: 31321415 PMCID: PMC6821279 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito gut is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut functions in storage and digestion of the bloodmeal. This study used light, scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy to analyze in detail the microanatomy and morphology of the midgut of nonblood-fed Anopheles aquasalis females. The midgut epithelium is a monolayer of columnar epithelial cells that is composed of two populations: microvillar epithelial cells and basal cells. The microvillar epithelial cells can be further subdivided into light and dark cells, based on their affinities to toluidine blue and their electron density. FITC-labeling of the anterior midgut and posterior midgut with lectins resulted in different fluorescence intensities, indicating differences in carbohydrate residues. SEM revealed a complex muscle network composed of circular and longitudinal fibers that surround the entire midgut. In summary, the use of a diverse set of morphological methods revealed the general microanatomy of the midgut and associated tissues of An. aquasalis, which is a major vector of Plasmodium spp. (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) in America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfanó
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Hormindo Barros, Candeias, CEP, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria G V B Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, CEP, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av. Pedro Teixeira, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Manaus, Rua Terezina, Adrianópolis, CEP, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinez-Villegas L, Assis-Geraldo J, Koerich LB, Collier TC, Lee Y, Main BJ, Rodrigues NB, Orfano AS, Pires ACAM, Campolina TB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Baia-da-Silva DC, Duarte APM, Bahia AC, Rios-Velásquez CM, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Lanzaro GC, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP. Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Anopheles aquasalis, and phylogenetic divergences among Anopheles from diverse geographic zones. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219523. [PMID: 31479460 PMCID: PMC6720026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole mitogenome sequences (mtDNA) have been exploited for insect ecology studies, using them as molecular markers to reconstruct phylogenies, or to infer phylogeographic relationships and gene flow. Recent Anopheles phylogenomic studies have provided information regarding the time of deep lineage divergences within the genus. Here we report the complete 15,393 bp mtDNA sequences of Anopheles aquasalis, a Neotropical human malaria vector. When comparing its structure and base composition with other relevant and available anopheline mitogenomes, high similarity and conserved genomic features were observed. Furthermore, 22 mtDNA sequences comprising anopheline and Dipteran sibling species were analyzed to reconstruct phylogenies and estimate dates of divergence between taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using complete mtDNA sequences suggests that A. aquasalis diverged from the Anopheles albitarsis complex ~28 million years ago (MYA), and ~38 MYA from Anopheles darlingi. Bayesian analysis suggests that the most recent ancestor of Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles + Cellia was extant ~83 MYA, corroborating current estimates of ~79–100 MYA. Additional sampling and publication of African, Asian, and North American anopheline mitogenomes would improve the resolution of the Anopheles phylogeny and clarify early continental dispersal routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Villegas
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Assis-Geraldo
- Biosystems Informatics and Genomics Group, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Koerich
- Laboratory of Physiology of Haematophagous Insects, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Travis C Collier
- Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Main
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nilton B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfano
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C A M Pires
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais B Campolina
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Duarte
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana C Bahia
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Institute Leonidas and Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baia-da-Silva DC, Orfanó AS, Nacif-Pimenta R, de Melo FF, Simões S, Cabral I, Lacerda MVG, Guerra MDGB, Monteiro WM, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP. The Midgut Muscle Network of Anopheles aquasalis (Culicidae, Anophelinae): Microanatomy and Structural Modification After Blood Meal and Plasmodium vivax (Haemosporida, Plasmodiidae) Infection. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:421-431. [PMID: 30508123 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito midgut is divided into two regions named anterior midgut (AMG) and posterior midgut (PMG). The midgut expands intensely after the blood ingestion to accommodate a large amount of ingested food. To efficiently support the bloodmeal-induced changes, the organization of the visceral muscle fibers has significant adjustments. This study describes the spatial organization of the Anopheles aquasalis (Culicidae, Anophelinae) midgut muscle network and morphological changes after bloodmeal ingestion and infection with Plasmodium vivax (Haemosporida, Plasmodiidae). The midgut muscle network is composed of two types of fibers: longitudinal and circular. The two types of muscle fibers are composed of thick and thin filaments, similar to myosin and actin, respectively. Invagination of sarcoplasm membrane forms the T-system tubules. Sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae have been observed in association with these invaginations. At different times after the bloodmeal, the fibers in the AMG are not modified. A remarkable dilation characterizes the transitional area between the AMG and the PMG. In the PMG surface, after the completion of bloodmeal ingestion, the stretched muscle fibers became discontinued. At 72 h after bloodmeal digestion, it is possible to observe the presence of disorganized muscle fibers in the midgut regions. The Plasmodium oocyst development along the basal layer of the midgut does not have a significant role in the visceral musculature distribution. This study provides features of the visceral musculature at different blood feeding times of An. aquasalis and shows important changes in midgut topography including when the mosquitoes are infected with P. vivax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfanó
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Suzan Simões
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
| | - Iria Cabral
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicíus Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Manaus, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Barbosa Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, PMG, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Minas Gerais, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nascimento J, Sampaio VS, Karl S, Kuehn A, Almeida A, Vitor-Silva S, de Melo GC, Baia da Silva DC, C. P. Lopes S, Fé NF, Lima JBP, Guerra MGB, Pimenta PFP, Bassat Q, Mueller I, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM. Use of anthropophilic culicid-based xenosurveillance as a proxy for Plasmodium vivax malaria burden and transmission hotspots identification. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006909. [PMID: 30418971 PMCID: PMC6258424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than one million deaths annually. Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems worldwide. These vectors are bloodsucking insects, which can transmit disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal. The contact of culicids with human populations living in malaria-endemic areas suggests that the identification of Plasmodium genetic material in the blood present in the gut of these mosquitoes may be possible. The process of assessing the blood meal for the presence of pathogens is termed 'xenosurveillance'. In view of this, the present work investigated the relationship between the frequency with which Plasmodium DNA is found in culicids and the frequency with which individuals are found to be carrying malaria parasites. A cross-sectional study was performed in a peri-urban area of Manaus, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, by simultaneously collecting human blood samples and trapping culicids from households. A total of 875 individuals were included in the study and a total of 13,374mosquito specimens were captured. Malaria prevalence in the study area was 7.7%. The frequency of households with at least one culicid specimen carrying Plasmodium DNA was 6.4%. Plasmodium infection incidence was significantly related to whether any Plasmodium positive blood-fed culicid was found in the same household [IRR 3.49 (CI95% 1.38-8.84); p = 0.008] and for indoor-collected culicids [IRR 4.07 (CI95%1.25-13.24); p = 0.020]. Furthermore, the number of infected people in the house at the time of mosquito collection was related to whether there were any positive blood-fed culicid mosquitoes in that household for collection methods combined [IRR 4.48 (CI95%2.22-9.05); p<0.001] or only for indoor-collected culicids [IRR 4.88 (CI95%2.01-11.82); p<0.001]. Our results suggest that xenosurveillance can be used in endemic tropical regions in order to estimate the malaria burden and identify transmission foci in areas where Plasmodium vivax is predominant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joabi Nascimento
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Vanderson S. Sampaio
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Stephan Karl
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Entomology Section, Vector-borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Papua, New Guinea
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Anne Almeida
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Sheila Vitor-Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cardoso de Melo
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Djane C. Baia da Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Nelson F. Fé
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - José B. Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria G. Barbosa Guerra
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Parasites & Hosts Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marcus V. G. Lacerda
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bahia AC, Kubota MS, Souza-Neto JA, Koerich LB, Barletta AB, Araújo HRC, Gonçalves CM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Pimenta PFP, Traub-Csekö YM. An Anopheles aquasalis GATA factor Serpent is required for immunity against Plasmodium and bacteria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006785. [PMID: 30248099 PMCID: PMC6171954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an ancient and conserved defense system that provides an early effective response against invaders. Many immune genes of Anopheles mosquitoes have been implicated in defense against a variety of pathogens, including plasmodia. Nevertheless, only recent work identified some immune genes of Anopheles aquasalis mosquitoes upon P. vivax infection. Among these was a GATA transcription factor gene, which is described here. This is an ortholog of GATA factor Serpent genes described in Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. Gene expression analyses showed an increase of GATA-Serpent mRNA in P. vivax-infected A. aquasalis and functional RNAi experiments identified this transcription factor as an important immune gene of A. aquasalis against both bacteria and P. vivax. Besides, we were able to identify an effect of GATA-Serpent knockdown on A. aquasalis hemocyte proliferation and differentiation. These findings expand our understanding of the poorly studied A. aquasalis-P. vivax interactions and uncover GATA-Serpent as a key player of the mosquito innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Bahia
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina S. Kubota
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B. Koerich
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Barletta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Helena R. C. Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline M. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M. Ríos-Velásquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade em Saúde, Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Yara M. Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bezerra JMT, Araújo RGP, Melo FF, Gonçalves CM, Chaves BA, Silva BM, Silva LD, Brandão ST, Secundino NFC, Norris DE, Pimenta PFP. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus' dynamics influenced by spatiotemporal characteristics in a Brazilian dengue-endemic risk city. Acta Trop 2016; 164:431-437. [PMID: 27771419 PMCID: PMC5126057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brazil reported the majority of the dengue cases in Americas during the last two decades, where the occurrence of human dengue cases is exclusively attributed to the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus). Nowadays, other recognized Dengue virus (DENV) vector in Asian countries, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), has been detected in more than half of the 5565 Brazilian municipalities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of, and determine the Ae. albopictus’ dynamics influenced by spatiotemporal characteristics in a dengue-endemic risk city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State’s capital. Aedes albopictus were collected across four consecutive DENV transmission seasons from 2010 to 2014. These mosquitoes were caught in three selected districts, which had been reported in the previous ten years as having high mosquito densities and an elevated concentration of human dengue cases during epidemic seasons. All field-caught Ae. albopictus was individually processed by real-time RT-PCR, to research the DENV presence. The third season (p < 0.05) and the Pampulha district (p < 0.05) had the highest proportions of field-caught Ae. albopictus, respectively. The second season had the highest proportion of DENV-infected field-caught females (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the proportions of DENV-infected Ae. albopictus when comparing the collection in the three districts (p = 0.98). Minimum (p = 0.004) and maximum (p < 0.0001) temperature were correlated with the field-caught Ae. albopictus in four different periods and districts. In the generalized linear model of Poisson, the field-caught DENV-infected Ae. albopictus (p = 0.005), East district (p = 0.003), minimum temperature (p < 0.0001) and relative humidity (p = 0.001) remained associated with the total number of human dengue cases. Our study demonstrated that the number of field-caught DENV-infected Ae. albopictus was inversed correlated with the number of human dengue cases. Our study raises the possibility that the DENV circulating in mosquitoes Ae. albopictus is happening in non-epidemic periods, showing that this species may be keeping only the presence of the virus in nature. Further long-term studies are necessary to better understand the role of Ae. albopictus in DENV transmission and or its vectorial competence in Belo Horizonte and in other endemic cities in Brazil and in the New World countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M T Bezerra
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Raphaela G P Araújo
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Fabrício F Melo
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Gonçalves
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Bárbara A Chaves
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Avenue Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Amazonas, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Breno M Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro Bauxita, Ouro PretoOuro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana D Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Silvana T Brandão
- Belo Horizonte Secretary of Health, Avenue Afonso Pena, 2336, Funcionários, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-007, Brazil
| | - Nágila F C Secundino
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 615N, Maryland, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, René Rachou Research Centre - FIOCRUZ-MG, Avenue Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30190-002, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sampaio VS, Beltrán TP, Kobylinski KC, Melo GC, Lima JBP, Silva SGM, Rodriguez ÍC, Silveira H, Guerra MGVB, Bassat Q, Pimenta PFP, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM. Filling gaps on ivermectin knowledge: effects on the survival and reproduction of Anopheles aquasalis, a Latin American malaria vector. Malar J 2016; 15:491. [PMID: 27660149 PMCID: PMC5034551 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies designed to advance towards malaria elimination rely on the detection and treatment of infections, rather than fever, and the interruption of malaria transmission between mosquitoes and humans. Mass drug administration with anti-malarials directed at eliminating parasites in blood, either to entire populations or targeting only those with malaria infections, are considered useful strategies to progress towards malaria elimination, but may be insufficient if applied on their own. These strategies assume a closer contact with populations, so incorporating a vector control intervention tool to those approaches could significantly enhance their efficacy. Ivermectin, an endectocide drug efficacious against a range of Anopheles species, could be added to other drug-based interventions. Interestingly, ivermectin could also be useful to target outdoor feeding and resting vectors, something not possible with current vector control tools, such as impregnated bed nets or indoor residual spraying (IRS). RESULTS Anopheles aquasalis susceptibility to ivermectin was assessed. In vivo assessments were performed in six volunteers, being three men and three women. The effect of ivermectin on reproductive fitness and mosquito survivorship using membrane feeding assay (MFA) and direct feeding assay (DFA) was assessed and compared. The ivermectin lethal concentration (LC) values were LC50 = 47.03 ng/ml [44.68-49.40], LC25 = 31.92 ng/ml [28.60-34.57] and LC5 = 18.28 ng/ml [14.51-21.45]. Ivermectin significantly reduced the survivorship of An. aquasalis blood-fed 4 h post-ingestion (X 2 [N = 880] = 328.16, p < 0.001), 2 days post-ingestion (DPI 2) (X 2 [N = 983] = 156.75, p < 0.001), DPI 7 (X 2 [N = 935] = 31.17, p < 0.001) and DPI 14 (X 2 [N = 898] = 38.63, p < 0.001) compared to the blood fed on the untreated control. The average number of oviposited eggs per female was significantly lower in LC5 group (22.44 [SD = 3.38]) than in control (34.70 [SD = 12.09]) (X 2 [N = 199] = 10.52, p < 0.001) as well as the egg hatch rate (LC5 = 74.76 [SD = 5.48]) (Control = 81.91 [SD = 5.92]) (X 2 [N = 124] = 64.24, p < 0.001). However, no differences were observed on the number of pupae that developed from larvae (Control = 34.19 [SD = 10.42) and group (LC5 = 33.33 [SD = 11.97]) (X 2 [N = 124] = 0.96, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin drug reduces mosquito survivorship when blood fed on volunteer blood from 4 h to 14 days post-ingestion controlling for volunteers' gender. Ivermectin at mosquito sub-lethal concentrations (LC5) reduces fecundity and egg hatch rate but not the number of pupae that developed from larvae. DFA had significantly higher effects on mosquito survival compared to MFA. The findings are presented and discussed through the prism of malaria elimination in the Amazon region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanderson S. Sampaio
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tatiana P. Beltrán
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Gisely C. Melo
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Sara G. M. Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Íria C. Rodriguez
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria G. V. B. Guerra
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. G. Lacerda
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gonçalves CM, Melo FF, Bezerra JMT, Chaves BA, Silva BM, Silva LD, Pessanha JEM, Arias JR, Secundino NFC, Norris DE, Pimenta PFP. Distinct variation in vector competence among nine field populations of Aedes aegypti from a Brazilian dengue-endemic risk city. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:320. [PMID: 25015526 PMCID: PMC4230638 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, dengue epidemics erupt sporadically throughout the country and it is unclear if outbreaks may initiate a sustainable transmission cycle. There are few studies evaluating the ability of Brazilian Aedes aegypti populations to transmit dengue virus (DENV). The aim of this study was to compare DENV susceptibility of field-captured Ae. aegypti populations from nine distinct geographic areas of the city of Belo Horizonte in 2009 and 2011. Infection Rate (IR), Vector Competence (VC) and Disseminated Infection Rate (DIR) were determined. METHODS Aedes aegypti eggs from each region were collected and reared separately in an insectary. Adult females were experimentally infected with DENV-2 and the virus was detected by qPCR in body and head samples. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17. RESULTS IR varied from 40.0% to 82.5% in 2009 and 60.0% to 100.0% in 2011. VC ranged from 25.0% to 77.5% in 2009 and 25.0% to 80.0% in 2011. DIR oscillated from 68.7% to 100.0% in 2009 and 38.4% to 86.8 in 2011. When the results were evaluated by a logistic model using IR as covariate, North, Barreiro, South-Central and Venda Nova showed the strongest association in 2009. In 2011, a similar association was observed for South-Central, Venda Nova, West and Northeast regions. Using VC as covariate, South-Central and Venda Nova showed the most relevant association in 2009. In 2011, South-Central, Venda Nova and Barreiro presented the greatest revelation associations. When DIR data were analyzed by logistic regression models, Pampulha, South-Central, Venda Nova, West, Northeast and East (2009) as well as South-Central, Venda Nova and West (2011) were the districts showing the strongest associations. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Ae. aegypti populations from Belo Horizonte exhibit wide variation in vector competence to transmit dengue. Therefore, vector control strategies should be adapted to the available data for each region. Further analysis should be conducted to better understand the reasons for this large variability in vector competence and how these parameters correlate with epidemiological findings in subsequent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, René Rachou Research Centre- FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rios-Velásquez CM, Martins-Campos KM, Simões RC, Izzo T, dos Santos EV, Pessoa FAC, Lima JBP, Monteiro WM, Secundino NFC, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Pimenta PFP. Experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of key Anopheles species from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2013; 12:460. [PMID: 24359307 PMCID: PMC3878095 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles darlingi is the major malaria vector in countries located in the Amazon region. Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles albitarsis s.l. are also proven vectors in this region. Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and Anopheles triannulatus s.l. were found infected with Plasmodium vivax; however, their status as vectors is not yet well defined. Knowledge of susceptibility of Amazon anopheline populations to Plasmodium infection is necessary to better understand their vector capacity. Laboratory colonization of An. darlingi, the main Amazon vector, has proven to be difficult and presently An. aquasalis is the only available autonomous colony. Methods Larvae of An. darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l., An. nuneztovari s.l. and An. triannulatus s.l. were collected in the field and reared until adult stage. Adults of An. aquasalis were obtained from a well-established colony. Mosquitoes were blood-fed using a membrane-feeding device containing infected blood from malarial patients. The infection of the distinct Anopheles species was evaluated by the impact variance of the following parameters: (a) parasitaemia density; (b) blood serum inactivation of the infective bloodmeal; (c) influence of gametocyte number on infection rates and number of oocysts. The goal of this work was to compare the susceptibility to P. vivax of four field-collected Anopheles species with colonized An. aquasalis. Results All Anopheles species tested were susceptible to P. vivax infection, nevertheless the proportion of infected mosquitoes and the infection intensity measured by oocyst number varied significantly among species. Inactivation of the blood serum prior to mosquito feeding increased infection rates in An. darlingi and An. triannulatus s.l., but was diminished in An. albitarsis s.l. and An. aquasalis. There was a positive correlation between gametocyte density and the infection rate in all tests (Z = −8.37; p < 0.001) but varied among the mosquito species. Anopheles albitarsis s.l., An. aquasalis and An. nuneztovari s.l. had higher infection rates than An. darlingi. Conclusion All field-collected Anopheles species, as well as colonized An. aquasalis are susceptible to experimental P. vivax infections by membrane feeding assays. Anopheles darlingi, An. albitarsis s.l. and An. aquasalis are very susceptible to P. vivax infection. However, colonized An. aquasalis mosquitoes showed the higher infection intensity represented by infection rate and oocyst numbers. This study is the first to characterize experimental development of Plasmodium infections in Amazon Anopheles vectors and also to endorse that P. vivax infection of colonized An. aquasalis is a feasible laboratory model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr, Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McCarthy CB, Santini MS, Pimenta PFP, Diambra LA. First comparative transcriptomic analysis of wild adult male and female Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58645. [PMID: 23554910 PMCID: PMC3595279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a complex epidemiology and ecology. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is its most severe clinical form as it results in death if not treated. In Latin America VL is caused by the protist parasite Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi) and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This phlebotomine sand fly is only found in the New World, from Mexico to Argentina. However, due to deforestation, migration and urbanisation, among others, VL in Latin America is undergoing an evident geographic expansion as well as dramatic changes in its transmission patterns. In this context, the first VL outbreak was recently reported in Argentina, which has already caused 7 deaths and 83 reported cases. Insect vector transcriptomic analyses enable the identification of molecules involved in the insect's biology and vector-parasite interaction. Previous studies on laboratory reared Lu. longipalpis have provided a descriptive repertoire of gene expression in the whole insect, midgut, salivary gland and male reproductive organs. Nevertheless, the study of wild specimens would contribute a unique insight into the development of novel bioinsecticides. Given the recent VL outbreak in Argentina and the compelling need to develop appropriate control strategies, this study focused on wild male and female Lu. longipalpis from an Argentine endemic (Posadas, Misiones) and a Brazilian non-endemic (Lapinha Cave, Minas Gerais) VL location. In this study, total RNA was extracted from the sand flies, submitted to sequence independent amplification and high-throughput pyrosequencing. This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive transcriptomic approach has been used to analyse an infectious disease vector in its natural environment. Transcripts identified in the sand flies showed characteristic profiles which correlated with the environment of origin and with taxa previously identified in these same specimens. Among these, various genes represented putative targets for vector control via RNA interference (RNAi).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina B McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Freitas VC, Parreiras KP, Duarte APM, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP. Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:606-12. [PMID: 22492144 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. In addition, we compared sandfly infections initiated with axenic amastigotes or promastigotes. Our data showed no important difference between Lu. longipalpis infection rates resulting from either type of infections. Furthermore, development of infection was equivalent in both cases. All promastigote forms were found inside the sandfly and, after blood digestion, most of the population consisted of procyclics and nectomonads. A low percentage of metacyclic forms was coincident with a high number of nectomonads during late stages of infection, but which form gives rise to metacyclic forms in L. infantum chagasi is unknown. These results also show that the promastigote infection model, at least for this situation, is suitable for obtaining of infected sandflies because it is easier and less laborious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Freitas
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tiago FCP, Martins FS, Souza ELS, Pimenta PFP, Araujo HRC, Castro IM, Brandão RL, Nicoli JR. Adhesion to the yeast cell surface as a mechanism for trapping pathogenic bacteria by Saccharomyces probiotics. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1194-1207. [PMID: 22580913 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.042283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, much attention has been given to the use of probiotics as an adjuvant for the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal pathology. The great advantage of therapy with probiotics is that they have few side effects such as selection of resistant bacteria or disturbance of the intestinal microbiota, which occur when antibiotics are used. Adhesion of pathogenic bacteria onto the surface of probiotics instead of onto intestinal receptors could explain part of the probiotic effect. Thus, this study evaluated the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria onto the cell wall of Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains UFMG 905, W303 and BY4741. To understand the mechanism of adhesion of pathogens to yeast, cell-wall mutants of the parental strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 were used because of the difficulty of mutating polyploid yeast, as is the case for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii. The tests of adhesion showed that, among 11 enteropathogenic bacteria tested, only Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi adhered to the surface of Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. The presence of mannose, and to some extent bile salts, inhibited this adhesion, which was not dependent on yeast viability. Among 44 cell-wall mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, five lost the ability to fix the bacteria. Electron microscopy showed that the phenomenon of yeast-bacteria adhesion occurred both in vitro and in vivo (in the digestive tract of dixenic mice). In conclusion, some pathogenic bacteria were captured on the surface of Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, thus preventing their adhesion to specific receptors on the intestinal epithelium and their subsequent invasion of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C P Tiago
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F S Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - E L S Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - P F P Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - H R C Araujo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - I M Castro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - R L Brandão
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Silva EF, Orsi M, Andrade AL, Domingues RZ, Silva BM, de Araújo HRC, Pimenta PFP, Diamond MS, Rocha ESO, Kroon EG, Malaquias LCC, Coelho LFL. A tetravalent dengue nanoparticle stimulates antibody production in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:13. [PMID: 22439913 PMCID: PMC3349613 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Infection with a single Dengue virus (DENV) serotype causes a mild, self-limiting febrile illness called dengue fever. However, a subset of patients experiencing secondary infection with a different serotype progresses to the severe form of the disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat dengue infections. Biodegradable nanoparticles coated with proteins represent a promising method for in vivo delivery of vaccines. Findings Here, we used a murine model to evaluate the IgG production after administration of inactivated DENV corresponding to all four serotypes adsorbed to bovine serum albumin nanoparticles. This formulation induced a production of anti-DENV IgG antibodies (p < 0.001). However, plaque reduction neutralization assays with the four DENV serotypes revealed that these antibodies have no neutralizing activity in the dilutions tested. Conclusions Our results show that while the nanoparticle system induces humoral responses against DENV, further investigation with different DENV antigens will be required to improve immunogenicity, epitope specicity, and functional activity to make this platform a viable option for DENV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisângela F Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Secundino NFC, de Freitas VC, Monteiro CC, Pires ACAM, David BA, Pimenta PFP. The transmission of Leishmania infantum chagasi by the bite of the Lutzomyia longipalpis to two different vertebrates. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 22260275 PMCID: PMC3293046 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sandflies are vectors of Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis in mammalian hosts, including humans. The protozoan parasite is transmitted by the sandfly bite during salivation that occurs at the moment of blood feeding. The components of vector saliva include anticlotting and vasodilatory factors that facilitate blood flow and immunomodulatory factors that inhibit wound healing and quell the immune response. Not surprisingly, these factors also play important roles in the establishment of Leishmania infection. To date, the majority of knowledge that has been generated regarding the process of Leishmania infection, including L. infantum chagasi transmission has been gathered by using intradermal or subcutaneous inoculation of purified parasites. FINDINGS This study presents the establishment of a transmission model of Leishmania infantum chagasi by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of American visceral leishmaniasis. The parasites were successfully transmitted by infected sandfly bites to mice and hamsters, indicating that both animals are good experimental models. The L. infantum chagasi dose that was transmitted in each single bite ranged from 10 to 10, 000 parasites, but 75% of the sandflies transmitted less than 300 parasites. CONCLUSIONS The strategy for initiating infection by sandfly bite of experimental animals facilitates future investigations into the complex and dynamic mechanisms of visceral leishmaniasis. It is important to elucidate the transmission mechanism of vector bites. This model represents a useful tool to study L. infantum chagasi infection transmitted by the vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-MG, Av, Augusto Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gaio ADO, Rodrigues RCC, do Nascimento C, Secundino NFC, Lemos FJA, Pimenta PFP, Monesi N. Use of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for bacteria detection in Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) (L.). Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:237. [PMID: 22185193 PMCID: PMC3265427 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria associated with insects can have a substantial impact on the biology and life cycle of their host. The checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique is a semi-quantitative technique that has been previously employed in odontology to detect and quantify a variety of bacterial species in dental samples. Here we tested the applicability of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique to detect the presence of Aedes aegypti-associated bacterial species in larvae, pupae and adults of A. aegypti. Findings Using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique we could detect and estimate the number of four bacterial species in total DNA samples extracted from A. aegypti single whole individuals and midguts. A. aegypti associated bacterial species were also detected in the midgut of four other insect species, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Drosophila melanogaster, Bradysia hygida and Apis mellifera. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique can be employed to study the microbiota composition of mosquitoes. The method has the sensitivity to detect bacteria in single individuals, as well as in a single organ, and therefore can be employed to evaluate the differences in bacterial counts amongst individuals in a given mosquito population. We suggest that the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique is a straightforward technique that can be widely used for the characterization of the microbiota in mosquito populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Analiz de Oliveira Gaio
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Silva BM, Sousa LP, Gomes-Ruiz AC, Leite FGG, Teixeira MM, da Fonseca FG, Pimenta PFP, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG, Bonjardim CA. The dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) increases NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1275-9. [PMID: 21424730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a glycoprotein involved in viral RNA replication. NS1 associates with host cell proteins and can be found in lipid raft domains on the host cell surface, suggesting an involvement in signal transduction events. In this work, we observed that NS1 expression in HepG2 cells increases nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein, which was paralleled by DNA-protein complex formation. Luciferase assays showed an increase in NF-κB transcriptional activities in NS1-expressing cells when compared to parental cells. NS1 may enhance NF-κB function in host cells and contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno M Silva
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bahia AC, Kubota MS, Tempone AJ, Pinheiro WD, Tadei WP, Secundino NFC, Traub-Csekö YM, Pimenta PFP. Anopheles aquasalis Infected by Plasmodium vivax displays unique gene expression profiles when compared to other malaria vectors and plasmodia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9795. [PMID: 20339545 PMCID: PMC2842430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria affects 300 million people worldwide every year and is endemic in 22 countries in the Americas where transmission occurs mainly in the Amazon Region. Most malaria cases in the Americas are caused by Plasmodium vivax, a parasite that is almost impossible to cultivate in vitro, and Anopheles aquasalis is an important malaria vector. Understanding the interactions between this vector and its parasite will provide important information for development of disease control strategies. To this end, we performed mRNA subtraction experiments using A. aquasalis 2 and 24 hours after feeding on blood and blood from malaria patients infected with P. vivax to identify changes in the mosquito vector gene induction that could be important during the initial steps of infection. A total of 2,138 clones of differentially expressed genes were sequenced and 496 high quality unique sequences were obtained. Annotation revealed 36% of sequences unrelated to genes in any database, suggesting that they were specific to A. aquasalis. A high number of sequences (59%) with no matches in any databases were found 24 h after infection. Genes related to embryogenesis were down-regulated in insects infected by P. vivax. Only a handful of genes related to immune responses were detected in our subtraction experiment. This apparent weak immune response of A. aquasalis to P. vivax infection could be related to the susceptibility of this vector to this important human malaria parasite. Analysis of some genes by real time PCR corroborated and expanded the subtraction results. Taken together, these data provide important new information about this poorly studied American malaria vector by revealing differences between the responses of A. aquasalis to P. vivax infection, in relation to better studied mosquito-Plasmodium pairs. These differences may be important for the development of malaria transmission-blocking strategies in the Americas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Bahia
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina S. Kubota
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio J. Tempone
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Waleria D. Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wanderli P. Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Nágila F. C. Secundino
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yara M. Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The fat body is the intermediary metabolism organ of insects and the main source of hemolymph components. In the current study, the microanatomy of Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) fat body was studied through scanning electron microscopy to observe the effects of blood feeding and aging. Three groups of female mosquitoes were used: newly emerged females, 18-d-old sugar-fed females, and 18-d-old blood-fed females. In Ae. aegypti, the fat body is located beneath the integument, and it is subdivided into dorsal, ventral, and lateral lobes, with the latter two being larger than the dorsal lobes. The lobes projected into the body cavity, and they were covered externally by a basal lamina with rounded cells beneath it. In 18-d-old sugar-fed females, the ventral and dorsal fat bodies seemed more developed than in newly emerged mosquitoes. The fat body hypertrophy caused by aging in the sugar-fed mosquito was probably associated with lipid accumulation due to the sugar diet. The blood-fed 18-d-old mosquitoes showed flattened fat bodies in all locations. The fat body modifications after the blood ingestion may be associated with midgut expansion after blood feeding, followed by ovary hypertrophy that mechanically compresses the fat body against the body wall. The structural changes in the fat body after a bloodmeal may be important for midgut extension to maximize blood storage and subsequent ovary enlargement, leading to the organ's reorganization in the body cavity. In addition, the depletion of fat body content during vitellogenesis could be responsible for the shrinking and flattening of the fat body lobes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Martins
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou-CPqRR, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-MG), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, CEP 30190-002, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maciel C, de Oliveira Junior VX, Fázio MA, Nacif-Pimenta R, Miranda A, Pimenta PFP, Capurro ML. Anti-plasmodium activity of angiotensin II and related synthetic peptides. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3296. [PMID: 18820728 PMCID: PMC2546444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species are the causative agents of malaria, the most devastating insect-borne parasite of human populations. Finding and developing new drugs for malaria treatment and prevention is the goal of much research. Angiotensins I and II (ang I and ang II) and six synthetic related peptides designated Vaniceres 1-6 (VC1-VC6) were assayed in vivo and in vitro for their effects on the development of the avian parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum. Ang II and VC5 injected into the thoraces of the insects reduced mean intensities of infection in the mosquito salivary glands by 88% and 76%, respectively. Although the mechanism(s) of action is not completely understood, we have demonstrated that these peptides disrupt selectively the P.gallinaceum cell membrane. Additionally, incubation in vitro of sporozoites with VC5 reduced the infectivity of the parasites to their vertebrate host. VC5 has no observable agonist effects on vertebrates, and this makes it a promising drug for malaria prevention and chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceres Maciel
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, René Rachou Institute of Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation–FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo F. P. Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, René Rachou Institute of Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation–FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Margareth Lara Capurro
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Valentim CLL, Gomes MS, Jeremias WJ, Cunha JC, Oliveira GC, Botelho ACC, Pimenta PFP, Janotti-Passos LK, Guerra-Sá R, Babá EH. Physical localization of the retrotransposons Boudicca and Perere 03 in Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2008; 94:993-5. [PMID: 18576699 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1167.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is 1 of the causative agents of schistosomiasis, an endemic disease in 76 countries of the world. The study of its genome, estimated to be 270 Mb, is very important to understanding schistosome biology, the mechanisms of drug resistance, and immune evasion. Repetitive elements constitute more than 40% of the S. mansoni genome and may play a role in the parasite evolution. The retrotransposons Boudicca, a long terminal repeat (LTR), and Perere 03, a non-LTR, are present in a high number in the S. mansoni genome and were localized with the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and primed in situ labeling (PRINS). Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) clones containing the retrotransposons Boudicca and Perere 03 were selected by bioinformatic analysis and used as probes in FISH. Using metaphase chromosomes from sporocysts and the FISH and PRINS techniques, we were able to map these retrotransposons. Perere 03 was localized in the euchromatic regions of the short arm of chromosome 2 and Boudicca in the euchromatic regions of the short arm of chromosomes 2 and Z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L L Valentim
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB) Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodrigues FG, Santos MN, de Carvalho TXT, Rocha BC, Riehle MA, Pimenta PFP, Abraham EG, Jacobs-Lorena M, Alves de Brito CF, Moreira LA. Expression of a mutated phospholipase A2 in transgenic Aedes fluviatilis mosquitoes impacts Plasmodium gallinaceum development. Insect Mol Biol 2008; 17:175-83. [PMID: 18353106 PMCID: PMC4137777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of mosquito vectors is an alternative strategy in the fight against malaria. It was previously shown that bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibits ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut although mosquito fitness was reduced. To maintain the PLA2 blocking ability without compromising mosquito biology, we mutated the protein-coding sequence to inactivate the enzyme while maintaining the protein's structure. DNA encoding the mutated PLA2 (mPLA2) was placed downstream of a mosquito midgut-specific promoter (Anopheles gambiae peritrophin protein 1 promoter, AgPer1) and this construct used to transform Aedes fluviatilis mosquitoes. Four different transgenic lines were obtained and characterized and all lines significantly inhibited Plasmodium gallinaceum oocyst development (up to 68% fewer oocysts). No fitness cost was observed when this mosquito species expressed the mPLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F G Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bahia AC, Secundino NFC, Miranda JC, Prates DB, Souza APA, Fernandes FF, Barral A, Pimenta PFP. Ultrastructural comparison of external morphology of immature stages of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia and Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis, by scanning electron microscopy. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:903-914. [PMID: 18047187 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[903:ucoemo]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) and Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939) (Diptera: Psychodidae) are vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in several endemic regions of Brazil. We analyzed the external morphological aspects of the immature stages of these two vectors by using scanning electron microscopy. In general, the larval stages of the two species are morphologically similar, although some differences were noted. Detailed examination of the eggs of both species revealed similar exchorionic ornamentations of unconnected parallel ridges. The larval head capsules are well defined, heavily sclerotized, and bear prominent chewing mouthparts. The abdominal segments are easily recognized by the presence of prolegs on their ventral surfaces. The morphology of the anal lobe on the terminal abdominal segment differs between the two species. We found the following three types of sensillae inserted on the antennae: (1) clavate basiconic; (2) small, blunt coeloconic; and (3) multipourous clavate coleoconic. In addition; five subtypes of trichoid sensillae were found on the larval body: (1) long, (2) short, (3) curved long, (4) brush-like, and (5) weakly brush-like. The caudal filaments located on the last abdominal segment were recognized as long trichoid sensillae. We observed pores on the surface of the clavate coelonic sensillae and on the caudal filaments that presumably function as chemoreceptors. The larvae of the two species show similarities in the lobular-form antennae of L1 larvae, which changes to digitiform in second instar (L2), L3, and L4. This study demonstrated that the external surface of the eggs and larvae of Lu. intermedia and Lu. whitmani are morphologically similar, but they can be distinguished by details in the microanatomy observed by scanning electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Bahia
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mattos ACA, Kusel JR, Pimenta PFP, Coelho PMZ. Activity of praziquantel on in vitro transformed Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101 Suppl 1:283-7. [PMID: 17308783 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is effective against all the evolutive phases of Schistosoma mansoni. Infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails have their cercarial shedding interrupted when exposed to PZQ. Using primary in vitro transformed sporocysts, labeled with the probe Hoechst 33258 (indicator of membrane integrity), and lectin of Glycine max (specific for carbohydrate of N-acetylgalactosamine membrane), we evaluated the presence of lysosomes at this evolutive phase of S. mansoni, as well as the influence of PZQ on these acidic organelles and on the tegument of the sporocyst. Although the sporocyst remained alive, it was observed that there was a marked contraction of its musculature, and there occurred a change in the parasite's structure. Also, the acidic vesicles found in the sporocysts showed a larger delimited area after contact of the parasites with PZQ. Damages to the tegument was also observed, as show a well-marked labeling either with Hoechst 33258 or with lectin of Glycine max after contact of sporocysts with the drug. These results could partially explain the interruption/reduction mechanism of cercarial shedding in snails exposed to PZQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C A Mattos
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René-Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 31190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Paiva BR, Secundino NFC, Nascimento JC, Pimenta PFP, Galati EAB, Junior HFA, Malafronte RS. Detection and identification of Leishmania species in field-captured phlebotomine sandflies based on mini-exon gene PCR. Acta Trop 2006; 99:252-9. [PMID: 17055444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most diverse and complex of all vector-borne diseases. Because it involves several overlapping species and sandfly vectors, the disease has a complex ecology and epidemiology. Adequate therapy and follow-up depend on parasitological diagnosis, but classical methods present several constraints when identifying species. We describe a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which uses primers designed from mini-exon repetitive sequences that are specific for subgenus LeishmaniaViannia (PV), as well as sequences with specificity for genus (PG) that can distinguish between Leishmania species from other insect flagellates with minor differences in PCR products. For standardization, these PCR were tested in experimentally infected sandflies, and Leishmania infection in these insects was successfully confirmed. This methodology identified a 3.9% infection rate in field-captured phlebotomine sandflies from an endemic region in Brazil. Natural infection by Leishmania species was identified in three samples of Lutzomyia longipalpis, of which two were Leishmania (L.) chagasi and one Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. Irrespective of specific epidemiological conclusions, the method used in this study was able to identify Leishmania infections both in experimentally infected and field-captured phlebotomine sandflies, and could be a useful tool in epidemiological studies and strategic planning for the control of human leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Paiva
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Campanelli ES, Botelho ACC, Souza KPR, Secundino NFC, Cecílio AB, Pimenta PFP. DENGUE-2 VIRUS ARTIFICIAL INFECTION OF BRAZILIAN COLONIZED AEDES AEGYPTI. VR&R 2006. [DOI: 10.17525/vrr.v11i1-2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
31
|
Santos JN, Lanfredi RM, Pimenta PFP. The invasion of the midgut of the mosquito Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 by the helminth Litomosoides chagasfilhoi Moraes Neto, Lanfredi and De Souza, 1997. J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 93:1-10. [PMID: 16780868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Litomosoides chagasfilhoi helminth was studied as a model for microfilaria invasion of the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, vector of Wuchereria bancrofti helminth, causative agent of the human filariasis. Histology and transmission and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to show the topography of mosquito midgut invasion by the helminth. An analysis of midguts dissected at different time points after a blood meal demonstrated that the microfilariae interacted and crossed the peritrophic matrix and the midgut epithelium of C. quinquefasciatus. The microfilariae invaded preferentially the mosquito abdominal midgut and the invasion process occurred between 2 and 3h after the blood feeding. In some cases, microfilariae caused an opening in the midgut that separated the epithelial cells, while in others cases, the worms caused the detachment of cells from the epithelium. Ultimately, L. chagasfilhoi crossing activity appeared to damage the midgut. It was also observed that the microfilariae lost their sheaths during their passage through the fibrous material of the peritrophic matrix, before they reached the midgut epithelium. Since the exsheathment process is necessary for the continuity of larvae development, it seems that the passage through the peritrophic matrix is an important step for the parasite's life cycle. This experimental model revealed details of the interaction process of helminthes within the vector midgut, contributing to the knowledge of factors involved in the vector competence of C. quinquefasciatus as a vector of filariasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Research Center René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Secundino NFC, Eger-Mangrich I, Braga EM, Santoro MM, Pimenta PFP. Lutzomyia longipalpis peritrophic matrix: formation, structure, and chemical composition. J Med Entomol 2005; 42:928-38. [PMID: 16465730 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.6.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sandflies are vectors of several pathogens, constituting serious health problems. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) is the main vector of Leishmania chagasi, agent of visceral leishmaniasis. They synthesize a thick bag-like structure that surrounds the bloodmeal, named peritrophic matrix (PM). One of the major roles of PM in blood-fed insects includes protection against ingested pathogens by providing a defensive barrier to their development. We used traditional and modern morphological methods as well as biochemical and immunolabeling tools to define details of the PM structure of the Lu. longipalpis sandfly, including composition, synthesis, and degradation. The kinetics of PM formation and degradation was found to be related to the ingestion and time of digestion of the bloodmeal. The midgut changes its size and morphology after the blood ingestion and during the course of digestion. A striking morphological modification takes place in the midgut epithelium after the stretching caused by the bloodmeal, revealing a population of cells that was not observed in the unfed midgut. The transmission and scanning electron microscopies were used to reveal several morphological aspects of PM formation. The PM looks thicker and well formed 24 h after the bloodmeal. Presence of chitin in the PM was demonstrated by immunolabeling with an alpha-chitin monoclonal antibody. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed at least five protein bands with molecular masses of 38.7-135 kDa, induced by the protein-free diet. Mouse polyclonal antiserum was produced against PMs induced by protein-free meal and used in Western blotting, which revealed at least three associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gupta L, Kumar S, Han YS, Pimenta PFP, Barillas-Mury C. Midgut epithelial responses of different mosquito-Plasmodium combinations: the actin cone zipper repair mechanism in Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4010-5. [PMID: 15753303 PMCID: PMC554815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409642102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo responses of midgut epithelial cells to ookinete invasion of three different vector-parasite combinations, Aedes aegypti-Plasmodium gallinaceum, Anopheles stephensi-Plasmodium berghei, and A. stephensi-P. gallinaceum, were directly compared by using enzymatic markers and immunofluorescence stainings. Our studies indicate that, in A. aegypti and A. stephensi ookinetes traverse the midgut via an intracellular route and inflict irreversible damage to the invaded cells. These two mosquito species differ, however, in their mechanisms of epithelial repair. A. stephensi detaches damaged cells by an actin-mediated budding-off mechanism when invaded by either P. berghei or P. gallinaceum. In A. aegypti, the midgut epithelium is repaired by a unique actin cone zipper mechanism that involves the formation of a cone-shaped actin aggregate at the base of the cell that closes sequentially, expelling the cellular contents into the midgut lumen as it brings together healthy neighboring cells. Invasion of A. stephensi by P. berghei induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and peroxidase activities, which mediate tyrosine nitration. These enzymes and nitrotyrosine, however, were not induced in the other two vector-parasite combinations examined. These studies indicate that the epithelial responses of different mosquito-parasite combinations are not universal. The implications of these observations to validate animal experimental systems that reflect the biology of natural vectors of human malarias are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Soares RPP, Cardoso TL, Barron T, Araújo MSS, Pimenta PFP, Turco SJ. Leishmania braziliensis: a novel mechanism in the lipophosphoglycan regulation during metacyclogenesis. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:245-53. [PMID: 15722076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During metacyclogenesis of Leishmania in its sand fly vector, the parasite differentiates from a noninfective, procyclic form to an infective, metacyclic form, a process characterised by morphological changes of the parasite and also biochemical transformations in its major surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG). This lipid-anchored polysaccharide is polymorphic among species with variations in sugars that branch off the conserved Gal(beta1,4)Man(alpha1)-PO4 backbone of repeat units and the oligosaccharide cap. Lipophosphoglycan has been implicated as an adhesion molecule that mediates the interaction with the midgut epithelium of the sand fly in the subgenus Leishmania. This paper describes the LPG structure for the first time in a species from the subgenus Viannia, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The LPG from the procyclic form of L. braziliensis was found to lack side chain sugar substitutions. In contrast to other species from the subgenus Leishmania, metacyclic forms of L. braziliensis makes less LPG and add 1-2 (beta1-3) glucose residues that branch off the disaccharide-phosphate repeat units of LPG. Thus, this represents a novel mechanism in the regulation of LPG structure during metacyclogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P P Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rocha ACVMD, Braga EM, Araújo MSS, Franklin BS, Pimenta PFP. Effect of the Aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection in Gallus (gallus) domesticus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 99:709-15. [PMID: 15654426 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of Aedes fluviatilis saliva on the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum experimental infection in Gallus (gallus) domesticus was studied in distinct aspects. Chickens subcutaneously infected with sporozoites in the presence of the mosquito salivary gland homogenates (SGH) showed higher levels of parasitaemia when compared to those ones that received only the sporozoites. However, the parasitaemia levels were lower among chickens previously immunized by SGH or non-infected mosquito bites compared to the controls, which did not receive saliva. High levels of anti-saliva antibodies were observed in those immunized chickens. Moreover, 53 and 102 kDa saliva proteins were recognized by sera from immunized chickens. After the sporozoite challenge, the chickens also showed significant levels of anti-sporozoite antibodies. However, the ability to generate anti-sporozoites antibodies was not correlated to the saliva immunization. Our results suggest that mosquito saliva components enhance P. gallinaceum parasite development in naive chickens. However, the prior exposure of chickens to salivary components controls the parasitemia levels in infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C V M da Rocha
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Debrabant A, Joshi MB, Pimenta PFP, Dwyer DM. Generation of Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes: their growth and biological characteristics. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:205-17. [PMID: 15037106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe an in vitro culture system for the generation and propagation of axenic amastigotes from the well characterised 1S-CL2D line of Leishmania donovani. Fine structure analyses of these in vitro-grown amastigotes demonstrated that they possessed morphological features characteristic of L. donovani tissue-derived amastigotes. Further, these axenic amastigotes (LdAxAm) were shown to synthesise and release a secretory acid phosphatase isoform similar to that produced by intracellular amastigotes. Such LdAxAm also expressed surface membrane 3'-nucleotidase enzyme activity similar to that of tissue-derived amastigotes. Moreover, LdAxAm, in contrast to promastigotes, expressed significant levels of the amastigote-specific A2 proteins. In addition, LdAxAm, derived from long term cultures of Ld 1S-CL2D promastigotes, had significant infectivity for both human macrophages in vitro and for hamsters in vivo. Thus, the in vitro culture system described herein provides a useful tool for the generation of large quantities of uniform populations of axenic amastigotes of the L. donovani 1S-CL2D line. The availability of such material should greatly facilitate studies concerning the cell and molecular biology of this parasite developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Debrabant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barbosa SE, Dujardin JP, Soares RPP, Pires HHR, Margonari C, Romanha AJ, Panzera F, Linardi PM, Duque-De-Melo M, Pimenta PFP, Pereira MH, Diotaiuti L. Interpopulation variability among Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Brazil. J Med Entomol 2003; 40:411-420. [PMID: 14680104 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-40.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Comparisons were made among Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister) from three areas of Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina), where populations differ with regard to their degree of association with human dwellings. The following characters were studied: morphology of the eggs and the male genitalia; morphometry of the head and thorax; isoenzyme profile; enzymatic activity of the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH); and cytogenetics. In general, differences were observed in the weight, diameter, and length of the egg among Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina populations. Differences were not observed in the architecture of the egg exochorion. The size of the median process of the pygophore of the male genitalia of individuals from Bahia differed from the other two populations. The Minas Gerais population presented the largest number of denticles in the endosome process. The morphometry of the head and thorax differentiated Santa Catarina from the Bahia and Minas Gerais populations. Phosphoglucomutase (EC 5.4.2.2., PGM) was the only enzyme out of 11 that showed polymorphism; the population from Minas Gerais was most polymorphic, whereas the population from Santa Catarina was monomorphic. Study of the alpha-GPDH activity and cytogenetics did not reveal differences among the three populations. Analysis of all the characters studied together with information on these three populations from previous publications allowed a phenogram to be constructed. Two distinct groups were evident, one represented by Santa Catarina and the other by Bahia and Minas Gerais. Considering the greater variability of the Minas Gerais and Bahia populations, we propose the inclusion of these states within the area of origin of P. megistus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Barbosa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Caixa Postal 1743, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Filho BPD, Lemos FJA, Secundino NFC, Páscoa V, Pereira ST, Pimenta PFP. Presence of chitinase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the Aedes aegypti. a chitinolytic system involving peritrophic matrix formation and degradation. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 32:1723-1729. [PMID: 12429124 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the hydrolysis of specific fluorogenic substrates by spectrophotometry as well as the substrate activity-SDS-PAGE gel analysis of the chitinolytic activity in Aedes aegypti guts showed that both chitinase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase are present and physiologically active. Both enzymes were present even in guts from unfed insects, but the activities increased rapidly after feeding on blood or an artificial protein-free diet. Chitinase activity was predominantly of the 'endo'-type, reaching its maximum activity at 36 h and then declining to very low levels after the degradation of the peritrophic matrix (PM). Chitinase assay in gels after SDS-PAGE was a very sensitive method that allowed us to detect two chitinases with distinct molecular weights in the mosquito gut. Hydrolysis of a chitinase-specific substrate by chitinolytic activities in the mosquito guts was inhibited by allosamidin, a potent chitinase inhibitor. Allosamidin treatment led to the formation of an atypical thick PM, while the addition of exogenous chitinase completely blocked its formation. This chitinolytic system appears to operate both on the formation and degradation of the PM. Since the PM is involved in pathogen invasion, these results are important in facilitating a search for mechanisms that can block pathogen development in the mosquito vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedito P D Filho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87030-121, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nieves E, Pimenta PFP. Influence of vertebrate blood meals on the development of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the sand fly Lutzomyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 67:640-7. [PMID: 12518856 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of blood meals from humans and seven domestic, wild, or laboratory animals (dogs, horses, chickens, rats, opossums, mice, and hamsters) on the development of Leishmania braziliensis and L. amazonensis was studied in the sand fly Lutzomyia migonei. The development of L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis exhibited peripylarian and suprapylarian patterns of development, respectively, in the sand fly gut with all blood meals tested. The blood meal sources influenced the infection rate of the sand flies. In both the Leishmania species, the highest parasite density was obtained with blood from wild rats followed by skunk, human, and horse. The epidemiological significance of these observations may be related to the distribution of leishmaniasis and needs to be evaluated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Nieves
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Michalsky EM, Fortes-Dias CL, Pimenta PFP, Secundino NFC, Dias ES. Assessment of PCR in the detection of Leishmania spp in experimentally infected individual phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002; 44:255-9. [PMID: 12436164 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652002000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied in the investigation of the presence of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) parasites in single phlebotomine sandflies. Three phlebotomine/parasite pairs were used: Lutzomyia longipalpis/Leishmania chagasi, Lutzomyia migonei/Leishmania amazonensis and Lutzomyia migonei/Leishmania braziliensis, all of them incriminated in the transmission of visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. DNA extraction was performed with whole insects, with no need of previous digestive tract dissection or pooling specimens. The presence of either mouse blood in the digestive tract of the sandflies or the digestive tract itself did not interfere in the PCR. Infection by as few as 10 Leishmania sp. per individual were sufficient for DNA amplification with genus-specific primers. Using primers for L. braziliensis and L. mexicana complexes, respectively, it was possible to discriminate between L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis in experimentally infected vectors (L. migonei).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Michalsky
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Soares RPP, Macedo ME, Ropert C, Gontijo NF, Almeida IC, Gazzinelli RT, Pimenta PFP, Turco SJ. Leishmania chagasi: lipophosphoglycan characterization and binding to the midgut of the sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 121:213-24. [PMID: 12034455 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During metacyclogenesis of Leishmania in its sand fly vector, the parasite differentiates from a noninfective, procyclic form to an infective, metacyclic form, a process characterized by morphological changes of the parasite and also biochemical transformations in its major surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG). This glycoconjugate is polymorphic among species with variations in sugars that branch off the conserved Gal(beta 1,4)Man(alpha 1)-PO(4) backbone of repeat units and the oligosaccharide cap. LPG has been implicated as an adhesion molecule that mediates the interaction with the midgut epithelium of the sand fly. These adaptations were explored in the context of the structure and function of LPG for the first time on a New World species, Leishmania chagasi. The distinguishing feature of LPG of procyclic L. chagasi consisted of beta 1,3-glucose residues that branch off the disaccharide-phosphate repeat units and also are present in the cap. Importantly, metacyclic L. chagasi significantly down-regulate the glucose substitutions in the LPG. The significance of these modifications was demonstrated in the interaction of L. chagasi with its vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. In contrast to procyclic parasites and procyclic LPG, metacyclic parasites and metacyclic LPG were unable to bind to the insect midgut. These results are consistent with the proposal that a New World Leishmania species, similar to Old World species, adapts the expression of terminally exposed sugars of its LPG to mediate parasite-sand fly interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P P Soares
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Secundino NFC, Araújo MSS, Oliveira GHB, Massara CL, Carvalho OS, Lanfredi RM, Pimenta PFP. Preliminary description of a new entomoparasitic nematode infecting Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 80:35-40. [PMID: 12234540 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of important pathogens world-wide, including Leishmania spp. in the Neotropics. Entomoparasites have been described from phlebotomines, including virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and mites, some of which are capable of killing the host. In the present study, interference, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopies were used for the first time to detect and morphologically characterize a new entomoparasite infecting Lutzomyia longipalpis. Several filiform larvae and eggs in different stages were encountered in the abdomen of female and male insects. Pairs of large egg-bearing nematodes found within cyst-like structures or free in the hemocel accompanied by larvae could be the adult sexual stages. This entomoparasite infects sand flies naturally in the field. We believe that stress caused by the colonization procedure produced an increase in the infection rate among sand flies affecting their development. These findings could be applied to future biological control studies of sand fly vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nágila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro do Pesquisas René Rachou--CPqRR, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz--FIOCRUZ, Avenue Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte--Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro CEP 30190-002, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pimenta PFP, Diamond LS, Mirelman D. Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 and Entamoeba dispar Brumpt, 1925: differences in their cell surfaces and in the bacteria-containing vacuoles. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; 49:209-19. [PMID: 12120986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903 and Entamoeba dispar Brumpt. 1925 are two of eight species of Entamoeba that sometimes inhabit the human colon. The former is an invasive organism capable of causing life-threatening intestinal and extra-intestinal disease: the latter appears not to be invasive. Because the two species, when viewed by light microscopy appear morphologically similar, they were long regarded as a single species. However, recent biochemical. immunological, and genetic studies provided convincing evidence that they belong to separate species. Our ultrastructural studies revealed distinct differences in at least two features of the trophozoites. 1) The cell surfaces of the trophozoites of each species differ with regard to structures exposed on the surface, and the distribution and arrangement of intra-membranous proteins. 2) The phagocytosis of bacteria differs in respect to the formation of the phagocytic vacuoles. Loose vacuoles containing several bacteria were seen in E. histolytica whereas tight vacuoles containing a single bacterium were observed in E. dispar. Furthermore, bacteria were found only within vacuoles in E. histolytica; in E. dispar, bacteria were found within vacuoles and some were found free in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|