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de Beaufort CE, Lange K, Swift PGF, Aman J, Cameron F, Castano L, Dorchy H, Fisher LK, Hoey H, Kaprio E, Kocova M, Neu A, Njolstad PR, Phillip M, Schoenle E, Robert JJ, Urukami T, Vanelli M, Danne T, Barrett T, Chiarelli F, Aanstoot HJ, Mortensen HB. Metabolic outcomes in young children with type 1 diabetes differ between treatment centers: the Hvidoere Study in Young Children 2009. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14:422-8. [PMID: 22957743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether center differences in glycemic control are present in prepubertal children <11 yr with type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 18 pediatric centers worldwide. All children, <11 y with a diabetes duration ≥12 months were invited to participate. Case Record Forms included information on clinical characteristics, insulin regimens, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), severe hypoglycemia, language difficulties, and comorbidities. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured centrally by liquid chromatography (DCCT aligned, range: 4.4-6.3%; IFFC: 25-45 mmol/mol). RESULTS A total of 1133 children participated (mean age: 8.0 ± 2.1 y; females: 47.5%, mean diabetes duration: 3.8 ± 2.1 y). HbA1c (overall mean: 8.0 ± 1.0%; range: 7.3-8.9%) and severe hypoglycemia frequency (mean 21.7 events per 100 patient-years), but not DKA, differed significantly between centers (p < 0.001 resp. p = 0.179). Language difficulties showed a negative relationship with HbA1c (8.3 ± 1.2% vs. 8.0 ± 1.0%; p = 0.036). Frequency of blood glucose monitoring demonstrated a significant but weak association with HbA1c (r = -0.17; p < 0.0001). Although significant different HbA1c levels were obtained with diverse insulin regimens (range: 7.3-8.5%; p < 0.001), center differences remained after adjusting for insulin regimen (p < 0.001). Differences between insulin regimens were no longer significant after adjusting for center effect (p = 0.199). CONCLUSIONS Center differences in metabolic outcomes are present in children <11 yr, irrespective of diabetes duration, age, or gender. The incidence of severe hypoglycemia is lower than in adolescents despite achieving better glycemic control. Insulin regimens show a significant relationship with HbA1c but do not explain center differences. Each center's effectiveness in using specific treatment strategies remains the key factor for outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine E de Beaufort
- Pediatric Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, GD de Luxembourg.
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Waldron S, Allgrove J, Swift PGF. Education and training in paediatric diabetes: the UK position. Survey on behalf of the SWEET Project 2008-11. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mortensen HB, Swift PGF, Holl RW, Hougaard P, Hansen L, Bjoerndalen H, de Beaufort CE, Knip M. Multinational study in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: association of age, ketoacidosis, HLA status, and autoantibodies on residual beta-cell function and glycemic control 12 months after diagnosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11:218-26. [PMID: 19708904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of residual beta-cell function and glycemic control during the first 12 months after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Clinical information and blood samples were collected from 275 children. HbA1c, antibodies, HLA typing and mixed meal-stimulated C-peptide levels 1, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis were analyzed centrally. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 9.1 yr. DKA with standard bicarbonate <15 mmol/L was associated with significantly poorer residual beta-cell function 1 (p = 0.004) and 12 months (p = 0.0003) after diagnosis. At 12 months, the decline in stimulated C-peptide levels compared with the levels at 1 month was 69% in the youngest age group and 50% in patients 10 yr and above (p < 0.001). Stimulated C-peptide at 12 months was predicted by younger age (p < 0.02) and bicarbonate levels at diagnosis (p = 0.005), and by stimulated C-peptide (p < 0.0001), postmeal blood glucose (p = 0.0004), insulin antibodies (IA; p = 0.02) and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA; p = 0.0004) at 1 month. HbA1c at 12 months was predicted by HbA1c at diagnosis (p < 0.0001), GADA at 1 month (p = 0.01), and non-white Caucasian ethnicity (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Younger age, ketoacidosis at diagnosis, and IA and GADA 1 month after diagnosis were the strongest explanatory factors for residual beta-cell function at 12 months. Glycemic control at 12 months was influenced predominantly by ethnicity, HbA1c at diagnosis, and GADA at 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik B Mortensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Swift PGF, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE, Cameron FJ, Aman J, Aanstoot HJ, Castaño L, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Hoey H, Kaprio EA, Kaufman F, Kocova M, Mortensen HB, Njølstad PR, Phillip M, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Urakami T, Vanelli M, Ackermann RW, Skovlund SE. Target setting in intensive insulin management is associated with metabolic control: the Hvidoere childhood diabetes study group centre differences study 2005. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11:271-8. [PMID: 19895567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate glycaemic targets set by diabetes teams, their perception by adolescents and parents, and their influence on metabolic control. METHODS Clinical data and questionnaires were completed by adolescents, parents/carers and diabetes teams in 21 international centres. HbA1c was measured centrally. RESULTS A total of 2062 adolescents completed questionnaires (age 14.4 +/- 2.3 yr; diabetes duration 6.1 +/- 3.5 yr). Mean HbA 1c = 8.2 +/- 1.4% with significant differences between centres (F = 12.3; p < 0.001) range from 7.4 to 9.1%. There was a significant correlation between parent (r = 0.20) and adolescent (r = 0.21) reports of their perceived ideal HbA1c and their actual HbA1c result (p < 0.001), and a stronger association between parents' (r = 0.39) and adolescents' (r = 0.4) reports of the HbA1c they would be happy with and their actual HbA1c result. There were significant differences between centres on parent and adolescent reports of ideal and happy with HbA1c (8.1 < F > 17.4;p < 0.001). A lower target HbA1c and greater consistency between members of teams within centres were associated with lower centre HbA1c (F = 16.0; df = 15; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Clear and consistent setting of glycaemic targets by diabetes teams is strongly associated with HbA1c outcome in adolescents. Target setting appears to play a significant role in explaining the differences in metabolic outcomes between centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G F Swift
- Children's Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G F Swift
- Childrens Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Court
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Betts
- Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton, UK
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Aman J, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE, Swift PGF, Aanstoot HJ, Cameron F. Associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and glycemic control in a large cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10:234-9. [PMID: 19140898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes has demonstrated persistent differences in metabolic outcomes between pediatric diabetes centers. These differences cannot be accounted for by differences in demographic, medical, or treatment variables. Therefore, we sought to explore whether differences in physical activity or sedentary behavior could explain the variation in metabolic outcomes between centers. METHODS An observational cross-sectional international study in 21 centers, with demographic and clinical data obtained by questionnaire from participants. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assayed in one central laboratory. All individuals with diabetes aged 11-18 yr (49.4% female), with duration of diabetes of at least 1 yr, were invited to participate. Individuals completed a self-reported measure of quality of life (Diabetes Quality of Life - Short Form [DQOL-SF]), with well-being and leisure time activity assessed using measures developed by Health Behaviour in School Children WHO Project. RESULTS Older participants (p < 0.001) and females (p < 0.001) reported less physical activity. Physical activity was associated with positive health perception (p < 0.001) but not with glycemic control, body mass index, frequency of hypoglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis. The more time spent on the computer (r = 0.06; p < 0.05) and less time spent doing school homework (r = -0.09; p < 0.001) were associated with higher HbA1c. Between centers, there were significant differences in reported physical activity (p < 0.001) and sedentary behavior (p < 0.001), but these differences did not account for center differences in metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity is strongly associated with psychological well-being but has weak associations with metabolic control. Leisure time activity is associated with individual differences in HbA1c but not with intercenter differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aman
- Department of Paediatrics, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden.
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Kelberman D, Turton JPG, Woods KS, Mehta A, Al-Khawari M, Greening J, Swift PGF, Otonkoski T, Rhodes SJ, Dattani MT. Molecular analysis of novel PROP1 mutations associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:96-103. [PMID: 19128366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homozygous mutations in the gene encoding the pituitary transcription factor PROP1 are associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) in both mice and humans with a highly variable phenotype with respect to the severity and time of initiation of pituitary hormone deficiency. We have ascertained three pedigrees with PROP1 mutations from a large cohort of patients with variable degrees of CPHD who were screened for mutations in PROP1. RESULTS Affected individuals from all three pedigrees were found to harbour novel PROP1 mutations. We have identified two siblings in one family who were homozygous for an intronic mutation (c.343-11C > G) that disrupts correct splicing resulting in the loss of exon 3 from the PROP1 transcript. Two siblings from a second, unrelated family are compound heterozygotes for two point mutations in the coding region, a missense mutation (p.R125W) that leads to impaired transcriptional activation, and a deletion of a single nucleotide (c.310delC) resulting in a frameshift and nonfunctional mutant protein. Additionally, we identified a homozygous deletion of the PROP1 locus in two patients born to consanguineous parents. CONCLUSION Mutations in PROP1 are a frequent cause of familial CPHD. We have described four novel mutations in PROP1 in 3 pedigrees, all resulting in PROP1 deficiency by different mechanisms. The phenotypic variation observed in association with PROP1 mutations both within and between families, together with the evolving nature of hormone deficiencies and sometimes changing pituitary morphology indicates a need for continual monitoring of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Cameron FJ, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE, Hoey H, Swift PGF, Aanstoot H, Aman J, Martul P, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Kaprio EA, Kaufman F, Kocova M, Mortensen HB, Njølstad PR, Phillip M, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Urakami T, Vanelli M, Ackermann RW, Skovlund SE. Are family factors universally related to metabolic outcomes in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes? Diabet Med 2008; 25:463-8. [PMID: 18294223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the importance of family factors in determining metabolic outcomes in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in 19 countries. METHODS Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes aged 11-18 years, from 21 paediatric diabetes care centres, in 19 countries, and their parents were invited to participate. Questionnaires were administered recording demographic data, details of insulin regimens, severe hypoglycaemic events and number of episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. Adolescents completed the parental involvement scale from the Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth--Short Form (DQOLY-SF) and the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (DFRQ). Parents completed the DFRQ and a Parental Burden of Diabetes score. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was analysed centrally on capillary blood. RESULTS A total of 2062 adolescents completed a questionnaire, with 2036 providing a blood sample; 1994 parents also completed a questionnaire. Family demographic factors that were associated with metabolic outcomes included: parents living together (t = 4.1; P < 0.001), paternal employment status (F = 7.2; d.f. = 3; P < 0.001), parents perceived to be over-involved in diabetes care (r = 0.11; P < 0.001) and adolescent-parent disagreement on responsibility for diabetes care practices (F = 8.46; d.f. = 2; P < 0.001). Although these factors differed between centres, they did not account for centre differences in metabolic outcomes, but were stronger predictors of metabolic control than age, gender or insulin treatment regimen. CONCLUSIONS Family factors, particularly dynamic and communication factors such as parental over-involvement and adolescent-parent concordance on responsibility for diabetes care appear be important determinants of metabolic outcomes in adolescents with diabetes. However, family dynamic factors do not account for the substantial differences in metabolic outcomes between centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Cameron
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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de Beaufort CE, Swift PGF, Skinner CT, Aanstoot HJ, Aman J, Cameron F, Martul P, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Hoey H, Kaprio EA, Kaufman F, Kocova M, Mortensen HB, Njølstad PR, Phillip M, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Urakami T, Vanelli M. Continuing stability of center differences in pediatric diabetes care: do advances in diabetes treatment improve outcome? The Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:2245-50. [PMID: 17540955 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reevaluate the persistence and stability of previously observed differences between pediatric diabetes centers and to investigate the influence of demography, language communication problems, and changes in insulin regimens on metabolic outcome, hypoglycemia, and ketoacidosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was an observational cross-sectional international study in 21 centers, with clinical data obtained from all participants and A1C levels assayed in one central laboratory. All individuals with diabetes aged 11-18 years (49.4% female), with duration of diabetes of at least 1 year, were invited to participate. Fourteen of the centers participated in previous Hvidoere Studies, allowing direct comparison of glycemic control across centers between 1998 and 2005. RESULTS Mean A1C was 8.2 +/- 1.4%, with substantial variation between centers (mean A1C range 7.4-9.2%; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between centers in rates of severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Language difficulties had a significant negative impact on metabolic outcome (A1C 8.5 +/- 2.0% vs. 8.2 +/- 1.4% for those with language difficulties vs. those without, respectively; P < 0.05). After adjustement for significant confounders of age, sex, duration of diabetes, insulin regimen, insulin dose, BMI, and language difficulties, the center differences persisted, and the effect size for center was not reduced. Relative center ranking since 1998 has remained stable, with no significant change in A1C. CONCLUSIONS Despite many changes in diabetes management, major differences in metabolic outcome between 21 international pediatric diabetes centers persist. Different application between centers in the implementation of insulin treatment appears to be of more importance and needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Betts
- Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G F Swift
- Childrens Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar Hanas
- Department of Pediatrics, Uddevalla Hospital, Sweden.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous surveys of children's diabetes service provision in the UK have shown gradual improvements but continuing deficiencies. AIM To determine whether further improvements in services have occurred. METHODS A questionnaire was mailed to all paediatricians in the UK identified as providing care for children and adolescents with diabetes. Responses were compared with results of three previous surveys, and with recommendations in the Diabetes NSF and the NICE type 1 diabetes guidelines. RESULTS Replies were received from 187 consultant paediatricians in 169 centres looking after children; 89% expressed a special interest in diabetes, 98% saw children in a designated diabetic clinic, and 95% clinics now have more than 40 patients. In 98% of the clinics there was a specialist nurse (82% now children's trained), but 61% clinics had a nurse:patient ratio <1:100; 39% of clinics did not have a paediatric dietician and in 78% there was no access to psychology/psychiatry services in clinics. Glycated haemoglobin was measured routinely at clinics in 86%, annual screening for retinopathy performed in 80%, and microalbuminuria in 83%. All centres now have local protocols for ketoacidosis, but not for children undergoing surgery (90%) or severe hypoglycaemia (74%). Mean clinic HbA1c levels were significantly lower in the clinics run by specialists (8.9%) than generalists (9.4%). There have been incremental improvements over the last 14 years since the surveys began, but only two clinics met all the 10 previously published recommendations on standards of care. CONCLUSIONS The survey shows continuing improvements in organisational structure of services for children with diabetes but serious deficiencies remain. Publication and dissemination of the results of the previous surveys may have been associated with these improvements and similar recurrent service review may be applicable to services for other chronic childhood conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Edge
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Abstract
A child in early puberty, who presented with a modestly enlarged thyroid gland and confirmed hypothyroidism, was successfully treated with thyroxine. Subsequently a widespread bruit developed in the neck caused by bilaterally dilated superior thyroid arteries with increased blood flow to the goitre. At thyroidectomy, histopathology showed features of dyshormonogenesis with greatly increased vascularity and widespread diffuse staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is likely that VEGF in association with other angiogenetic factors was associated with enlargement of the gland and its hypervascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shenoy
- Children's Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Swift PGF. Diabetes in the young: from Leicester to Siena (via Oslo, Bethesda and Hvidore). Acta Biomed 2005; 76 Suppl 3:7-13. [PMID: 16915789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G F Swift
- Children's Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is more common in childhood than has been appreciated previously. During acute attacks of pancreatitis, hyperglycaemia and glycosuria are not uncommon but permanent diabetes mellitus is rare. Acute pancreatitis can also be associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and the association between these two is of a two-way cause and effect relationship. Early imaging of the pancreas is recommended in children with severe prolonged abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shenoy
- Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Brown JJ, Datta V, Browning MJ, Swift PGF. Graves' disease in DiGeorge syndrome: patient report with a review of endocrine autoimmunity associated with 22q11.2 deletion. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004; 17:1575-9. [PMID: 15570997 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2004.17.11.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome, which falls within a wider phenotypic spectrum associated with deletions of 22q11.2, is associated with a number of endocrine disorders. These include hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency. We report an unusual case of autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) presenting in a 3 year-old male with DiGeorge syndrome. The development of endocrine specific autoimmune disease in a syndrome associated with immune deficiency and the spectrum of endocrine autoimmunity associated with deletions of 22q11.2 are described. Paediatricians and patients with 22q11.2 deletions should be particularly aware of the risks of developing disorders of thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Brown
- Royal Children 's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Shenoy S, Waldron S, Cody D, Swift PGF. Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:1076-7. [PMID: 15499069 PMCID: PMC1719722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, Schneppenheim R, Eggert P, Bald M, Brodehl J, Daschner M, Ehrich JHH, Kemper M, Li Volti S, Neuhaus T, Skovby F, Swift PGF, Schaub J, Klaerke D. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 14:2873-82. [PMID: 14569097 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000092790.89332.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of SGLT2 (the gene for a renal sodium-dependent glucose transporter) in renal glucosuria was evaluated. Therefore, its genomic sequence and its intron-exon organization were determined, and 23 families with index cases were analyzed for mutations. In 21 families, 21 different SGLT2 mutations were detected. Most of them were private; only a splice mutation was found in 5 families of different ethnic backgrounds, and a 12-bp deletion was found in two German families. Fourteen individuals (including the original patient with 'renal glucosuria type 0') were homozygous or compound heterozygous for an SGLT2 mutation resulting in glucosuria in the range of 14.6 to 202 g/1.73 m(2)/d (81 - 1120 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d). Some, but not all, of their heterozygous family members had an increased glucose excretion of up to 4.4 g/1.73 m(2)/d (24 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d). Likewise, in index cases with glucosuria below 10 g/1.73 m(2)/d (55 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d) an SGLT2 mutation, if present, was always detected in the heterozygous state. We conclude that SGLT2 plays an important role in renal tubular glucose reabsorption. Inheritance of renal glucosuria shows characteristics of a codominant trait with variable penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Rajendram R, Deane JA, Barnes M, Swift PGF, Adamson K, Pearce S, Woodruff G. Rapid onset childhood cataracts leading to the diagnosis of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136:951-2. [PMID: 14597064 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of bilateral cataracts in a child that led to diagnosis of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. DESIGN Observational case report. METHODS A 12-year-old boy was being investigated for weakness, lethargy, short stature, and blurred vision. He developed bilateral, dense cataracts over a 2-week period. He was found to be hypocalcemic and diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. RESULTS Because of hypoparathyroidism, adrenocortical failure, and insulin-dependent diabetes, it was 9 months before the patient's metabolic imbalance was brought under sufficient control to allow cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy should be considered with diagnoses of hypocalcemic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Rajendram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.
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Brown JJ, Datta V, Sutton AJ, Swift PGF. Suppression of TSH in congenital hypothyroidism is significantly related to serum levels and dosage of thyroxine. Horm Res Paediatr 2003; 59:85-90. [PMID: 12589112 DOI: 10.1159/000068576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) suppression and serum thyroxine (T(4)) concentrations in infants with congenital hypothyroidism in relation to T(4) dose and pretreatment parameters. METHOD A retrospective study of all cases treated in a single centre since neonatal screening began was performed. RESULTS In 54 infants treated with a mean daily T(4) dose of 9.8 microg/kg, the TSH concentration was suppressed (<6 mU/l) in 65% of the cases by 6 months with the serum T(4) level at the upper end of the infant reference range. Infants who suppressed their TSH later did not differ in pretreatment serum TSH or T(4) concentration. T(4) dose and serum T(4) level were lower in infants whose TSH was not suppressed. CONCLUSIONS TSH suppression in congenital hypothyroidism is significantly related to serum levels and dosage of T(4). We suggest that a delay in TSH suppression is mainly due to undertreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Brown
- Children's Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wills
- Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Betts
- The Children's Hospital, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK.
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Abstract
Following proven respiratory syncytial viral infection, a previously healthy 2 year old boy displayed notable persistent hypothermia-the lowest temperature being 34.2 degrees C. No obvious ill effects were observed.
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Holl RW, Swift PGF, Mortensen HB, Lynggaard H, Hougaard P, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Garandeau P, Greene S, Hoey HMCV, Kaprio EA, Kocova M, Martul P, Matsuura N, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Sovik O, Tsou RM, Vanelli M, Aman J. Insulin injection regimens and metabolic control in an international survey of adolescents with type 1 diabetes over 3 years: results from the Hvidore study group. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:22-9. [PMID: 12486503 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-002-1037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Revised: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 06/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The optimal insulin regimen for paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes remains controversial. Therefore this multicentre study was performed in adolescents over a 3-year period to assess metabolic control, severe hypoglycaemia, and weight gain in relation to insulin injection regimens. Out of 2873 children and adolescents in an international survey in 1995, 872 adolescents (433 boys, 439 girls, mean age in 1995 11.3+/-2.2 years) were restudied in 1998, relating insulin regimens to HbA(1c) measured in a central laboratory. In addition, the daily dose of insulin, changes in body mass index (BMI), and events of severe hypoglycaemia were evaluated. Over 3 years, the use of multiple injection regimens increased from 42% to 71%: 251 patients remained on twice daily insulin, 365 remained on multiple injections and 256 shifted from twice daily insulin to multiple injections. In all three subgroups an increase in insulin dose, a deterioration of metabolic control, and an increase in BMI were observed. Metabolic control deteriorated less than expected over 3 years during adolescence (HbA(1c) 1995: 8.7+/-1.6%; 1998 observed: 8.9+/-1.6%, HbA(1c) expected for 1998: 9.0%). BMI increased more than expected, the increase was greatest in patients switching from twice daily to multiple injections, and higher in females compared to males. CONCLUSION in this international study, metabolic control was unsatisfactory in many adolescents with type 1 diabetes irrespective of the insulin regimen. No improvement in metabolic control was observed in this cross-sectional survey, over 3 years in any of the subgroups. Even the group switching from twice to multiple injections did not improve blood glucose control and the increase in body mass index was most pronounced in this group. Conclusive evidence, however, should be based on prospectively planned, randomised therapeutic trials in paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard W Holl
- University of Ulm, ZIBMT, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the current level of diabetes services and to compare the results with previous national surveys. METHODS A questionnaire was mailed to all paediatricians in the UK identified as providing care for children with diabetes aged under 16 years. Information was sought on staffing, personnel, clinic size, facilities, and patterns of care. Responses were compared with results of two previous national surveys. RESULTS Replies were received from 244 consultant paediatricians caring for an estimated 17 192 children. A further 2234 children were identified as being cared for by other consultants who did not contribute to the survey. Of 244 consultants, 78% expressed a special interest in diabetes and 91% saw children in a designated diabetic clinic. In 93% of the clinics there was a specialist nurse (44% were not trained to care for children; 47% had nurse:patient ratio >1:100), 65% a paediatric dietitian, and in 25% some form of specialist psychology or counselling available. Glycated haemoglobin was measured routinely at clinics in 88%, retinopathy screening was performed in 87%, and microalbuminuria measured in 66%. Only 34% consultants used a computer database. There were significant differences between the services provided by paediatricians expressing a special interest in diabetes compared with "non-specialists", the latter describing less frequent clinic attendance of dietitians or psychologists, less usage of glycated haemoglobin measurements, and less screening for vascular complications. Non-specialist clinics met significantly fewer of the recommendations of good practice described by Diabetes UK. CONCLUSIONS The survey shows improvements in services provided for children with diabetes, but serious deficiencies remain. There is a shortage of diabetes specialist nurses trained to care for children and paediatric dietitians, and a major shortfall in the provision of psychology/counselling services. The services described confirm the need for more consultant paediatricians to receive specialist training and to develop expertise and experience in childhood diabetes.
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Abstract
Management strategies and practicalities of insulin therapy in the first days and weeks after the diagnosis of diabetes in children and adolescents depend on the clinical situation and the facilities available. Outpatient or domiciliary management favoured by some centres is only practicable and safe if an experienced team is readily available. There is evidence showing a correlation between the level of glycaemic control achieved in the earliest years of treatment and the metabolic control in subsequent years (the 'tracking phenomenon'). The major factors influencing metabolic control in the first year after diagnosis certainly include the continuing secretion of endogenous pancreatic insulin. There has been considerable debate as to whether continuing insulin secretion and the induction of the remission phase can be significantly affected by the methods of insulin administration in the first days after clinical diagnosis; whether intravenous insulin has a protective effect; whether psychosocial factors have a more profound influence on metabolic control; and whether there is enough evidence to make valid recommendations on the optimal method(s) for treating children at the onset of diabetes. It seems likely that from the first day after diagnosis benefit is derived from attempting to obtain near normoglycaemia and the rapid induction of a partial remission phase by whatever insulin regimen is found to be most successful. This may occur not only by reducing the threat of glucotoxicity on the beta-cells but also by setting a pattern of optimal control for the child and the family. This process is enhanced by frequent contact with the team of experts in childhood diabetes who are able to give advice on insulin adjustments from the onset of diabetes.
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Abstract
The presentation of diabetes in young people has changed significantly over recent years. Not only has there been a rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes, especially in young children, but also there is an increasing recognition of Type 2 diabetes. Young people are also increasingly being diagnosed with genetic defects of B-cell function and with diabetes in association with cystic fibrosis and other chronic diseases. There have also been significant changes in the pattern of paediatric diabetes care. This is increasingly being provided by a specialized paediatric multidisciplinary team in each health district working to agreed national standards. Despite improvements, diabetes control is still suboptimal with a high incidence of complications being reported in young adults. The challenge over the next few years is the provision of a uniform, equitable and first class paediatric service throughout the UK together with the introduction of new approaches to care, aiming to improve individual diabetic control and reduce long-term complications. Increased collaboration with adult colleagues is needed to enable the transition of care in adolescence to a service that young adults perceive to meet their needs, encourage their attendance and improve their diabetes control and quality of life. A national paediatric diabetes register together with regular audit will encourage these objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Betts
- Southampton University Hospitals' Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Abstract
Following an accidental electric shock, a boy with no previous symptoms developed hyperglycaemia, rapidly evolving into diabetes. He was aglycosuric for 24 hours after the shock. Islet cell antibodies were shown shortly after the accident. Although destined to develop diabetes, it seems likely that the electric shock unmasked impaired glucose tolerance. Glucose homoeostasis should be monitored in children following significant electric shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kane
- Leicester Royal Infirmary Children's Hospital, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
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Swift PGF. Infantile apnoea and home monitoring. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295:118-9. [PMID: 3113629 PMCID: PMC1246991 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6590.118-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Samanta A, Burden AC, Jones GR, Woollands IG, Clarke M, Swift PGF, Hearnshaw JR. Prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 291:1571-3. [PMID: 3933752 PMCID: PMC1418190 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.291.6508.1571-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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