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Shahi A, Afzali S, Amirzargar A, Mohaghegh P, Salehi S, Mansoori Y. Potential roles of inflammasomes in the pathophysiology of Psoriasis: A comprehensive review. Mol Immunol 2023; 161:44-60. [PMID: 37481828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease whose pathophysiology is attributed to both innate and adaptive immune cells and molecules. Despite the crucial roles of the immune system in psoriasis, it cannot be categorized as an autoimmune disease because of the lack of main signs of autoimmunity, such as specific antibodies, well-defined antigens, and autoimmune genetic risk factors. The presence of some cellular and molecular properties, such as the presence of neutrophils in skin lesions and the activation of the innate immune system, attributes psoriasis to a group of diseases called autoinflammatory disorders. Autoinflammatory diseases refer to a group of inherited disorders whose main manifestations are recurrent fever, a high level of acute-phase reactant, and a tendency for inflammation of the skin, joints, and other organs like the nervous system. In most autoinflammatory disorders, it has been seen that complexes of the high-molecular-weight protein named inflammasomes have significant roles. The inflammasome complex usually is formed and activated in the stimulated immune cell cytoplasm, and its activation consequently leads to inflammatory events such as producing of active caspase-1, mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18 and can cause an inflammatory programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Since the identification of inflammasomes, it has been shown that there are close links between them and hereditary and acquired autoinflammatory diseases like psoriasis. In this review, we aim to focus on well-defined inflammasome and their role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Afzali S, Mohammadisoleimani E, Mansoori Y, Mohaghegh P, Bahmanyar M, Mansoori B, Pezeshki B, Nikfar G, Tavassoli A, Shahi A, Moravej A. The potential roles of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01763-7. [PMID: 37414985 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated chronic autoimmune disease, whose pathogenesis and etiology are not entirely understood. OLP is characterized by subepithelial lymphocyte infiltration and elevated intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The majority of lamina propria lymphocytes are CD4+ T cells. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells play a crucial role in activating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) through interactions and cytokine production. Th1 and Th2 cells are well-accepted to be associated with OLP pathogenesis. However, OLP treatment is challenging yet, the more information we have about the pathology of OLP, the easier it will be treated. With the discovery of Th17 cells in recent years and the demonstration of their role in autoimmune disease, many researchers started to investigate the role of Th17 in the pathogenesis of OLP. METHODS To make up this review, studies covering the role of TH17 in different types of lichen planus were selected from major databases. RESULTS As we review in this article, Th17 cells and their signature cytokines play an important role in OLP pathogenesis. As well, utilizing some anti-IL-17 antibodies showed promising results in improving the disease; however, more studies are still needed to better understand and treat OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanyar
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Behnam Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Babak Pezeshki
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ghasem Nikfar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavassoli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Ali Moravej
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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3
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Shahi A, Afzali S, Firoozi Z, Mohaghegh P, Moravej A, Hosseinipour A, Bahmanyar M, Mansoori Y. Potential roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:513-532. [PMID: 36649375 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a heterogeneous group of rare illnesses that fall into the vasculitis category and are characterized mostly by blood vessel inflammation. Ischemia and disrupted blood flow will cause harm to the organs whose blood arteries become inflamed. Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most prevalent kind of vasculitis in children aged 5 years or younger. Because KD's cardiovascular problems might persist into adulthood, it is no longer thought of as a self-limiting disease. KD is a systemic vasculitis with unknown initiating factors. Numerous factors, such as genetic predisposition and infectious pathogens, are implicated in the etiology of KD. As endothelial cell damage and inflammation can lead to coronary endothelial dysfunction in KD, some studies hypothesized the crucial role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of KD. Additionally, pyroptosis-related proteins like caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18, lactic dehydrogenase, and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) have been found to be overexpressed in KD patients when compared to healthy controls. These occurrences may point to an involvement of inflammasomes and pyroptotic cell death in the etiology of KD and suggest potential treatment targets. Based on these shreds of evidence, in this review, we aim to focus on one of the well-defined inflammasomes, NLRP3, and its role in the pathophysiology of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Shahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Firoozi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Moravej
- Department of Immunology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Hosseinipour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanyar
- Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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4
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Vakil MK, Mansoori Y, Al‐Awsi GRL, Hosseinipour A, Ahsant S, Ahmadi S, Ekrahi M, Montaseri Z, Pezeshki B, Mohaghegh P, Sohrabpour M, Bahmanyar M, Daraei A, Dadkhah Jouybari T, Tavassoli A, Ghasemian A. Individual genetic variability mainly of Proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptors, and toll-like receptors dictates pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4088-4096. [PMID: 35538614 PMCID: PMC9348290 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate and acquired immunity responses are crucial for viral infection elimination. However, genetic variations in coding genes may exacerbate the inflammation or initiate devastating cytokine storms which poses severe respiratory conditions in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Host genetic variations in particular those related to the immune responses determine the patients' susceptibility and COVID-19 severity and pathophysiology. Gene polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interferons, TNF, IL1, IL4, IL6, IL7, IL10, and IL17 predispose patients to the severe form of COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2). These variations mainly alter the gene expression and cause a severe response by B cells, T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells participating in a cytokine storm. Moreover, cytokines and chemokines SNPs are associated with the severity of COVID-19 and clinical outcomes depending on the corresponding effect. Additionally, genetic variations in genes encoding toll-like receptors (TLRs) mainly TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 have been related to the COVID-19 severe respiratory symptoms. The specific relation of these mutations with the novel variants of concern (VOCs) infection remains to be elucidated. Genetic variations mainly within genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptors, and TLRs predispose patients to COVID-19 disease severity. Understanding host immune gene variations associated with the SARS-COV-2 infection opens insights to control the pathophysiology of emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazem Vakil
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al‐Awsi
- University of Al‐QadisiyahCollege of ScienceAl DiwaniyahIraq
- Department of Radiological TechniquesAl‐Mustaqbal University CollegeBabylonIraq
| | - Ali Hosseinipour
- Department of Internal MedicineFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Samaneh Ahsant
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Sedigheh Ahmadi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Mohammad Ekrahi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Zahra Montaseri
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Babak Pezeshki
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Pediatrics Department, School of MedicineFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Mojtaba Sohrabpour
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Maryam Bahmanyar
- Pediatrics Department, School of MedicineFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | | | | | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research CenterFasa University of Medical SciencesFasaIran
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Roozbeh J, Bagheri-Lankarani K, Mohaghegh P, Raeesjalali G, Behzadi S, Sagheb M, Vossoughi M, Bastani B. A randomized pilot trial on the effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on antibody response in hemodialysis patients who had not responded to routine hepatitis B virus vaccine. J Nephropathol 2015; 4:13-7. [PMID: 25657980 PMCID: PMC4316580 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2015.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Various strategies have been applied to improve the response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in hemodialysis patients.
Objectives: The present study was under taken to compare the seroconversion rate of hemodialysis patients who had not respond to 3 intramuscular (IM) doses (40 μg each) of HBV vaccine , after a fourth IM dose (40 μg) of HBV vaccine that was administered alone or with subcutaneous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (5 μg/kg).
Patients and Methods: Twenty six hemodialysis patients who had not responded to 3 IM injections of HBV vaccine were randomized into 2 groups: Group 1 received a booster dose of 40 μg HBV vaccine IM, group 2 received a booster dose of 40 μg HBV vaccine IM plus 5 μg/kg subcutaneous G-CSF. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was measured 1 month after the booster dose.
Results: Seroconversion rate in group 1 was 40%. There was a trend towards a higher seroconversion rate at 60% in group 2 patients; however, because of the small number of patients it did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusions: Larger number of patients and other innovative strategies should be applied for vaccination of this group of patients. More prolonged follow up of the patients is needed to evaluate the duration of protection induced by each method of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Poopak Mohaghegh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Behzadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sagheb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Vossoughi
- Department of Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahar Bastani
- Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Tyler PA, Mohaghegh P, Foley J, Isaac A, Zavareh A, Thorning C, Kirwadi A, Pressney I, Amary F, Rajeswaran G. Tibial cortical lesions: a multimodality pictorial review. Eur J Radiol 2014; 84:123-141. [PMID: 25445894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shin pain is a common complaint, particularly in young and active patients, with a wide range of potential diagnoses and resulting implications. We review the natural history and multimodality imaging findings of the more common causes of cortically-based tibial lesions, as well as the rarer pathologies less frequently encountered in a general radiology department.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Tyler
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - P Mohaghegh
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - J Foley
- Department of Radiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ES, UK.
| | - A Isaac
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - A Zavareh
- Department of Radiology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.
| | - C Thorning
- Department of Radiology, East Surrey Hospital, Canada Avenue, Redhill, Surrey RH1 5RH, UK.
| | - A Kirwadi
- Department of Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - I Pressney
- Department of Radiology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - F Amary
- Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - G Rajeswaran
- Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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7
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Mohaghegh P, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Shirvani M, Sharifnabi B, Nili N. Effect of Silicon Nutrition on Oxidative Stress Induced by Phytophthora melonis Infection in Cucumber. Plant Dis 2011; 95:455-460. [PMID: 30743339 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-10-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of silicon nutrition on root rot of cucumber caused by Phytophthora melonis was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus 'Dominus' and 'Super Dominus') fertilized with three concentrations of Si (0.0, 1.0, and 1.7 mM Si in the form of sodium silicate) were not inoculated or were inoculated with P. melonis. The P. melonis isolate significantly decreased root dry weights, although the magnitude of growth reduction varied with cultivar and Si concentration. Silicon nutrition at either concentration significantly reduced disease severity relative to the treatment that received no silicon. There was a significant negative correlation between the extent of root rot caused by P. melonis and the extent of electrolyte leakage of roots. Roots infected with P. melonis had greater root catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. There was a positive correlation between silicon concentrations and CAT and APX activities in plants inoculated with P. melonis. Silicon improved activity of antioxidant enzymes, resulting in enhanced crop resistance to oxidative stress induced by P. melonis infection and improved cucumber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - N Nili
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Abstract
Colloid cyst of the third ventricle is a rare benign intracranial lesion, and familial cases are rarer still. They may be asymptomatic or present with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, including sudden death. Surgical excision is curative. We report a 24 year old pregnant woman with familial colloid cyst, who presented with headaches and suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest. Early computed tomography scan of the brain is advised in patients with a family history of third ventricular colloid cyst presenting to the accident and emergency department with headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, London, UK
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9
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Hickson ID, Davies SL, Li JL, Levitt NC, Mohaghegh P, North PS, Wu L. Role of the Bloom's syndrome helicase in maintenance of genome stability. Biochem Soc Trans 2001; 29:201-4. [PMID: 11356154 DOI: 10.1042/0300-5127:0290201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The RecQ family of DNA helicases has members in all organisms analysed. In humans, defects in three family members are associated with disease conditions: BLM is defective in Bloom's syndrome, WRN in Werner's syndrome and RTS in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. In each case, cells from affected individuals show inherent genomic instability. The focus of our work is the Bloom's syndrome gene and its product, BLM. Here, we review the latest information concerning the roles of BLM in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Hickson
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K.
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10
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Abstract
BLM and WRN, the products of the Bloom's and Werner's syndrome genes, are members of the RecQ family of DNA helicases. Although both have been shown previously to unwind simple, partial duplex DNA substrates with 3'-->5' polarity, little is known about the structural features of DNA that determine the substrate specificities of these enzymes. We have compared the substrate specificities of the BLM and WRN proteins using a variety of partial duplex DNA molecules, which are based upon a common core nucleotide sequence. We show that neither BLM nor WRN is capable of unwinding duplex DNA from a blunt-ended terminus or from an internal nick. However, both enzymes efficiently unwind the same blunt-ended duplex containing a centrally located 12 nt single-stranded 'bubble', as well as a synthetic X-structure (a model for the Holliday junction recombination intermediate) in which each 'arm' of the 4-way junction is blunt-ended. Surprisingly, a 3'-tailed duplex, a standard substrate for 3'-->5' helicases, is unwound much less efficiently by BLM and WRN than are the bubble and X-structure substrates. These data show conclusively that a single-stranded 3'-tail is not a structural requirement for unwinding of standard B-form DNA by these helicases. BLM and WRN also both unwind a variety of different forms of G-quadruplex DNA, a structure that can form at guanine-rich sequences present at several genomic loci. Our data indicate that BLM and WRN are atypical helicases that are highly DNA structure specific and have similar substrate specificities. We interpret these data in the light of the genomic instability and hyper-recombination characteristics of cells from individuals with Bloom's or Werner's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohaghegh
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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11
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Abstract
Deficiency in a helicase of the RecQ family is found in at least three human genetic disorders associated with cancer predisposition and/or premature ageing. The RecQ helicases encoded by the BLM, WRN and RECQ4 genes are defective in Bloom's, Werner's and Rothmund-Thomson syndromes, respectively. Cells derived from individuals with these disorders in each case show inherent genomic instability. Recent studies have demonstrated direct interactions between these RecQ helicases and human nuclear proteins required for several aspects of chromosome maintenance, including p53, BRCA1, topoisomerase III, replication protein A and DNA polymerase delta. Here, we review this network of protein interactions, and the clues that they present regarding the potential roles of RecQ family members in DNA repair, replication and/or recombination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohaghegh
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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12
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Abstract
Motoneurons in neonatal rats die following injury to the peripheral nerve. However, this vulnerability to nerve injury declines rapidly so that nerve injury at five days of age results in little if any motoneuron death. We have proposed that the role of the target during this critical period of development is to up-regulate the release of transmitter from developing motor nerve terminals. Here we show that reducing the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals in neonatal rats can affect motoneuron maturation and survival. The soleus muscle in neonatal rats was treated with either magnesium or hemicholinium, and the number of motoneurons that survived was established 10 weeks later by retrograde labelling. Following treatment with magnesium, only 58.1% (+/-10.4 S.E.M., n=5) of the motoneurons in the soleus motor pool survived, although hemicholinium had no effect on motoneuron survival. However, those motoneurons that survived following treatment with either magnesium or hemicholinium did not develop normally since they remained susceptible to axotomy-induced cell death for longer than normal. In adult animals in which the sciatic nerve was crushed at five days of age following prior treatment with either magnesium or hemicholinium, only 27.6% (+/-6.2 S.E.M., n=5) and 44% (+/-6.1 S.E.M., n=4) of motoneurons in the sciatic motor pool survived, respectively, although no motoneurons died following injury alone or when injury was preceded by treatment with control implants containing NaCl. These results indicate that the release of acetylcholine from motor nerve terminals plays an important role in the development and survival of motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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13
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Campbell L, Hunter KM, Mohaghegh P, Tinsley JM, Brasch MA, Davies KE. Direct interaction of Smn with dp103, a putative RNA helicase: a role for Smn in transcription regulation? Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1093-100. [PMID: 10767334 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.7.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease of childhood, resulting from deletion or mutation of the survival motor neuron ( SMN ) gene on chromosome 5q13. SMN exists as part of a 300 kDa multi-protein complex, incorporating several proteins critically required in pre-mRNA splicing. Although SMN mutations render SMN defective in this role, the specific alpha-motor neuron degenerative phenotype seen in the disease remains unexplained. Here we demonstrate the isolation from mouse brain of the murine homologue of a recently identified novel RNA helicase of the DEAD box family, DP103, and its direct and specific binding of SMN. Previous work has shown that DP103 binds viral proteins known to interact with a cellular transcription factor to modulate gene expression. We suggest that the interaction between SMN and DP103 is further evidence for a role for SMN in transcriptional regulation and that SMN may be involved in the regulation of neuron-specific genes essential in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Campbell
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
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14
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Mohaghegh P, Rodrigues NR, Owen N, Ponting CP, Le TT, Burghes AH, Davies KE. Analysis of mutations in the tudor domain of the survival motor neuron protein SMN. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:519-25. [PMID: 10439956 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive childhood onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading cause of infant mortality caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. The SMN protein is involved in RNA processing and is localised in structures called GEMs in the nucleus. Nothing is yet understood about why mutations in SMN gene result in the selective motor neuron loss observed in patients. The SMN protein domains conserved across several species may indicate functionally significant regions. Exon 3 of SMN contains homology to a tudor domain, where a Type I SMA patient has been reported to harbour a missense mutation. We have generated missense mutants in this region of SMN and have tested their ability to form GEMs when transfected into HeLa cells. Our results show such mutant SMN proteins still localise to GEMs. Furthermore, exon 7 deleted SMN protein appears to exert a dominant negative effect on localisation of endogenous SMN protein. However, exon 3 mutant protein and exon 5 deleted protein exert no such effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mohaghegh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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Talbot K, Miguel-Aliaga I, Mohaghegh P, Ponting CP, Davies KE. Characterization of a gene encoding survival motor neuron (SMN)-related protein, a constituent of the spliceosome complex. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:2149-56. [PMID: 9817934 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.13.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein are responsible for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMN orthologues have been identified in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe but, to date, no human paralogues have been described. Here we describe identification and characterization of an SMN-related protein (SMNrp) gene that encodes a novel protein of 239 amino acids, which has recently been identified as a constituent of the spliceosome complex and designated SPF30. Significant similarity to the SMN protein is apparent only within a central region of SMNrp that represents a tudor domain. The SMNrp/SPF30 gene has been mapped to chromosome 10q23. It is differentially expressed, with abundant levels in skeletal muscle. An exclusively nuclear localization for SMNrp in cultured cells and muscle sections was revealed using GFP fusion constructs and thereafter confirmed with a polyclonal antibody raised against SMNrp. Overexpression of SMNrp as a fusion protein in HeLa cells in culture induced dose-dependent apoptosis with positive TUNEL staining. In addition to a possible role for this protein as a pro-apoptotic factor, SMN and its related protein share significant similarities in sequence and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Talbot
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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