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Borges MC, Haycock P, Zheng J, Hemani G, Howe LJ, Schmidt AF, Staley JR, Lumbers RT, Henry A, Lemaitre RN, Gaunt TR, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G, Hingorani AD, Lawlor DA. The impact of fatty acids biosynthesis on the risk of cardiovascular diseases in Europeans and East Asians: a Mendelian randomization study. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4034-4054. [PMID: 35796550 PMCID: PMC9703943 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early interest, the evidence linking fatty acids to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains controversial. We used Mendelian randomization to explore the involvement of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids biosynthesis in the etiology of several CVD endpoints in up to 1 153 768 European (maximum 123 668 cases) and 212 453 East Asian (maximum 29 319 cases) ancestry individuals. As instruments, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms mapping to genes with well-known roles in PUFA (i.e. FADS1/2 and ELOVL2) and MUFA (i.e. SCD) biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that higher PUFA biosynthesis rate (proxied by rs174576 near FADS1/2) is related to higher odds of multiple CVDs, particularly ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease and venous thromboembolism, whereas higher MUFA biosynthesis rate (proxied by rs603424 near SCD) is related to lower odds of coronary artery disease among Europeans. Results were unclear for East Asians as most effect estimates were imprecise. By triangulating multiple approaches (i.e. uni-/multi-variable Mendelian randomization, a phenome-wide scan, genetic colocalization and within-sibling analyses), our results are compatible with higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (and possibly glucose) being a downstream effect of higher PUFA biosynthesis rate. Our findings indicate that PUFA and MUFA biosynthesis are involved in the etiology of CVDs and suggest LDL cholesterol as a potential mediating trait between PUFA biosynthesis and CVDs risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Carolina Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Phillip Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Laurence J Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - A Floriaan Schmidt
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - James R Staley
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - R Thomas Lumbers
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London NW1 2DA, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Albert Henry
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA WA 98101, USA
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Clinical Trial Service and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London NW1 2DA, UK
- UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PN, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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Howell AE, Robinson JW, Wootton RE, McAleenan A, Tsavachidis S, Ostrom QT, Bondy M, Armstrong G, Relton C, Haycock P, Martin RM, Zheng J, Kurian KM. Testing for causality between systematically identified risk factors and glioma: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:508. [PMID: 32493226 PMCID: PMC7268455 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst epidemiological studies have provided evidence of associations between certain risk factors and glioma onset, inferring causality has proven challenging. Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we assessed whether associations of 36 reported glioma risk factors showed evidence of a causal relationship. METHODS We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE from inception to October 2018 to identify candidate risk factors and conducted a meta-analysis of two glioma genome-wide association studies (5739 cases and 5501 controls) to form our exposure and outcome datasets. MR analyses were performed using genetic variants to proxy for candidate risk factors. We investigated whether risk factors differed by subtype diagnosis (either glioblastoma (n = 3112) or non-glioblastoma (n = 2411)). MR estimates for each risk factor were determined using multiplicative random effects inverse-variance weighting (IVW). Sensitivity analyses investigated potential pleiotropy using MR-Egger regression, the weighted median estimator, and the mode-based estimator. To increase power, trait-specific polygenic risk scores were used to test the association of a genetically predicated increase in each risk factor with glioma onset. RESULTS Our systematic search identified 36 risk factors that could be proxied using genetic variants. Using MR, we found evidence that four genetically predicted traits increased risk of glioma, glioblastoma or non-glioblastoma: longer leukocyte telomere length, liability to allergic disease, increased alcohol consumption and liability to childhood extreme obesity (> 3 standard deviations from the mean). Two traits decreased risk of non-glioblastoma cancers: increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and triglyceride levels. Our findings were similar across sensitivity analyses that made allowance for pleiotropy (genetic confounding). CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive investigation provides evidence of a causal link between both genetically predicted leukocyte telomere length, allergic disease, alcohol consumption, childhood extreme obesity, and LDLc and triglyceride levels, and glioma. The findings from our study warrant further research to uncover mechanisms that implicate these traits in glioma onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Howell
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J W Robinson
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R E Wootton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - A McAleenan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S Tsavachidis
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, UK
| | - Q T Ostrom
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, UK
| | - M Bondy
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, UK
| | - G Armstrong
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, UK
| | - C Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - P Haycock
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - R M Martin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - J Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - K M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Howell AE, Zheng J, Tsavachidis S, Wootton R, Relton C, Martin R, Bondy MM, Haycock P, Kurian KM. BTC1.03 Investigating the causal relevance of hypothesized risk factors for glioma using population level genetic data. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A E Howell
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J Zheng
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S Tsavachidis
- Duncan Cancer Center-Bondy, Houstan, TX, United States
| | - R Wootton
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - C Relton
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - R Martin
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M M Bondy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houstan, TX, United States
| | - P Haycock
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K M Kurian
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Robinson JW, Zheng J, Tsavachidis S, Haycock P, Bondy M, Relton C, Martin R, Smtih GD, Kurian KM. P04.72 Using Mendelian randomization to find potential novel drug targets for the treatment of glioma. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Zheng
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S Tsavachidis
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - P Haycock
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Bondy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - C Relton
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - R Martin
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - G D Smtih
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K M Kurian
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Kachuri L, Johansson M, Brennan P, Haycock P, Liu G, Landi MT, Christiani DC, Caporaso NE, Wu X, Aldrich MC, Albanes D, Tardón A, Rennert G, Chen C, Goodman GE, Doherty JA, Bickeböller H, Teare D, Kiemeney LA, Bojesen SE, Field JK, Haugen A, Lam S, Marchand LL, Schabath MB, Andrew AS, Manjer J, Lazarus P, Arnold SM, Gaborieau V, Martin R, Relton C, Smith GD, Amos CI, McKay JD, Hung RJ. Abstract 2292: Lung function and lung cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study of UK Biobank cohort and the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Impaired lung function (LF) is strongly associated with increased lung cancer risk. However, since airflow obstruction is a diagnostic criterion for obstructive lung disease, and a consequence of tobacco smoking, isolating the causal relationship between LF and lung cancer has remained a challenge.
Methods: We investigated 3 standardized (mean=0, standard deviation=1) LF metrics: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC. To evaluate the causal relevance of LF in lung cancer etiology we conducted: i) survival analyses in the UK Biobank cohort (UKB); and ii) Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses using genetic instrumental variables (IVs) developed in UKB and tested using individual-level data from the OncoArray, a genome-wide array with in-depth coverage for common cancers. Results: 702 incident lung cancers were diagnosed in 484,194 UKB participants during follow-up. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, socioeconomic status, and assessment center. Adjustment for other smoking metrics yielded similar results. Lung cancer risk increased per 1 unit decrease in FEV1 (HR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.64-1.98, p=3.3×10-34), FVC (HR=1.45, 1.30-1.60, p=2.3×10-12), and FEV1/FVC (HR=1.39, 1.33-1.46, p=1.3×10-38). This pattern was observed for adenocarcinoma (n=300): FEV1 (HR=1.77, p=6.0×10-12), FVC (HR=1.48, p=1.4×10-5), FEV1/FVC (HR=1.34, p=8.3×10-11); and squamous cell carcinoma (n=166): FEV1 (HR=1.97, p=9.9×10-10), FVC (HR=1.60, p=1.0×10-4), FEV1/FVC (HR=1.38, p=5.9×10-8). Next, a genome-wide association study of 67,708 UKB participants and 12.6 million variants was carried out to develop genetic IVs for LF.
Results were filtered to retain independent variants (R2<0.2) associated with each LF phenotype (p<5×10-8). The following IVs were developed: FEV1 (n=28 variants, 0.72% of variation explained), FVC (n=44, 1.08%), and FEV1/FVC (n=45, 1.85%). Odds ratios (OR) for each IV and lung cancer were estimated for 18,686 cases 15,190 controls (>80% European ancestry) from 23 studies. Effect estimates were combined using maximum-likelihood MR models to estimate causal ORs. MR results indicate that genetic scores associated with improved airflow are unrelated to lung cancer risk: FEV1 (OR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.96-1.03, p=0.86), FVC (OR=1.00, 0.97-1.03, p=0.93) and FEV1/FVC (OR=1.00, 0.91-1.10, p=0.95). The null association observed for the genetic determinants of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC was not modified by tumor histology or smoking status.
Conclusions: LF is a robust predictor of lung cancer risk, however, our findings do not support the existence of causal pathways that are independent of obstructive lung disease or smoking. This apparent lack of a causal relationship should be interpreted with caution since pleiotropic effects of LF loci cannot be ruled out.
Citation Format: Linda Kachuri, Mattias Johansson, Paul Brennan, Phillip Haycock, Geoffrey Liu, Maria Teresa Landi, David C. Christiani, Neil E. Caporaso, Xifeng Wu, Melinda C. Aldrich, Demetrius Albanes, Adonina Tardón, Gad Rennert, Chu Chen, Gary E. Goodman, Jennifer A. Doherty, Heike Bickeböller, Dawn Teare, Lambertus A. Kiemeney, Stig E. Bojesen, John K. Field, Aage Haugen, Stephen Lam, Loic Le Marchand, Matthew B. Schabath, Angeline S. Andrew, Jonas Manjer, Philip Lazarus, Susanne M. Arnold, Valérie Gaborieau, Richard Martin, Caroline Relton, George Davey Smith, Christopher I. Amos, James D. McKay, Rayjean J. Hung. Lung function and lung cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study of UK Biobank cohort and the International Lung Cancer Consortium [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2292. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2292
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kachuri
- 1Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- 2International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Geoffrey Liu
- 4Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Xifeng Wu
- 7University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Adonina Tardón
- 9University of Oviedo, University Institute of Oncology, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gad Rennert
- 10Technion Faculty of Medicine and Carmel Medical Center, Israel
| | - Chu Chen
- 11Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA
| | | | | | | | - Dawn Teare
- 14School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stig E. Bojesen
- 16Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - John K. Field
- 17University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aage Haugen
- 18National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Lam
- 19BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jonas Manjer
- 22Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James D. McKay
- 2International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- 1Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Spratt DM, Haycock P, Boyden JM, Nicholas WL. Aspects of the life history of Muspicea borreli (Nematoda: Muspiceidae), parasite of the house mouse (Mus domesticus) in Australia. Parasite 2002; 9:199-205. [PMID: 12375362 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2002093199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of Muspicea borreli (Nematoda) infection in wild populations of Mus domesticus in forests in southeastern New South Wales and in rural Canberra, Australia was variable, relatively low and the parasite occurred predominantly in male mice. Experimental infection of BALB/c mice occurred only via subcutaneous inoculation but was achieved using i) adults containing embryonating eggs, ii) adults containing active larvae and iii) active larvae dissected from the uterus of female worms. Experimental infection was not established using adults containing unembryonated eggs and was not established via intraperitoneal, percutaneous nor oral routes. Evidence indicates that larvae develop to the infective stage in the uterus of the adult worm, suggests that an obligate developmental phase on the host skin does not occur and that autoinfection is possible. Experimental infection predominated in males; females rarely became infected. When male BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously with M. borrelia, immediately paired with an uninoculated female and permitted to breed for 90 days, infection was found in male and female offspring only of the second and subsequent litters or in the breeding female partner. Transmission to the young occurred within 21 days of birth and fifth-stage M. borrelia were found in offspring of the second and subsequent litters only after 35 or more days. However, when a male was inoculated but mating delayed for 23 days, infection was found in progeny of the first and second litters. The life cycle is direct and the prepatent period in BALB/c mice is estimated at 50-60 days. The precise mode of transmission of the parasite in breeding pairs of mice was not determined but larvae remained active for approximately an hour in balanced saline solutions (pH = 7.2) and in human saliva but died under conditions emulating free-living (tap water pH = 7.1) and stomach (pepsin solution pH = 2) environments. Transmission was not effected by transplacental, transmammary nor transseminal routes. Consequently, it is difficult not to conclude that transmission may occur via penetration of skin or mucous membranes, and allogrooming behaviour may be particularly important in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Spratt
- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia.
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Abstract
Gallegostrongylus australis Spratt, Haycock & Walter, 2001 (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) developed in Deroceras panormitanum, Lehmannia nyctelia, L. flava and Milax gigates (Gastropoda). The first moult occurred at 18-19 days after infection (DAI) and the second moult at 28 DAI. Larvae were infective to experimental murid definitive hosts at 35 DAI. In experimentally infected Rattus fuscipes larvae moulted L3-4 at 3 DAI and L4-5 at 6-7 DAI. Patency in R.fuscipes, R. lutreolus, R. norvegicus and R. rattus occurred 27-64 DAI and duration varied from 7-392 days. Histopathological changes in the lungs of R. lutreolus and development of debilitating clinical signs, in contrast to R. fuscipes, suggests that the former host-parasite relationship may be the more recent one but other traits suggest the opposite. Patent infections were established in some wild R. rattus and some laboratory R. norvegicus but not in wild M. domesticus, laboratory M. musculus, rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, and marsupial bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Spratt
- CSIRO Wildlife & Ecology, GPO Box 284, Canberra, A.C.T 2601, Australia.
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Spratt DM, Haycock P, Walter EL. Gallegostrongylus australis n. sp. (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) from Muridae in Australia, with zoogeographical considerations. Parasite 2001; 8:45-51. [PMID: 11304950 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2001081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallegostrongylus australis n. sp. (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) is described from subpleural nodules in the lungs of Rattus fuscipes, R. lutreolus and Mus domesticus in Australia. It is distinguished from G. andersoni occurring in gerbillids in West Africa by the shorter lengths of spicules and gubernaculum, and from G. ibicensis occurring in microtids and murids in Spain by the greater lengths of spicules and gubernaculum and the shorter distances from vulva and from anus to the caudal extremity of females. The parasite has been found only in 16 of 4,227 (prevalence 0.38%) animals representing at least 28 species of native and three species of introduced murid rodents throughout Australia. The genus Gallegostrongylus may be an old one, possibly originating in rats. By rafting and/or human activities the parasite appears to have been distributed around the world where it has encountered suitable intermediate hosts and available niches for colonisation of new definitive hosts. Consequently, morphologically similar but biologically distinct species have evolved in rodent hosts in West Africa, the western Mediterranean, and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Spratt
- CSIRO Wildlife & Ecology, GPO Box 284, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia.
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Zhu X, Spratt DM, Beveridge I, Haycock P, Gasser RB. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism within and among species of Capillaria sensu lato from Australian marsupials and rodents. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:933-8. [PMID: 10927083 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide variation in a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment within and among species of Capillaria sensu lato from Australian marsupials and rodents was analyzed using a mutation scanning/sequencing approach. The fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified by PCR from parasite DNA, and analysed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing. There was no significant variation in SSCP profiles within a morphospecies from a particular host species, but significant variation existed among morphospecies originating from different host species. The same morphospecies was found to occur in 1-3 tissue habitats within one host individual or within different individuals of a particular species of host from the same or different geographical areas, and morphospecies appeared to be relatively host specific at the generic level. The results indicated that the species of Capillaria sensu lato examined, although highly variable in their host and tissue specificity, may exhibit the greatest degree of specificity at the level of host genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Victoria 3030, Werribee, Australia
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Claxson A, Grootveld M, Chander C, Earl J, Haycock P, Mantle M, Williams SR, Silwood CJ, Blake DR. Examination of the metabolic status of rat air pouch inflammatory exudate by high field proton NMR spectroscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1454:57-70. [PMID: 10354515 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
High field proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy was employed to investigate the metabolic status of rat air pouch inflammatory exudates obtained subsequent to the induction of inflammation with carrageenan, and the 1H NMR profiles of these fluids were compared and contrasted with those of inflammatory human synovial fluid, rat plasma and human serum. The characteristic biochemical features obtained from 1H NMR analysis of these exudates consisted of (1) substantially elevated levels of lactate (11.40+/-1.46x10-3 mol dm-3 for samples collected at a time point of 24 h post induction) with little or no NMR-detectable glucose, data consistent with a hypoxic environment and consequent anaerobic metabolism in the inflamed air pouch, and (2) high levels of the ketone body 3-d-hydroxybutyrate, providing evidence for an increased utilization of fats for energy by lymphocytes, the predominant leucocytes present in this environment. These phenomena represent a pathological extreme of the abnormal metabolic status of inflammatory human synovial fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Claxson
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK
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Gerothanassis IP, Kalodimos CG, Hawkes GE, Haycock P. The effects of atropisomerism and porphyrin deformation on 57Fe shieldings in superstructured hemoprotein models. J Magn Reson 1998; 131:163-165. [PMID: 9533921 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1997.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
57Fe NMR chemical shifts of superstructured heme model compounds have been found to be extremely sensitive to atropisomerism and deformation (ruffling) of the porphyrin geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-451 10, Greece.
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Perera A, Parkes HG, Herz H, Haycock P, Blake DR, Grootveld MC. High resolution 1H NMR investigations of the reactivities of alpha-keto acid anions with hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Res 1997; 26:145-57. [PMID: 9257126 DOI: 10.3109/10715769709097793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of various alpha-keto acid anions (beta-hydroxypyruvate, beta-phenylpyruvate, 2-ketobutyrate and 2-ketoglutarate) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated at physiological pH (7.4) and a temperature of 25 degrees C. The initial concentration of the alpha-keto acid anions was kept constant at 1.00 mM whilst that of added H2O2 was varied from 0.25 to 1.00 mM, and the rate and extent of these reactions was evaluated using 1H NMR spectroscopy. At all H2O2 concentrations utilised, the order of reactivity of the alpha-keto acid anions was beta-hydroxypyruvate > beta-phenylpyruvate > 2-ketobutyrate > 2-ketoglutarate. The results obtained are in agreement with a proposed mechanism for these reactions, involving nucleophilic attack of the mono-deprotonated peroxide species (HO2-) at the C-2 carbonyl group carbon centre. The antioxidant capacity of such alpha-keto acids is discussed in terms of their potential use as therapeutic agents in clinical conditions where H2O2 has been shown to play a critical role in the disease process, i.e., those involving 'oxidative stress'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perera
- Inflammation Research Group. London Hospital Medical College, U.K
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Grootveld M, Claxson AW, Chander CL, Haycock P, Blake DR, Hawkes GE. High resolution proton NMR investigations of rat blood plasma. Assignment of resonances for the molecularly mobile carbohydrate side-chains of 'acute-phase' glycoproteins. FEBS Lett 1993; 322:266-76. [PMID: 7683613 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81584-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An intense broad resonance at 2.14 ppm present in high field (400, 500 and 600 MHz) Hahn spin-echo 1H-NMR spectra of rat blood plasma, but absent from those of human blood plasma is attributable to the presence of terminal O-acetylsialate sugars in the molecularly mobile carbohydrate side-chains of 'acute-phase' glycoproteins (predominantly alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). The presence of such alternative acetylsugars in the carbohydrate side-chains of rat plasma glycoproteins are of much physiological and experimental significance in view of the regular use of these animals in model systems of human inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grootveld
- Inflammation Research Group, London Hospital Medical College, UK
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Khachadurian AK, Davidson JA, Braunstein S, Redmond G, Greenfield M, Lauritano AA, Haycock P. Comparison of fixed-ratio versus variable-ratio regular and NPH semisynthetic human insulin in insulin-requiring diabetic patients. Clin Ther 1989; 11:485-94. [PMID: 2673516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of semisynthetic human insulin (Novolin) providing a 70:30 ratio of NPH to regular insulin versus a varying ratio of semisynthetic human insulin, regular and NPH (control group), were compared in adult insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients whose glycemic control had been stable on customized split-mix regimens of animal insulin. Seventy-eight patients were enrolled, of whom 72 were evaluated for efficacy of the respective regimens. Although the baseline fasting serum glucose concentrations were significantly higher in the fixed-ratio group than in the control group, mean serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin values throughout the 12 weeks of experimental treatment were not significantly different between groups. The mean serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin values in the fixed-ratio group also did not differ significantly from baseline; however, statistically significant increases were observed in the control group at weeks 4 and 8, but not at week 12. Total daily insulin dosages were comparable between the two groups, and body weight did not change significantly in either group. At the end of the study, the investigators judged 90% of the patients in the fixed-ratio group and 88% of the patients in the control group to be either improved or unchanged with respect to glycemic control. The frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and other clinical events did not change significantly from baseline in either group or differ significantly between the two groups at any time. The results of this study suggest that stable diabetic patients receiving animal insulin can safely be transferred to semisynthetic human insulin and that the majority of patients can maintain acceptable glycemic control with a fixed 70:30 ratio of NPH to regular semisynthetic human insulin.
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