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Takayanagi JFGB, Siqueira JDO, Silveira PSP, Valentova JV. What Do Different People Look for in a Partner? Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Mating Strategies on Partner Preferences. Arch Sex Behav 2024; 53:981-1000. [PMID: 38413532 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Partner preferences are an important differential in relationship formation and evolutionary fitness, and vary according to individual, ecological, and social factors. In this study, we evaluated the variation in preference for intelligence, kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and socioeconomic level among individuals of different sexes and sexual orientations in a Brazilian sample. We analyzed the preference scores of 778 heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women in three budgeted mate design tasks (low vs. medium vs. high budget) and their association with sociosexuality, attachment styles, homogamy, and willingness to engage in short- and long-term relationships. Results indicated a global trait preference order, with intelligence ranking first, followed by kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and lastly by socioeconomic status. Typical sex differences were observed mostly within the heterosexual group, and specific combinations of sex and sexual orientation were linked to variation in preference for physical attractiveness, kindness, and socioeconomic status. We also found unique associations of the other variables with partner preferences and with willingness to engage in short- or long-term relationships. By exploring the partner preferences of non-heterosexual individuals from a Latin American country, an underrepresented group in evolutionary psychology research, our results help understand the universal and specific factors that guide partner preferences and human sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Francisco Goes Braga Takayanagi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Mello Moraes Avenue 1721, Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Jose de Oliveira Siqueira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology (LIM01-HCFMUSP), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaroslava Varella Valentova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Mello Moraes Avenue 1721, Butanta, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Silveira PSP, Vieira JE, Siqueira JDO. Is the Bland-Altman plot method useful without inferences for accuracy, precision, and agreement? Rev Saude Publica 2024; 58:01. [PMID: 38381891 PMCID: PMC10878685 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2024058005430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to propose a comprehensive alternative to the Bland-Altman plot method, addressing its limitations and providing a statistical framework for evaluating the equivalences of measurement techniques. This involves introducing an innovative three-step approach for assessing accuracy, precision, and agreement between techniques, which enhances objectivity in equivalence assessment. Additionally, the development of an R package that is easy to use enables researchers to efficiently analyze and interpret technique equivalences. METHODS Inferential statistics support for equivalence between measurement techniques was proposed in three nested tests. These were based on structural regressions with the goal to assess the equivalence of structural means (accuracy), the equivalence of structural variances (precision), and concordance with the structural bisector line (agreement in measurements obtained from the same subject), using analytical methods and robust approach by bootstrapping. To promote better understanding, graphical outputs following Bland and Altman's principles were also implemented. RESULTS The performance of this method was shown and confronted by five data sets from previously published articles that used Bland and Altman's method. One case demonstrated strict equivalence, three cases showed partial equivalence, and one showed poor equivalence. The developed R package containing open codes and data are available for free and with installation instructions at Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. CONCLUSION Although easy to communicate, the widely cited and applied Bland and Altman plot method is often misinterpreted, since it lacks suitable inferential statistical support. Common alternatives, such as Pearson's correlation or ordinal least-square linear regression, also fail to locate the weakness of each measurement technique. It may be possible to test whether two techniques have full equivalence by preserving graphical communication, in accordance with Bland and Altman's principles, but also adding robust and suitable inferential statistics. Decomposing equivalence into three features (accuracy, precision, and agreement) helps to locate the sources of the problem when fixing a new technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaDepartamento de PatologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Joaquim Edson Vieira
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaDepartamento de CirurgiaSão PauloSPBrasil Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Cirurgia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José de Oliveira Siqueira
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaDepartamento de PatologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
We assessed several agreement coefficients applied in 2x2 contingency tables, which are commonly applied in research due to dichotomization. Here, we not only studied some specific estimators but also developed a general method for the study of any estimator candidate to be an agreement measurement. This method was developed in open-source R codes and it is available to the researchers. We tested this method by verifying the performance of several traditional estimators over all possible configurations with sizes ranging from 1 to 68 (total of 1,028,789 tables). Cohen's kappa showed handicapped behavior similar to Pearson's r, Yule's Q, and Yule's Y. Scott's pi, and Shankar and Bangdiwala's B seem to better assess situations of disagreement than agreement between raters. Krippendorff's alpha emulates, without any advantage, Scott's pi in cases with nominal variables and two raters. Dice's F1 and McNemar's chi-squared incompletely assess the information of the contingency table, showing the poorest performance among all. We concluded that Cohen's kappa is a measurement of association and McNemar's chi-squared assess neither association nor agreement; the only two authentic agreement estimators are Holley and Guilford's G and Gwet's AC1. The latter two estimators also showed the best performance over the range of table sizes and should be considered as the first choices for agreement measurement in contingency 2x2 tables. All procedures and data were implemented in R and are available to download from Harvard Dataverse https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HMYTCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira
- Department of Pathology (LIM01-HCFMUSP), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 1103, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 1103, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Jose Oliveira Siqueira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Bioethics, Occupational Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, room 1103, Sao Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
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Vieira JE, Siqueira JO, Sergio Panse Silveira P. APEx: A collaborative question database for medical student assessment. Med Educ 2023; 57:456-457. [PMID: 36861180 DOI: 10.1111/medu.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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Silveira PSP, de Oliveira Siqueira J, Bernardy JL, Santiago J, Meneses TC, Portela BS, Benvenuti MF. Modeling VI and VDRL feedback functions: Searching normative rules through computational simulation. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:324-336. [PMID: 36733190 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the mathematical description of feedback functions of variable interval and variable differential reinforcement of low rates as functions of schedule size only. These results were obtained using an R script named Beak, which was built to simulate rates of behavior interacting with simple schedules of reinforcement. Using Beak, we have simulated data that allow an assessment of different reinforcement feedback functions. This was made with unparalleled precision, as simulations provide huge samples of data and, more importantly, simulated behavior is not changed by the reinforcement it produces. Therefore, we can vary response rates systematically. We've compared different reinforcement feedback functions for random interval schedules, using the following criteria: meaning, precision, parsimony, and generality. Our results indicate that the best feedback function for the random interval schedule was published by Baum (1981). We also propose that the model used by Killeen (1975) is a viable feedback function for the random differential reinforcement of low rates schedule. We argue that Beak paves the way for greater understanding of schedules of reinforcement, addressing still open questions about quantitative features of simple schedules. Also, Beak could guide future experiments that use schedules as theoretical and methodological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José de Oliveira Siqueira
- Department of Legal Medicine, Medical Ethics, Work and Social Medicine, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lucas Bernardy
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Santiago
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cersosimo Meneses
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Sanches Portela
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Frota Benvenuti
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Psychology, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bernardy JL, Santiago JB, Siqueira JO, Silveira PSP, de Souza A, Benvenuti MF. Rachlin's extended self: Influences on a Brazilian research group. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:231-239. [PMID: 36602121 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We pay tribute to Rachlin's work stating that researching and writing for posterity is an act of self-control and altruism. We show how Rachlin's work influenced a series of seminars at the University of São Paulo (Brazil) based on his book from 1989, Judgment, Decision, and Choice. This influence is illustrated through two empirical exercises conducted during our seminars, where students were actively involved in data collection and analysis. The first exercise is about judgment of randomness involving coin tossing. The second is a replication of a procedure by Jones and Rachlin (2006) about social discounting of monetary quantities. We use these empirical examples to highlight some of Rachlin's major contributions to the science of behavior and their implications to our seminars and to ourselves as researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas Bernardy
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching (INCT-ECCE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica B Santiago
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching (INCT-ECCE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Altay de Souza
- Psychobiology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Frota Benvenuti
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching (INCT-ECCE), São Paulo, Brazil
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Goulart AA, Lucatelli A, Silveira PSP, Siqueira JDO, Pereira VFA, Carmona MJC, Valentin LSS, Vieira JE. Comparison of digital games as a cognitive function assessment tool for current standardized neuropsychological tests. Braz J Anesthesiol 2021; 72:13-20. [PMID: 34411626 PMCID: PMC9373409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cognitive dysfunction may occur postoperatively. Fast and efficient assessment of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) can minimize loss of quality of life, and therefore, a study comparing a digital game with standard neuropsychological tests to assess executive, mnemonic, and attention functions to evaluate POCD seems to be relevant both for research and clinical practice. Methods A battery of standardized tests and a digital game (MentalPlus®) were administered to 60 patients at the Central Institute of Hospital das Clínicas in São Paulo (36 women and 24 men), with ages between 29 and 82 years, pre- and post-surgery performed under anesthesia. Correlation and linear regression model were used to compare the scores obtained from the standardized tests to the scores of the six executive and cognitive functions evaluated by the game (short- and long-term memory, selective and alternating attention, inhibitory control, and visual perception). Results After correlation analysis, a statistically significant result was found mainly for the correlation between the scores from the phase of the digital game assessing the visuoperception function and the scores from the A and B cards of the Stroop Test (p < 0.001, r = 0.99 and r = 0.64, respectively), and the scores from TMTA (p = 0.0046, r = 0.51). We also found a moderate correlation between the phase of the game assessing short-memory function and VVLT (p < 0.001, r = 0.41). No statistically significant correlations were found for the other functions assessed. Conclusion The digital game provided scores in agreement with standardized tests for evaluating visual perception and possibly short-term memory cognitive functions. Further studies are necessary to verify the correlation of other phases of the digital game with standardized tests assessing cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananaira Alves Goulart
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anestesiologia, Ciências Cirúrgicas e Medicina Perioperatória, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Lucatelli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anestesiologia, Ciências Cirúrgicas e Medicina Perioperatória, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Panse Silveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicida, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José de Oliveira Siqueira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicida, Departamento de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria Fontanelle Angelim Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anestesiologia, Ciências Cirúrgicas e Medicina Perioperatória, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Associação MentalPlus, Barueri, SP, Brazil; Instituto do Coração (InCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Carvalho Carmona
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Disciplina de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Joaquim Edson Vieira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Disciplina de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Chao
- Department of Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P S P Silveira
- Department of Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G M Böhm
- Department of Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discussion regarding the evolution of aging is almost as old as Darwinian Evolution Theory, but to date, it has remained one of biology's unresolved problems. One issue is how to reconcile natural selection, which is understood as a process that purges deleterious characteristics, with senescence, which seems to offer no advantages to the individual. METHOD A computer simulation that illustrates an evolutionary mechanism for the development of senescence in populations is presented. DISCUSSION In this article, we debate that two popular explanations for the existence of senescence, namely, (1) the removal of elders for the benefit of the species and (2) the progressive deterioration of the organic machine due to continuous use, are not correct. While human populations continue to age, it is important that the physician understands that senescence, here defined as the progressive impairment of an organism, does not necessarily accompany aging, which we here define as the mere passage of time. As such, we argue that certain processes that were originally assumed to be part of aging should have their status changed because they are actually diseases. Physicians often encounter situations that depend on a better understanding of what limitations senescence imposes on most living species. The concepts of aging (the unavoidable passage of time), senescence (progressive physiologic impairment), and senility (the pathological development of diseases), are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Oliveira Monaco
- LIM-01, Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
In view of the importance of anticipating the occurrence of critical situations in medicine, we propose the use of a fuzzy expert system to predict the need for advanced neonatal resuscitation efforts in the delivery room. This system relates the maternal medical, obstetric and neonatal characteristics to the clinical conditions of the newborn, providing a risk measurement of need of advanced neonatal resuscitation measures. It is structured as a fuzzy composition developed on the basis of the subjective perception of danger of nine neonatologists facing 61 antenatal and intrapartum clinical situations which provide a degree of association with the risk of occurrence of perinatal asphyxia. The resulting relational matrix describes the association between clinical factors and risk of perinatal asphyxia. Analyzing the inputs of the presence or absence of all 61 clinical factors, the system returns the rate of risk of perinatal asphyxia as output. A prospectively collected series of 304 cases of perinatal care was analyzed to ascertain system performance. The fuzzy expert system presented a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 94.8% in the identification of the need for advanced neonatal resuscitation measures, considering a cut-off value of 5 on a scale ranging from 0 to 10. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.93. The identification of risk situations plays an important role in the planning of health care. These preliminary results encourage us to develop further studies and to refine this model, which is intended to implement an auxiliary system able to help health care staff to make decisions in perinatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A M Reis
- Informática Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chao LW, Enokihara MY, Silveira PSP, Gomes SR, Böhm GM. Telemedicine model for training non-medical persons in the early recognition of melanoma. J Telemed Telecare 2003; 9 Suppl 1:S4-7. [PMID: 12952703 DOI: 10.1258/135763303322196141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A Web-based educational model, called JUTE, was developed for the early diagnosis of melanoma. It was compared with a control Website composed of information available on the Internet for teaching undergraduate medical students. The JUTE model was designed to allow the student linear navigation of the main topics that were assumed to be important in learning to make a diagnosis. The rate of success in correctly deciding to refer pigmented lesions to a dermatologist was compared among 34 new medical students who were randomly divided into two groups. There was no significant difference between the JUTE and control groups in the pre-test. When comparing the pre- and post-tests, the number of correct decisions increased significantly only in the JUTE group. In the JUTE group there was a slight but significant improvement when comparing decisions about thin melanoma before and after the training. The educational approach chosen for the JUTE Website appears to be useful for teaching the early recognition of melanoma and could be used for larger educational campaigns of skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Chao
- Department of Pathology - Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
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