Amiodarone induced pulmonary toxicity

Amiodarone is one of the more frequently used drugs in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Many adverse effects, more or less serious, are associated with its administration. Amiodaron-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT) is quite rare but represents one of the most severe adverse effects with high mortality. We present an 80 years old patient, who used amidorane due to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation for several years. Within 3 months, he was repeatedly hospitalized for a bilateral pneumonia. Eventually, AIPT was diagnosed. Early diagnosis, proper therapy of AIPT and changed antiarrhythmic therapy has significantly improved the clinical status of our patient. In this case we demonstrate typical clinical presentations of AIPT as well as the most common diagnostic procedures and recommended treatment methods. Finally, some other commonly used therapeutical options for supraventricular arrhythmias are mentioned. Future options are outlined.

Factors influencing the end-of-life decisionmaking process about care in hospitalized patients

The quality of end-of-life care of hospitalized patients is an important topic, but so far little explored in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to map the factors influencing the end-of-life care decision-making process in selected Czech hospitals and to describe it based on data from medical records and from the perspective of a doctor. The research included data obtained from the medical records of 240 deceased patients (mean age 76.9 years, 41.6% women). The research sample of medical doctors who commented on the decision-making about end-of-life care for these patients consisted of 369 physicians (mean age 35.9 years, 61% women). The results pointed to persistent deficiencies in the written recording of the care goals, prognosis, and possible decision to limit care. Medical doctors limit health care primarily based on consensus among physicians, the patient is usually not invited to the decision-making process. Patient preferences for the end-of-life period are in most cases not ascertained or this question is postponed. The institute of a previously stated wish did not appear in the examined group at all. It can be concluded that decisions about end-of-life care usually take place without knowledge of patients' values ​​and preferences. The results indicate the need to improve the training of doctors and medical students, which should, in addition to building professional competencies, include training in effective communication with patients at the end of life.

Long-term relationship between unattended automated blood pressure and auscultatory BP measurements in hypertensive patients

AIMS

Unattended automated office blood pressure (uAutoOBP) has attracted more attention since SPRINT trial had been published. However, its long-term relationship to attended office blood pressure (AuscOBP) is not known.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Stable treated hypertensive subjects were examined in four Czech academic hypertension centers. All subjects attended four clinical visits three months apart. uAutoOBP was measured with the BP Tru device; AuscOBP was measured three times with auscultatory method by the physician. 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed within one week from the second clinical visit.

RESULTS

Data on 112 subjects aged 65.6 ± 10.8 years with mean AuscOBP 128.2 ± 12.2/78.5 ± 10.3 mm Hg are reported. Across the four clinical visits, the uAutoOBP was by 10.1/3.7 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP and the mean difference was similar during all four visits (P≥.061). Both uAutoOBP and AuscOBP had similar intra-individual variability during study follow-up as demonstrated by similar intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC, for systolic ICC = 0.50, for diastolic ICC = 0.72). However, the intra-individual variability of the systolic AuscOBP and uAutoOBP difference was high as demonstrated by low ICCs for absolute (ICC = 0.17 [95%CI, 0.09 - 0.25]) and low κ coefficients for categorized differences (κ ≤ 0.16). The main determinant of AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was AuscOBP level. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was poor tool to identify hypertension control categories defined on the basis of AuscOBP and ABPM.

CONCLUSIONS

Although mean AuscOBP-uAutoOBP differences were relatively similar across the four clinical visits, intra-individual variability of this difference was high. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference was poor tool to identify hypertension control categories defined on the basis of AuscOBP and ABPM. Therefore, uAutoOBP cannot be used as a replacement for ABPM.

A multicentre study on unattended automated office blood pressure measurement in treated hypertensive patients

AIMS

Unattended automated office blood pressure (uAutoOBP) may eliminate white-coat effect. In the present study, we studied its relationships to attended office blood pressure (BP) and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Stable treated hypertensive subjects were examined in four Czech academic hypertension centres. uAutoOBP was measured with the BP Tru device; attended BP was measured six times: three times with auscultatory method (AuscOBP) by the physician followed optionally by three oscillometric measurements (OscOBP). ABPM was performed within one week from the clinical visit.

RESULTS

Data on 172 subjects aged 63.7 ± 12.4 years with AuscOBP 127.6 ± 12.1/77.6 ± 10.0 mm Hg are reported. uAutoOBP was by 8.5 ± 9.0/3.0 ± 6.1 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP. The AuscOBP-uAutoOBP difference increased with the AuscOBP level and it did not depend on any other factor. OscOBP differed by 8.6 ± 8.6/1.9 ± 5.7 mm Hg from uAutoOBP. 24-hour mean BP was by 4.2 ± 12.1/3.5 ± 7.8 mm Hg lower than AuscOBP and by 4.3 ± 11.0/0.5 ± 6.9 mm Hg higher than uAutoOBP; the correlation coefficients of 24-hour mean BP with AuscOBP and with uAutoOBP did not differ (p for difference ≥.13). In the lowest BP group (systolic AuscOBP <120 mm Hg or diastolic AuscOBP <70 mm Hg), both AuscOBP and uAutoOBP were lower than 24-hour mean BP, while in the highest BP group (systolic AuscOBP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic AuscOBP ≥90 mm Hg), they were higher.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to uAutoOBP, attended BP measurement gives higher values, both when measured with auscultatory or oscillometric method. Inter-individual variability of AutoOBP - uAuscOBP difference, as well of uAutoOBP - ABPM difference, is large. We did not prove that uAutoOBP would be associated to 24-hour ambulatory BP more closely than attended BP.

Reasons for switching antihypertensive medication in general practice: a cross-sectional Czech nationwide survey

To improve blood pressure (BP) control of their patients, physicians either adjust or switch antihypertensive medication. Currently, there is only limited information available on why physicians decide to switch antihypertensive medications. A questionnaire-based survey was performed between November 2011 and March 2012 in the Czech Republic. General practitioners were asked to fill in questionnaires about their hypertensive patients whose antihypertensive medication they were planning to change. These questionnaires recorded data about patient demographic information, cardiovascular risk factors, BP values, and reasons for switching antihypertensive medication. Two hundred eight-six general practitioners surveyed a total of 4341 hypertensive patients. The mean age of the patients was 59.8 years, 68.9% of patients were overweight or obese. Uncontrolled office systolic and diastolic BP >140/90 mm Hg was present in 89.6% and 81.5% of patients, respectively, despite the fact that 49.4% of patients used a combination of 2 or more antihypertensive drugs. The most common reasons for switching medication were insufficient BP control (73.7%), followed by aiming for a better 24-hour effect (38.4%) and increased cardiovascular risk of the patients (37.7%). The major reason for switching antihypertensive treatment in general practice was insufficient BP control. Switching medication because of adverse drug effects is less frequent than reported a decade ago.

Age-dependent relationship between the carotid intima-media thickness, baroreflex sensitivity, and the inter-beat interval in normotensive and hypertensive subjects

The interrelationship between baroreflex sensitivity expressed in ms/mm Hg (BRS) or in Hz/mm Hg (BRSf), carotid wall thickness (IMT), and age was investigated in hypertensive and normotensive subjects with respect to the mean inter-beat interval (IBI) and blood pressure (BP). BP monitoring was performed in 25 treated hypertensives (Hy; 47.4±9.2 years of age) and 23 normotensives (Norm; 44.5±8.1 years). IMT was measured by ultrasonography. BRS and BRSf were determined by the spectral method (five-minute non-invasive beat-to-beat recording of BP and IBI, Finapres, controlled breathing at a frequency of 0.33 Hz). Significant differences between Hy and Norm were detected in IMT (Hy: 0.624±0.183, Norm: 0.522±0.070 mm; p<0.01), BRS (Hy: 3.5±1.6, Norm: 5.7±2.3 ms/mm Hg; p<0.01), BRSf (Hy: 0.005±0.002, Norm: 0.009±0.004 Hz/mm Hg; p<0.01), systolic BP (Hy: 131±21, Norm: 116±17 mm Hg; p<0.01) and diastolic BP (Hy: 77±16, Norm: 64±12 mm Hg; p<0.01). A significant correlation was found between age and IMT (Norm: 0.523, p<0.05; Hy+Norm: 0.419, p<0.01), age and BRS (Norm: -0.596, p<0.01; Hy+Norm: -0.496, p<0.01), age and BRSf (Norm: -0.555, p<0.01; Hy: -0.540, p<0.01; Hy+Norm: -0.627, p<0.01), age and IBI (Hy: 0.478, p<0.05), age and diastolic BP (Hy: -0.454, p<0.05), BRS and IMT (Hy+Norm: -0.327, p<0.05) and BRSf and IMT (Hy+Norm: -0.358, p<0.05). Hypertensive patients have increased IMT and decreased BRS and BRSf. The positive correlation between age and IMT and the negative correlation between age and BRS and BRSf are in agreement with the hypothesis that the age-dependent decrease of baroreflex sensitivity corresponds to the age-related structural changes of the carotid wall. Using two indices of baroreflex sensitivity, BRS and BRSf, we could show that baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensives is lower not only due to thickening of the carotid wall, but also due to aging.