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Crawford GB, Dzierżanowski T, Hauser K, Larkin P, Luque-Blanco AI, Murphy I, Puchalski CM, Ripamonti CI. Care of the adult cancer patient at the end of life: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100225. [PMID: 34474810 PMCID: PMC8411064 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
•This ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline provides key recommendations for end-of-life care for patients with advanced cancer. •It details care that is focused on comfort, quality of life and approaching death of patients with advanced cancer. •All recommendations were compiled by a multidisciplinary group of experts. •Recommendations are based on available scientific data and the authors’ collective expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Crawford
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - T Dzierżanowski
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Hauser
- Palliative and Supportive Care Department Cabrini Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Larkin
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A I Luque-Blanco
- Palliative Care Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - I Murphy
- Marymount University Hospital and Hospice, Curraheen, Cork, Ireland
| | - C M Puchalski
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, USA
| | - C I Ripamonti
- Oncology-Supportive Care in Cancer Unit, Department Onco-Haematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano, Milan, Italy
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Radbruch L, De Lima L, Knaul F, Wenk R, Ali Z, Bhatnaghar S, Blanchard C, Bruera E, Buitrago R, Burla C, Callaway M, Munyoro EC, Centeno C, Cleary J, Connor S, Davaasuren O, Downing J, Foley K, Goh C, Gomez-Garcia W, Harding R, Khan QT, Larkin P, Leng M, Luyirika E, Marston J, Moine S, Osman H, Pettus K, Puchalski C, Rajagopal MR, Spence D, Spruijt O, Venkateswaran C, Wee B, Woodruff R, Yong J, Pastrana T. Redefining Palliative Care-A New Consensus-Based Definition. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 60:754-764. [PMID: 32387576 PMCID: PMC8096724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care developed a consensus-based definition of palliative care (PC) that focuses on the relief of serious health-related suffering, a concept put forward by the Lancet Commission Global Access to Palliative Care and Pain Relief. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this article is to present the research behind the new definition. METHODS The three-phased consensus process involved health care workers from countries in all income levels. In Phase 1, 38 PC experts evaluated the components of the World Health Organization definition and suggested new/revised ones. In Phase 2, 412 International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care members in 88 countries expressed their level of agreement with the suggested components. In Phase 3, using results from Phase 2, the expert panel developed the definition. RESULTS The consensus-based definition is as follows: Palliative care is the active holistic care of individuals across all ages with serious health-related suffering due to severe illness and especially of those near the end of life. It aims to improve the quality of life of patients, their families and their caregivers. The definition includes a number of bullet points with additional details as well as recommendations for governments to reduce barriers to PC. CONCLUSION Participants had significantly different perceptions and interpretations of PC. The greatest challenge faced by the core group was trying to find a middle ground between those who think that PC is the relief of all suffering and those who believe that PC describes the care of those with a very limited remaining life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Radbruch
- Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Liliana De Lima
- International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Felicia Knaul
- University of Miami Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | | | - Zipporah Ali
- Kenian Hospice and Palliative Care Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sushma Bhatnaghar
- Department of Onco-Anaesthesia and Palliative Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Charmaine Blanchard
- Wits Centre for Palliative Care, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Bruera
- Department of Palliative Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rosa Buitrago
- School of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Centeno
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jim Cleary
- Department of Medicine, IU Simon Cancer Center, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen Connor
- Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance, London, United Kingdom
| | - Odontuya Davaasuren
- General Practice and Basic Skills Department, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Julia Downing
- International Children's Palliative Care Network, Cape town, South Africa
| | | | - Cynthia Goh
- Division of Palliative Medicine at the National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Gomez-Garcia
- Clínica de Linfomas and LMA Cuidados Paliativos and Terapia Metronómica, Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Richard Harding
- Centre for Global Health Palliative Care, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quach T Khan
- Palliative Care Department, Ho Chi Minh City Oncology Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phillippe Larkin
- Institut universitaire de formation et de recherche en soins, Universite de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mhoira Leng
- Department of Palliative Care, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Joan Marston
- International Children's Palliative Care Network, Cape town, South Africa
| | - Sebastien Moine
- Health Education and Practices Laboratory, University Parisse, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Hibah Osman
- Palliative and Supportive Care Program at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Katherine Pettus
- International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina Puchalski
- George Washington University's Institute for Spirituality and Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - M R Rajagopal
- Trivandrum Institute of Palliative Sciences, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | - Odette Spruijt
- Australasian Palliative Link International, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Bee Wee
- Sir Michael Sobell House, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jinsun Yong
- College of Nursing Catholic, University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tania Pastrana
- Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Choudhury S, Hu H, Fan Y, Larkin P, Hayden M, Forrest K, Birchall C, Meinke H, Xu R, Zhu J, Zhou M. Identification of New QTL Contributing to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) Resistance in Wheat. Plant Dis 2019; 103:2798-2803. [PMID: 31524094 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-19-0271-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is a major virus disease which dramatically reduces wheat yield. Introducing BYD resistance genes into commercial varieties has been proven to be effective in reducing damage caused by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). However, only one major resistance gene is readily deployable for breeding; Bdv2 derived from Thinopyrum intermedium is deployed as a chromosomal translocation. In this study, a double haploid (DH) population was developed from a cross between XuBYDV (introduced from China showing very good resistance to BYD) and H-120 (a BYD-sensitive Chinese accession), and was used to identify QTL for BYD resistance. The population was genotyped using an Infinium iSelect bead chip array targeting 90K gene-based SNPs. The disease resistance of DH lines inoculated with BYDV was assessed at the heading stage. The infections were assessed by tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA). Three new QTL were identified on chromosomes 5A, 6A, and 7A for both symptom and TBIA, with all three resistance alleles being inherited from XuBYDV. Some DH lines with the resistance alleles from all three QTL showed high level resistance to BYD. These new QTL will be useful in breeding programs for pyramiding BYD resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choudhury
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - H Hu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Y Fan
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - P Larkin
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - K Forrest
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - C Birchall
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - H Meinke
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - R Xu
- Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - J Zhu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
- Barley Research Institution of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - M Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
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McIlfatrick S, Muldrew DHL, Carduff E, Clarke M, Coast J, Finucane A, Graham-Wisener L, Hasson F, Larkin P, MacArtney J, McCorry N, Slater P, Watson M, Wright E. 31 A multi-site retrospective case note review for clinical practices of constipation in specialist palliative care settings. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-mariecurie.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundConstipation is a common symptom for patients receiving palliative care. Whilst national clinical guidelines are available on the management of constipation for people with advanced cancer in specialist palliative care (SPC) settings questions exist around clinical practice and the extent to which the guidelines are implemented in practice. This study examine current clinical practice for management of constipation for patients with advanced cancer in SPC settings.MethodsA multi-site retrospective case-note review was conducted consisting of 150 patient case-notes from three SPC units across the United Kingdom between August 2016 and May 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to compare clinical practices to national policy guidelines for constipation.ResultsA physical exam and bowel history was recorded for 109 patients (73%). Whilst the Bristol Stool Chart was used frequently across sites (96%) involvement of the multidisciplinary team varied. Almost a third of patient charts (27%) recorded no evidence of non-pharmacological management strategies. Pharmacological management was recorded frequently with sodium docusate or senna as the preferred laxatives across all sites however 33% of patient charts recorded no information on the titration of laxatives. There were no consistent management strategies recorded for opioid induced constipation or bowel obstructionConclusionAssessment and management of constipation in SPC settings is highly variable. Variations in assessment; limited use of non-pharmacological and preventative strategies and absence of consistent strategies for opioid induced constipation or bowel obstruction are evident. Further education is needed to equip HCPs with the necessary knowledge and skills to assess and manage constipation.References. Friedrichsen M, Erichsen E. The lived experience of constipation in cancer patients in palliative hospital-based home care. Int J Palliat Nurs [Internet] 2004;10(7):321–5. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl?=13576321&A?N=13991056&h=XKMF4r08srZuhDY0j7C95oLLyYKNHUcvoeEuhyXNnsIM2BI%2BEhmcY1pPP%2BN1pvrMzQ9Bn9b5j45X6WzyBRydEA%3D%3D&crl=c [Accessed: 21 August 2017]. Gilbert EH, et al. Chart reviews in emergency medicine research: Where are the methods?Annals of Emergency Medicine1996;27(3):305–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8599488 [Accessed: 17 May 2018]. National Clinical Effectiveness Committee. Management of constipation in adult patients receiving palliative care national clinical guideline No. 10November 2015.. Tvistholm N, Munch L, Danielsen AK. Constipation is casting a shadow over everyday life? A systematic review on older people’s experience of living with constipation [Internet]. Journal of Clinical Nursing2017;26:902–14. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jocn.13422 [Accessed: 21 August 2017]. Wickson-griffiths A, et al.Revisiting retrospective chart review: An evaluation of nursing home palliative and end-of-life care research. Palliative Medicine Care2014;1(2):8. Available at: www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com [Accessed: 23 November 2017]
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McIlfatrick S, Muldrew DHL, Carduff E, Clarke M, Coast J, Finucane A, Graham-Wisener L, Hasson F, Larkin P, MacArtney J, McCorry N, Slater P, Watson M, Wright E. 32 Examining the key factors impacting on the implementation of an educational program on constipation in specialist palliative care. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-mariecurie.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionConstipation is one of the most common symptoms in patients in specialist palliative care (SPC) settings and can cause considerable physical psychological and social suffering for the patient and their family. Due to the high variability in constipation assessment and management in SPC settings questions exist around how to implement an educational program in practice to address this clinical gap.AimTo develop and test the feasibility and acceptability of a novel educational intervention for HCPs to manage constipation experienced by people in SPC settings.MethodUsing the MRC framework for complex interventions and guided by the consolidated framework for implementation research an online resource was developed considering the content context and processes for implementation.ResultsAssessment prevention and management were identified as the core aspects. Six sessions with theoretical content application to practice and reflection through interacting with colleagues were developed in line with the best available evidence. Incentives including an educational bursary and alignment with revalidation and support from senior management champions and the research team were identified as key elements needed successful implementation. Funding IT infrastructure and attitudes to the content have been flagged as potential barriers to success.ConclusionA six week blended program covering the key concepts for assessment and management of constipation in palliative care has been created. Content evidence from the literature and empirical data on the preferred structure and method of delivery as well as key considerations of the contextual factors have been identified as key factors for implementation.References. Craig P, et al.Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new medical research council guidance. BMJ Clinical Research Ed2008;337(October):a1655. Available at: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/168426/. Damschroder LJ, et al. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science2009;4(50).. Friedrichsen M, Erichsen E. The lived experience of constipation in cancer patients in palliative hospital-based home care. Int J Palliat Nurs [Internet] 2004;10(7):321–5. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl?=13576321&AN=13991056&h=XKMF4r08srZuhDY0j7C95oLLyYKNHUcvoeEuhyXNnsIM2BI%2BEhmcY1pPP%2BN1pvrMzQ9Bn9b5j45X6WzyBRydEA%3D%3D&crl=c [Accessed: 2017 August 21]. Tvistholm N, Munch L, Danielsen AK. Constipation is casting a shadow over everyday life? A systematic review on older people’s experience of living with constipation [Internet]. Journal of Clinical Nursing2017;26:902–14. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jocn.13422 [Accessed: 2017 August 21]
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Kittel A, Macdonald N, Larkin P, Spittle M, Elsworthy N. Level of agreement in Australian football umpire coaches. J Sci Med Sport 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Larkin P, Berry J, Dawson B. Assessment of umpire perceptual and decision-making skill in Australian Football. J Sci Med Sport 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Larkin P, Berry J, Mesagno C, Spittle M. Video-based training to improve umpire decision-making. J Sci Med Sport 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Larkin P, Jahoda A, MacMahon K, Pert C. Interpersonal Sources of Conflict in Young People with and without Mild to Moderate Intellectual Disabilities at Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2011; 25:29-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2011.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Larkin P. 409 INVITED Dying Well – Challenges in Acute Oncology Settings. Eur J Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(11)70624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Taylor C, Larkin P. A42 Workshop: Multi-professional working. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1462-3889(10)70053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Larkin P. 126 Advanced disease: managing the complex journey of cancer recurrence towards end-of-life care. EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)70112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
This review discusses various methodologies that can be used to understand, at the gene level, the consequences to fish upon exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Several approaches for measuring expression of gene transcripts are discussed, including directed approaches, such as Northern blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as well as open-ended approaches, such as differential display RT-PCR, subtractive hybridizations, and gene arrays. Each of these systems has advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses. Conducting experiments with each of these methods provides important information about the molecular mechanisms that result from exposure to EDCs, information which can be used in risk assessment of polluted sites found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biotechnology University of Florida, P.O. Box 100156 HC, Gainesville, Fl 32610, USA
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Larkin P, Sabo-Attwood T, Kelso J, Denslow ND. Analysis of gene expression profiles in largemouth bass exposed to 17-beta-estradiol and to anthropogenic contaminants that behave as estrogens. Ecotoxicology 2003; 12:463-468. [PMID: 14680325 DOI: 10.1023/b:ectx.0000003031.05390.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Novel molecular based methods are being developed to study changes in gene expression in wildlife exposed to anthropogenic chemicals. Gene arrays, in particular, are useful tools that can be used to simultaneously monitor hundreds to thousands of genes within a single experiment, giving an investigator the ability to determine how exposure affects multiple metabolic pathways. These methods are thought to be both sensitive and able to reveal biochemical mechanisms of action. A largemouth bass (LMB) array containing 132 genes has been designed to study the impact of gene expression in male fish exposed to 17-beta estradiol or to the compounds 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) or 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE). The results of these experiments demonstrate distinct gene expression patterns in LMB exposed to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, University of Florida, PO Box 100156 HC, 1600 Archer Road, MSB Building, Room MG-42, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Larkin P, Sabo-Attwood T, Kelso J, Denslow ND. Gene expression analysis of largemouth bass exposed to estradiol, nonylphenol, and p,p'-DDE. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:543-57. [PMID: 12470818 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the specific expression profile of 132 genes, some of which are estrogen responsive, in largemouth bass (LMB) following exposure to estradiol (E(2)), or to two hormonally active agents, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE), using gene array technology. The results of these experiments show that LMB exposed to E(2) and 4-NP had similar, but not identical genetic signatures for the genes examined, some of which are known to be estrogen-responsive genes. The differences suggest that 4-NP may have additional modes of action that are independent of the estrogen receptor (ER). We have also shown that exposure of male LMB to p,p'-DDE results in an increase in some estrogen-responsive genes. But in female LMB, the observed changes were a down-regulation of the normally up-regulated estrogen responsive genes. Other genes were also down-regulated. These results suggest that p,p'-DDE may affect regulation of genes differently in male and female LMB. This study further suggests that gene arrays have the potential to map out the gene activation pathways of hormonally active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- Department of Biochemistry, PO Box 100156 HC, 1600 Archer Road, MSB Building, Room MG-42, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Larkin P, Semple-Rowland SL. A null mutation in guanylate cyclase-1 alters the temporal dynamics and light entrainment properties of the iodopsin rhythm in cone photoreceptor cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001; 92:49-57. [PMID: 11483241 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Guanylate cyclase-1 (GC1) plays a critical role in visual phototransduction and its absence severely compromises the ability of the photoreceptor cells to transduce light for vision. In this study we sought to determine if the absence of GC1 has any effect on light entrainment of the circadian oscillators located in these cells. We compared the rhythmic changes in transcript levels of iodopsin, a photoreceptor-specific gene whose expression is regulated by circadian oscillators, in retinas of normal chickens and GUCY1*B (*B) chickens that carry a null mutation in GC1. Our results show that iodopsin rhythms are present in *B retinas and that they can be entrained to light; however, the rise and fall of iodopsin transcript levels in *B retina under cyclic light conditions is significantly more rapid than that observed in normal retina, and under constant dark conditions, the phase of the iodopsin rhythm in *B retina is advanced by 6 h relative to that observed in normal retina. In addition, the rate of entrainment of the iodopsin rhythm in *B retina to a reversal of the light cycle is significantly slower than normal. The results of our study show that a functioning visual phototransduction cascade is not essential for light entrainment of the oscillators that drive the iodopsin rhythm in photoreceptor cells. We propose that the abnormal synthesis of cGMP in *B photoreceptors underlies the irregular iodopsin rhythms observed in post-hatch *B retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 100 S. Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, USA
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Semple-Rowland SL, Larkin P, Bronson JD, Nykamp K, Streit WJ, Baehr W. Characterization of the chicken GCAP gene array and analyses of GCAP1, GCAP2, and GC1 gene expression in normal and rd chicken pineal. Mol Vis 1999; 5:14. [PMID: 10427104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study had three objectives: (1) to characterize the structures of the chicken GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes; (2) to determine if GCAP1, GCAP2, and GC1 genes are expressed in chicken pineal gland; (3) if GC1 is expressed in chicken pineal, to determine if the GC1 null mutation carried by the retinal degeneration (rd) chicken is associated with degenerative changes within the pineal glands of these animals. METHODS GCAP1 and GCAP2 gene structures were determined by analyses of chicken cosmid and cDNA clones. The putative transcription start points for these genes were determined using 5'-RACE. GCAP1, GCAP2 and GC1 transcripts were analyzed using Northern blot and RT-PCR. Routine light microscopy was used to examine pineal morphology. RESULTS Chicken GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes are arranged in a tail-to-tail array. Each protein is encoded by 4 exons that are interrupted by 3 introns of variable length, the positions of which are identical within each gene. The putative transcription start points for GCAP1 and GCAP2 are 314 and 243 bases upstream of the translation start codons of these genes, respectively. As in retina, GCAP1, GCAP2 and GC1 genes are expressed in the chicken pineal. Although the GC1 null mutation is present in both the retina and pineal of the rd chicken, only the retina appears to undergo degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The identical arrangement of chicken, human, and mouse GCAP1/2 genes suggests that these genes originated from an ancient gene duplication/inversion event that occurred during evolution prior to vertebrate diversification. The expression of GC1, GCAP1, and GCAP2 in chicken pineal is consistent with the hypothesis that chicken pineal contains a functional phototransduction cascade. The absence of cellular degeneration in the rd pineal gland suggests that GC1 is not critical for pineal cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Semple-Rowland
- University of Florida Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Larkin P, Baehr W, Semple-Rowland SL. Circadian regulation of iodopsin and clock is altered in the retinal degeneration chicken retina. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1999; 70:253-63. [PMID: 10407173 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We are interested in determining if the visual phototransduction cascade plays a role in light entrainment of photoreceptor circadian oscillators. In this study, we compared mRNA levels of iodopsin and the chicken homolog of Clock (cClock) in the retinas of normal and rd (retinal degeneration) chickens that lack functional rod and cone phototransduction cascades. Iodopsin is a circadian-regulated, photoreceptor-specific gene expressed in chicken retina, and Clock is a transcription factor that has been shown to play a role in the circadian clock mechanism in mouse and Drosophila. The results of our analyses show that cClock and iodopsin transcript levels undergo daily oscillations in retinas of normal animals housed under 12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D) conditions, and that these oscillations are maintained in the absence of light. Levels of these transcripts in the retinas of rd/rd chickens housed under cyclic light conditions did not change significantly over the course of a 12L:12D cycle; however, there was evidence that the photoreceptor oscillators were entrained in these animals. Comparisons of our normal and rd/rd data suggest that there are at least two light entrainment pathways that impinge on the oscillators found in photoreceptor cells, one of which is effectively disabled by the GC1 null mutation carried by the rd chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Larkin
- University of Florida Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, 100 S Newell Drive, Bldg 59, Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
Three population surveys of asthma, conducted as part of a community-based asthma education program in southwestern Sydney, Australia, illustrate the relationship between health behaviors and asthma morbidity. The first survey was carried out in five secondary schools (n = 2514, 52% participation rate); the second survey, in eight schools (n = 4550, 82% participation rate); and, the third survey was conducted among patients who attended 38 general practices in the region (n = 633 adolescents, 72% participation rate). The prevalence of diagnosed asthma in Australian adolescents across all three studies was 16.5% (95% CI, 15.7%-17.3%). Asthma prevalence declined in males, but increased in females from ages 12-15 years. It was noted that smoking prevalence was similar in asthmatic adolescents, compared with nonasthmatics, and that the adoption of smoking occurred at similar ages. Further, behavioral self-management of asthma was infrequent in this group, with low levels of preventive practice and preventive medication use. We present a conceptual model of the barriers to optimal asthma management among asthmatic adolescents. The results of these surveys have led to community-wide efforts to improve asthma management and decrease smoking prevalence among these adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forero
- Bradbury Community Health Centre, Australia
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Young L, Forero R, Bauman A, Larkin P. Sampling bias in asthma surveys of patients attending general practitioners in south-western Sydney. Aust Fam Physician 1992; 21:859, 862-3. [PMID: 1622375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Results from asthma surveys in patients attending general practitioners were compared with data from population-based samples. The prevalence of asthma symptoms and optimal asthma management were more common in the GP attenders. Attention should be paid to potential sources of sampling bias in chronic disease prevalence research in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Young
- South West Sydney Area Health Service, New South Wales
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23
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Abstract
In a study in south-western Sydney, we examined asthma symptoms in a random sample of 4239 schoolchildren aged five-12 years. The prevalence of current wheeze and cough was 17.1% (95% CI 16.0-18.2%). Interviews were conducted with the parents of all 214 symptomatic children from two of the six schools. Only 60% of these children had ever been labelled as asthma, and only 20% were using appropriate asthma treatment. Fewer than 6% had ever had their airway function assessed. There was a socio-economic difference, with better levels of asthma recognition and management in children attending the school in the more affluent region. The findings suggest that asthma recognition, assessment and management in the Australian community, as in New Zealand and the UK, may need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bauman
- Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
We tested the principle of "reversal of antagonists" by measuring the effect of resisted knee flexion on subsequent peak knee extension torque at velocities of 60 degrees/sec and 120 degrees/sec using an isokinetic dynamometer. We determined peak knee extension torques from torque curves produced during knee extension that was performed reciprocally with either passive or maximum voluntary resisted knee flexion. We used a crossover design so that all 18 healthy adult subjects performed knee extension reciprocally with both passive and resisted knee flexion. Paired means t tests revealed no statistically significant difference between the peak knee extension torques produced under the two knee flexion conditions either at 60 degrees/sec or 120 degrees/sec. We, therefore, concluded that resisted knee flexion does not augment peak knee extension torque under our conditions of testing. The concept of reversal of antagonists was not supported. Antagonistic muscle functioning, therefore, may be irrelevant to agonist isokinetic testing and training in neurologically healthy persons.
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Larkin P. Supporting the family. Nurs Mirror 1985; 161:39-40. [PMID: 3848976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bohannon RW, Chavis D, Larkin P, Lieber C, Riddick L. Effectiveness of repeated prolonged loading for increasing flexion in knees demonstrating postoperative stiffness. A clinical report. Phys Ther 1985; 65:494-6. [PMID: 3983241 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/65.4.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The computerized records of all women delivered between July, 1974, and June, 1975, at the Mater Mothers' Hospital were analysed, and the obstetric complications associated with grand multiparity were examined. Hypertension, preeclampsia, unstable lie, malpresentation and retained placenta are found to be more common in women of high parity. The low morbidity associated with these conditions in the data may have been related to the close supervision and active management carried out. Anaemia remained more frequent in the grand multiparous women despite modern antenatal care. Hypertension in the grand multiparous women could not be explained by age in the data presented. The cause for hypertension in this group of women remains obscure. Newborn babies of grand multiparas developed neonatal jaundice more frequently. The association between jaundice and oxytocic usage in the data only partially accounted for this observation.
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