An efficient multi-class classification of skin cancer using optimized vision transformer

Skin cancer is a pervasive and deadly disease, prompting a surge in research efforts towards utilizing computer-based techniques to analyze skin lesion images to identify malignancies. This paper introduces an optimized vision transformer approach for effectively classifying skin tumors. The methodology begins with a pre-processing step aimed at preserving color constancy, eliminating hair artifacts, and reducing image noise. Here, a combination of techniques such as piecewise linear bottom hat filtering, adaptive median filtering, Gaussian filtering, and an enhanced gradient intensity method is used for pre-processing. Afterwards, the segmentation phase is initiated using the self-sparse watershed algorithm on the pre-processed image. Subsequently, the segmented image is passed through a feature extraction stage where the hybrid Walsh-Hadamard Karhunen-Loeve expansion technique is employed. The final step involves the application of an improved vision transformer for skin cancer classification. The entire methodology is implemented using the Python programming language, and the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2019 database is utilized for experimentation. The experimental results demonstrate remarkable performance with the different performance metrics is accuracy 99.81%, precision 96.65%, sensitivity 98.21%, F-measure 97.42%, specificity 99.88%, recall 98.21%, Jaccard coefficient 98.54%, and Mathew's correlation coefficient (MCC) 98.89%. The proposed methodology outperforms the existing methodology.

Folate-Mediated Paclitaxel Nanodelivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Paclitaxel (PTX) is used as a viable cancer medication in the chemotherapy of breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, neck, head, and esophageal tumors. The focus of this review is to survey various folate-targeting PTX-loaded nanopreparations in both research and clinical applications. There are diverse nanopreparations, including liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanopreparations, lipid nanopreparations, lipoprotein nanocarriers, and other inorganic nanopreparations for folate-associated PTX tumor targeting. Here, the folate targeting PTX-loaded nanopreparations, which have promising results in the constructive treatment of cancer by reducing toxic side-effects and/or improving effectiveness, was mainly reviewed.

APTES monolayer coverage on self-assembled magnetic nanospheres for controlled release of anticancer drug Nintedanib

The use of an appropriate delivery system capable of protecting, translocating, and selectively releasing therapeutic moieties to desired sites can promote the efficacy of an active compound. In this work, we have developed a nanoformulation which preserves its magnetization to load a model anticancerous drug and to explore the controlled release of the drug in a cancerous environment. For the preparation of the nanoformulation, self-assembled magnetic nanospheres (MNS) made of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were grafted with a monolayer of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). A direct functionalization strategy was used to avoid the loss of the MNS magnetization. The successful preparation of the nanoformulation was validated by structural, microstructural, and magnetic investigations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to establish the presence of APTES on the MNS surface. The amine content quantified by a ninhydrin assay revealed the monolayer coverage of APTES over MNS. The monolayer coverage of APTES reduced only negligibly the saturation magnetization from 77 emu/g (for MNS) to 74 emu/g (for MNS-APTES). Detailed investigations of the thermoremanent magnetization were carried out to assess the superparamagnetism in the MNS. To make the nanoformulation pH-responsive, the anticancerous drug Nintedanib (NTD) was conjugated with MNS-APTES through the acid liable imine bond. At pH 5.5, which mimics a cancerous environment, a controlled release of 85% in 48 h was observed. On the other hand, prolonged release of NTD was found at physiological conditions (i.e., pH 7.4). In vitro cytotoxicity study showed dose-dependent activity of MNS-APTES-NTD for human lung cancer cells L-132. About 75% reduction in cellular viability for a 100 μg/mL concentration of nanoformulation was observed. The nanoformulation designed using MNS and monolayer coverage of APTES has potential in cancer therapy as well as in other nanobiological applications.

Studies on interstitial carbon doping from a Ti precursor in a hierarchical TiO2 nanostructured photoanode by a single step hydrothermal route

Carbon doping from a Ti precursor in TiO₂ synthesized by a hydrothermal method was studied. The structural, optical and morphological study of the deposited material was carried out using X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy characterization techniques. The elemental composition of the TiO₂ deposited with different precursor concentrations was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The amount of elemental carbon in the TiO₂ matrix is found to be increased as the Ti precursor concentration is increased, which strengthens the proposed idea of carbon doping via a Ti precursor.

Interstitial carbon doping is possible directly from a Ti precursor (titanium(iv) isopropoxide) without using any other carbon source.

Evolution of structural and magnetic properties in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Azadirachta indica leaf extract

The novel superparamagnetic nature of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has received significant attention in the wide variety of fields. However, the prerequisites to use these MNPs, particularly in biomedical applications are biocompatibility and high saturation magnetization (Ms). Thus, the development of a sustainable approach for the synthesis of biocompatible MNPs, which utilizes the redox properties of natural compounds from plant extracts, is highly desired. Herein, we have examined the growth of phase selective MNPs synthesized using Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract as a reducing and capping agent. The physical and biological properties of MNPs synthesized with the modified green hydrothermal method at different reaction times and temperatures were investigated. It was observed that the reaction time and temperature strongly modulated the magnetic and structural characteristics of MNPs. At lower reaction time and temperature of 200 °C for 2 h, primarily iron oxalate hydrate (Fe(C2O4).2(H2O)) was formed. Further, with increasing reaction temperature, the phase transformation from iron oxalate hydrate to pure magnetite (Fe3O4) phase was observed. The MNPs prepared with optimum conditions of 220 °C for 4 h show superparamagnetic nature with improved Ms value of 58 emu g−1. The antibacterial study of MNPs against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus showed that the MNPs inhibits the growth of bacteria with the least inhibitory MNPs concentration of 6 μl. Thus, the MNPs obtained by this modified biogenic approach will widen the scope and their applicability in future biomedical applications.

Monolayer grafting of aminosilane on magnetic nanoparticles: An efficient approach for targeted drug delivery system

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with higher magnetization are highly desirable for targeted drug delivery (TDD) systems, as it helps accumulation of drug at the target site. However, functionalization of MNPs for drug binding reduces the magnetization which affects the efficacy of TDD. Herein we report direct functionalization of MNPs with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) which preserves the magnetization. Grafting density estimated by TGA and BET analysis showed monolayer grafting of APTES on MNP surface. MNPs were comprehensively characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, SQUID-VSM and FTIR. Anti-cancerous drug telmisartan (TEL) was loaded on monolayer APTES grafted MNPs. In-vitro controlled drug release and cytotoxicity study on PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line of TEL conjugated MNPs are also discussed. This functionalization strategy can be extended to other biomedical applications where higher magnetization is desired.

Mimicking the Synaptic Weights and Human Forgetting Curve Using Hydrothermally Grown Nanostructured CuO Memristor Device

In the present investigation, we have fabricated copper oxide (CuO) thin film memristor by employing a hydrothermal method for neuromorphic application. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the films are polycrystalline in nature with the monoclinic crystal structure. The developed devices show analog memory and synaptic property similar to biological neuron. The size dependent synaptic behavior is investigated for as-prepared and annealed CuO memristor. The results suggested that the magnitude of synaptic weights and resistive switching voltages are dependent on the thickness of the active layer. Synaptic weights are improved in the case of the as-prepared device whereas they are inferior for annealed CuO memristor. The rectifying property similar to a biological neuron is observed only for the as-prepared device, which suggested that as-prepared devices have better computational and learning capabilities than annealed CuO memristor. Moreover, the retention loss of the CuO memristor is in good agreement with the forgetting curve of human memory. The results suggested that hydrothermally grown CuO thin film memristor is a potential candidate for the neuromorphic device development.

In-vitro effect of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 on dengue virus type 2

Human Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is known to have antiviral activity against many viruses. In the present study, we investigated the in-vitro effect of LL-37 on dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection and replication in Vero E6 cells. To study the effect of pretreatment of virus or cells with LL-37, the virus was pretreated with different concentrations of LL-37 (2.5μM-15μM) or scrambled (Scr) LL-37(5μM-15μM) and used for infection or the cells were first treated with LL-37 and infected. To study the effect of LL-37 post infection (PI), the cells were infected first followed by addition of LL-37 to the culture medium 24h after infection. In all conditions, after the incubation, the culture supernatant was assessed for viral RNA copy number by real time RT-PCR, infectious virus particles by focus forming unit assay (FFU) and non structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen levels by ELISA. Percentage of infection was assessed using immunoflourescence assay (IFA). The results revealed that pretreatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 significantly reduced its infectivity as compared to virus control (P<0.0001). Moreover, pretreatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 significantly reduced the levels of viral genomic RNA and NS1 antigen (P<0.0001). Treatment of virus with 10-15μM LL-37 resulted in two to three log reduction of mean log₁₀ FFU/ml as compared to virus control (P<0.0001). Treatment of the virus with scrambled LL-37 had no effect on percentage of infection and viral load as compared to virus control cultures (P>0.05). Pretreatment of cells before infection or addition of LL-37 to the culture 24h PI had no effect on viral load. Molecular docking studies revealed possible binding of LL-37 to both the units of DENV envelope (E) protein dimer. Together, the in-vitro experiments and in-silico analyses suggest that LL-37 inhibits DENV-2 at the stage of entry into the cells by binding to the E protein. The results might have implications for prophylaxis against DENV infections and need further in-vivo studies.

An experimental and theoretical study on a novel donor-π-acceptor bridge type 2, 4, 5-trimethoxy-4'-chlorochalcone for optoelectronic applications: A dual approach

In this article the authors aim is to investigate and analyze the various key parameters of an organic D-π-A type novel nonlinear optical material 2, 4, 5-trimethoxy-4'-chlorochalcone (2,4,5TMCC) through experimental and quantum chemical studies. The Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction mechanism was applied to synthesize the 2,4,5TMCC compound and its single crystal was grown by a slow evaporation solution growth (low cost) technique. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The robust vibrational study has been done using FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra and its NLO activity was discussed. The factor group analysis was also performed. The optical absorption spectrum was recorded and the band gap was calculated to be 2.8eV. In photoluminescence spectrum, an intense emission band at ~540nm has been observed which shows that the grown crystals can be used in green organic light emitting diodes and laser applications. To achieve the stable ground state molecular geometry of 2,4,5TMCC, the computational techniques were applied at different levels of theory using 6-31G* basis set. The calculated geometrical parameters and vibrational spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. To probe the optical properties of the title compound the time dependent density functional theory was applied. The excitation wavelength was observed at ~398.63nm calculated at B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory and found close to experimental value (i.e. 396nm). The static first hyperpolarizability value is found to be 136 times higher than prototype urea molecule. Additionally, the molecular level approach was attained as HOMO-LUMO gap and electrostatic potential maps. The DSC study reveals that the titled material is stable up to 149°C. The photophysical and nonlinear optical properties suggest that the titled material could be a better choice for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices.

Orgasm Induced Seizures: A Rare Phenomenon

A variety of stimuli can cause reflex seizures, Some triggers include light, music and cognitive phenomenon. There are case reports however where the phenomenon of sexual activity has been a trigger for epileptic seizures. Most of these cases reported are in women so far, and were found to be localized to right cerebral hemisphere. We report a case of a 36-year-old male with orgasm-induced seizures, with other atypical features compared to majority of previous reports.

Role of NF-κB as a Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer : A Pilot Study in Indian Patients

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a superfamily of transcription factors. It plays an important role in development & progression of cancer. This study was conducted in a tertiary care centre to investigate the significance of NF-κB as a prognostic marker in breast cancer and study its relation with established prognostic markers such as tumor grade, lymph node status, hormone receptor & HER-2/neu expression. We measured NF-κB expression of breast cancer tissue as a test sample & from fibroadenoma as a control. Measurement was done by Western Blot Technique using p65 protein of NF-κB super family of transcription factors. ER,PR and HER-2/neu were measured by immunohistochemistry methods. NF-κB/p65 is significantly associated with large tumor size (≥5 cm), high grade tumors, negative ER, negative PR, positive HER-2/neu and high NPI (≥5.4) scores. NF-κB/p65 expression implies aggressive biological behaviour of breast cancer & this study validates significant association of NF-κB /p65 overexpression with large tumor size, negative estrogen & progesterone receptor status and overexpression of c-erbB2 oncoprotein.

Association of impaired cognitive functions with cardiovascular risk factors in elderly Indian population

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of dementia is projected to rise dramatically in future with increasing life expectancy. Though dementia itself is not treatable in majority of cases, modification of co-morbid medical conditions may influence onset and rate of decline of cognitive functions.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of dementia in elderly by assessing cognitive function and to assess the association of cardiovascular risk factors with cognitive functions.

STUDY DESIGN

Cross sectional analytical study.

PARTICIPANTS

400 consecutive elderly subjects > 65 years attending Geriatric OPD, Dept. of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, were recruited and assessed for cognitive functions by applying Mini Mental Status examination Score (MMSE). Relationships between cardiovascular risk factors and impaired cognitive score were determined.

RESULTS

Prevalence of impaired cognitive function (MMSE Score < 25) was 33.25% (133 cases), while that of dementia (MMSE < 23) was 3.25 % (13 cases) in this elderly population. Impaired cognitive function was higher in those with low education and low socioeconomic status, (p = < 0.001). Increasing age, Female gender, alcohol intake and high cholesterol were found to be independently associated with impaired cognitive score in multiple logistic regression (p = < 0.001). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity were not associated with impaired cognitive score.

CONCLUSION

Prevalence of cognitive impairment rises significantly as the age advances and is associated with alcohol intake and high cholesterol.

Communal action of microbial cultures for Red HE3B degradation

The consortium PMB11 consisting of three bacterial species, originally isolated from dye contaminated soil was identified as Bacillus odysseyi SUK3, Morganella morganii SUK5 and Proteus sp. SUK7. The consortium possessed the ability to decolorize various textile dyes as well as mixtures of dyes. PMB11 could decolorize Red HE3B (50 mg l(-1)) with 99% of decolorization within 12 h in nutrient broth, while in mineral medium it could decolorize up to 97% within 24h. Induction in the activities of various oxidative and reductive enzymes indicates the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization. Biodegradation of the dye was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, HPLC and FTIR analysis. The Red HE3B degradation pathway was proposed by GC-MS analysis. Various metabolites formed after the degradation were identified as 2,5-diaminobenzene 6-aminotriazine, aniline 2-sulfate, aniline 3-sulfate, 2-amino 5-chlorotriazine and naphthalene. Phytotoxicity studies revealed that metabolites formed after degradation were significantly less toxic in nature.

1,4-Bis(fluoro-meth-yl)benzene

The title compound, C₈H₈F₂, lies across a crystallographic inversion centre. The structure features short C⋯F [2.8515 (18) Å] and F⋯F [2.490 (4) Å] contacts, which are significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. The F atom and methyl­ene H atoms are disordered over two positions with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.633 (3):0.367 (3). In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯F inter­actions link neighboring mol­ecules into infinite chains along the b axis. In addition, C—H⋯π inter­actions link these mol­ecules along [10], forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101).

Nonlinear optical properties of 2,4,5-Trimethoxy-4-nitrochalcone: observation of two-photon-induced excited-state nonlinearities

We report experimental investigations of optical nonlinearities and nonlinear dynamics in acetone solution of 2,4,5-Trimethoxy-4- nitrochalcone. By performing Z-scans with femtosecond laser pulses at low excitation intensity, two-photon absorption (2PA) and third-order nonlinear refraction are measured. As laser excitation intensity exceeds a critical value, however, the interplay between third- and fifth-order nonlinearities is observed. It is also confirmed that fifth-order processes mainly originate from 2PA-induced excited-state nonlinearities by conducting femtosecond time-resolved degenerate pump-probe measurements. All the nonlinear parameters are determined unambiguously in the near infrared region of the 2PA cross-section, second-order hyperpolarizability, excited-state absorption cross-section, excited-state refraction cross-section, lifetime of excited states induced by 2PA, and critical population of the excited states in 2,4,5-Trimethoxy-4-nitrochalcone molecule.

3-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)-1,5-di-2-furylpentane-1,5-dione

In the title compound, C(19)H(14)Cl(2)O(4), intra-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds generate S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions between symmetry-related mol-ecules involving two methyl-ene groups and an O atom as a bifurcated acceptor generate an R(2) (1)(6) ring motif. In the mol-ecule, one of the furan rings is rotationally disordered by approximately 180° about the single C-C bond to which it is attached; the refined site-occupancy factors are 0.505 (7) and 0.495 (7). The major component of the disordered furan ring and the benzene ring form a dihedral angle of 88.8 (4)°. The dihedral angle between the major disorder component and the other furan ring is 81.9 (4)°. In addition, the crystal structure is stabilized by further inter-molecular C-H⋯O (×2) hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Traditional herbal remedies in Buldhana District (Maharashtra, India)

The paper documents traditional herbal remedies from buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). The plant parts most commonly used are bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, apart from plant products like latex and gum. The medicaments include recipes like decoction, infusion, paste, ash, extract juice, besides gum and latex. There are mainly used afresh. Occasionally, these are supplemented by domestic edible substances of plant-origin. The reliance on herbal medicines for healthcare is associated with traditional belief of effectiveness as well as poor economic status. Role of homestead gardens in native phytotherapy is being focused for the first time from this region. The first-hand information adduced is desired to divulge new lead molecules or will add new sources of herbal medicine.

Erratum: 2-Bromo-1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-3-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one. Corrigendum

Corrigendum to Acta Cryst. (2008), E64, o1559.

The chemical name in the title and the scheme of the paper by Fun, Jebas, Patil, Karthikeyan & Dharmaprakash [Acta Cryst. (2008), E64, o1559] are corrected.

2,5-Dimethoxy-benzaldehyde thio-semicarbazone

In the title mol­ecule, C₁₀H₁₃N₃O₂S, the dihedral angle between benzene and –N—C(=S)—N—N=C– planes is 9.20 (6)°. The two meth­oxy groups are coplanar with the benzene ring [C—O—C—C torsion angles of −2.31 (18) and −6.45 (17)°]. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular N—H⋯S, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

3-Hydr-oxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde thio-semicarbazone hemihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₉H₁₁N₃O₂S·0.5H₂O, comprises two crystallograpically independent thio­semicarbazone mol­ecules (A and B) and a water mol­ecule of crystallization. In each of the thio­semicarbazone mol­ecules, intra­molecular O—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds form five-membered rings, producing S(5) ring motifs. Inter­molecular O—H⋯S and N—H⋯O inter­actions between mol­ecule B and the water mol­ecule form a six-membered ring, producing an R₂²(6) ring motif. Inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds form dimers involving pairs of both A and B mol­ecules, which form R₂²(8) ring motifs. The angles between the aromatic ring and thio­urea unit in the two mol­ecules are 0.80 (6) and 3.28 (5)°, which proves that each mol­ecule is fairly planar. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular O—H⋯S (×2), O—H⋯O, N—H⋯S (×2) and N—H⋯O (×2) hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯O (×2) contacts to form a three-dimensional network.

Ethyl 2-[(E)-4-(dimethyl-amino)benzyl-idenehydrazino]-5-nitro-benzoate

The title compound, C₁₈H₂₀N₄O₄, exists in the E configuration with respect to the C=N bond of the methyl­idine unit. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 9.01 (6)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the benzoate unit generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions into infinite chains along the b axis. These chains are further connected into sheets parallel to the ab plane which are stacked approximately along the c axis. A C—H⋯π inter­action is also observed.

(E)-1-(4-Amino-phen-yl)-3-(2-chloro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(15)H(12)ClNO, a substituted chalcone, adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=C bond of the enone unit. The mol-ecule is not planar, as can be seen from the dihedral angle of 28.9 (2)° between the two rings which are twisted from each other. The enone segment of the mol-ecule is not coplanar with the chloro-phenyl ring, making a dihedral angle of 23.4 (3)° with it. The amino group is also not coplanar with the ring to which it is bound, making a dihedral angle of 35 (4)°. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O inter-actions into one-dimensional infinite chains along the c axis, and are further stacked as one-dimensional zigzag chains down the b axis, forming two-dimensional extended networks parallel to the bc plane.

N'-[(E)-1-Phenyl-ethyl-idene]benzo-hydrazide

The title compound, C₁₅H₁₄N₂O, crystallized with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Both mol­ecules are non-planar and have an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings are 11.1 (2)° in one mol­ecule and 12.40 (19)° in the other. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions into infinite one-dimensional chains along [1 0 0]. The crystal structure is further stabilized by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, weak C—H⋯O and very weak C—H⋯π inter­actions.

N'-[(Z)-4-(Dimethyl-amino)benzyl-idene]-4-nitro-benzohydrazide mono-hydrate

In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₆H₁₆N₄O₃·H₂O, there are two symmetry-independent hydrazide mol­ecules with almost identical geometries, and two independent water mol­ecules. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings in the two hydrazide mol­ecules are 0.11 (5) and 0.77 (5)°. In one mol­ecule, an intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates a ring of graph-set motif S(5). Inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.5021 (6)–3.6403 (6) Å] are observed, together with O⋯O [2.7226 (11) Å], O⋯N [2.7072 (10) Å] and N⋯O [2.7072 (10)–2.8582 (12) Å] short contacts. The hydrazine mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis and adjacent mol­ecules are linked by water mol­ecules.

(E)-3-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)-1-(2-thien-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title chalcone derivative, C₁₃H₈Cl₂OS, the prop-2-en-1-one unit and the thio­phene and 2,4-dichloro­phenyl rings are each essentially planar. The inter­planar angle between the thio­phene and 2,4-dichloro­phenyl rings is 19.87 (6)°. Weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions involving the prop-2-en-1-one unit generate an S(5)S(5) ring motif. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into head-to-tail zigzag chains along the a axis and adjacent chains are cross-linked. These cross-linked chains are arranged into sheets parallel to the ab plane. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions. A π–π inter­action was also observed with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6845 (6) Å.

Surfactant-mediated growth of nanostructured zinc oxide thin films via electrodeposition and their photoelectrochemical performance

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were electrodeposited from an aqueous zinc acetate solution onto fluorine-doped thin oxide (FTO) coated conducting glass substrates. The effect of organic surfactants like polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethylene glycol (EG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on their structural, morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical properties was studied. The x-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of phase-pure ZnO thin films. The films deposited using organic surfactants exhibit different surface morphologies. It was observed that the organic surfactants play important roles in modifying the surface morphology and size of the crystallites. A compact granular morphology was observed for the ZnO samples grown without organic surfactants. The films exhibit nanoparticles of size 100-150 nm for PVP, EG and PVA mediated growth. The vertically aligned thin and compact hexagonal crystallites stem from the SDS, whereas microporous corrugated morphology is observed for PEG-mediated growth. All the samples exhibit room temperature photoluminescence (PL). Oxygen vacancies contribute to the active luminescent centers for the emission of green light in ZnO thin films. PL gets quenched for the SDS surfactant. All the samples were post-treated with ethanol to remove stray surfactant molecules. FTIR study was used to confirm the removal of adsorbed surfactant molecules from the samples. Moreover the samples are photoelectrochemically (PEC) active and exhibit the highest photocurrent of 231 µA, a photovoltage of 492 mV and 0.42 fill factor for the ZnO:SDS films.

3-(2-Chloro-6-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-(2-thien-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title chalcone derivative, C₁₃H₈ClFOS, crystallized as an inversion twin with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The thio­phene rings in both mol­ecules are disordered over two sites: the ratios of occupancies for the major and minor components in the two mol­ecules are 0.820 (2):0.180 (2) and 0.853 (2):0.147 (2). The dihedral angles between the major and minor components of the thio­phene and benzene rings are 1.13 (18) and 2.2 (6)°, respectively, in one mol­ecule, with corresponding values 6.09 (17) and 1.3 (6)° in the other. Weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F inter­actions involving the prop-2-en-1-one group generate an S(5)S(5) ring motif, whereas a weak intra­molecular C—H⋯Cl contact generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules of both the major and minor components are linked into infinite one-dimensional chains along the b axis. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯F, C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions.

4-Chloro-N'-[(Z)-4-(dimethyl-amino)benzyl-idene]benzohydrazide mono-hydrate

In the title compound, C₁₆H₁₆ClN₃O·H₂O, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 44.58 (11)°. The N atom of the dimethyl­amino group adopts a pyramidal configuration. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to the (001) plane by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecule and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. In addition, C—H⋯π inter­actions are observed.

(E)-3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2-thien-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(13)H(9)ClOS, adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=C double bond of the propenone unit. The thienyl and benzene rings are slightly twisted from each other, making a dihedral angle of 6.38 (3)°. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(5) ring motif. A weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-action, a short intra-molecular S⋯O contact [2.932 (2) Å] and two π-π inter-actions between the thienyl and benzene rings are observed. The centroid-centroid distances of the π-π inter-actions are 3.7899 (16) and 3.7891 (16) Å.

2-Bromo-1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-3-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C₁₆H₁₃BrO, the two benzene rings are twisted from each other with a dihedral angle of 52.55 (9)°. Both an intra­molecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring motif, and a short Br⋯O contact [2.9907 (19) Å] may influence the conformation of the mol­ecule. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions.

1-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-3-(4-ethoxy-phen-yl)-prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(17)H(15)BrO(2), consists of two substituted benzene rings connected by a prop-2-en-1-one group. The mol-ecule is nearly planar and adopts an E configuration. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 8.51 (19)°. The enone plane makes dihedral angles of 11.06 (19) and 7.69 (19)°, respectively, with the bromo-phenyl and ethoxy-phenyl rings. The mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a zigzag ribbon-like structure along the b direction. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak intra- and inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions.

(E)-3-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(3-methoxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C₁₆H₁₃ClO₂, adopts an E configuration with respect to the double bond of the propenone unit. The two benzene rings are twisted slightly from each other, making a dihedral angle of 7.14 (5)°. The mol­ecules are arranged in stacks, in which adjacent mol­ecules are related by inversion symmetry and form π–π inter­actions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7098 (6) Å. C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions are formed between neighbouring mol­ecules.

(E)-3-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2-fur-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol-ecule, C(13)H(9)ClO(2), the benzene and furyl rings are slightly twisted from each other with a dihedral angle of 5.1 (1)°. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter-action generates an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are stacked along the b axis and the crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

(E)-1-(2-Thien-yl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol-ecule, C(16)H(16)O(4)S, the enone fragment, thio-phene ring and benzene ring are individually essentially planar. The thio-phene ring is disordered over two sites, corresponding to a rotation of approximately 180° about the single C-C bond to which it is attached. The approximate ratio of occupancies for the major and minor components is 0.872 (2):0.128 (2). The major component of the thio-phene ring and the benzene ring are twisted from each other by 13.92 (19)°. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(5)S(5) ring motif. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. In addition, a π-π stacking inter-action, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.852 (2) Å, and short S⋯O [2.9378 (12) Å] and O⋯O [2.5811 (16) Å] contacts are observed.

(E)-3-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2-fur-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C₁₃H₉ClO₂, adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=C double bond of the propenone unit. The benzene and furyl rings are twisted slightly from each other, making a dihedral angle of 6.47 (7)°. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds generate an S(5)S(5)S(5) ring motif. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed.

(E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phen-yl)-1-(2-fur-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title mol­ecule, C₁₅H₁₄O₄, the benzene and furyl rings are inclined to each other with a dihedral angle of 41.5 (1)°. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­action generates an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis and the crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions. In addition, π–π stacking inter­actions with a centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.5855 (11) Å are observed.

(E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phen-yl)-1-(2-thien-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(15)H(14)O(3)S, has two symmetry-independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit with almost identical geometry. The dihedral angle between the benzene and thio-phene rings is 1.61 (11)° in one mol-ecule and 7.21 (11)° in the other. In both mol-ecules, C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate rings of graph-set motif S(5). The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C-H⋯π inter-actions and π-π inter-actions involving the benzene and thio-phene rings, with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5249 (13) and 3.6057 (13) Å.

Biodegradation of reactive textile dye Red BLI by an isolated bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SUK1

A novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing reactive textile dye Red BLI is isolated from the soil sample collected from contaminated sites of textile industry from Solapur, India. The bacterial isolate was identified as Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 on the basis of 16S rDNA analysis. The Pseudomonas sp. SUK1 decolorized Red BLI (50 mg l(-1)) 99.28% within 1h under static anoxic condition at pH range from 6.5 to 7.0 and 30 degrees C. This strain has ability to decolorize various reactive textile dyes. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and TLC analysis of samples before and after dye decolorization in culture medium confirmed decolorization of Red BLI. A significant increase in the activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and NADH-DCIP reductase in cells obtained after decolorization indicates involvement of these enzymes in the decolorization process. Phytotoxicity testing with the seeds of Sorghum vulgare and Phaseolus mungo, showed more sensitivity towards the dye, while the products obtained after dye decolorization does not have any inhibitory effects.

S-Benzyl-thio-uronium 3-nitro-benzene-sulfonate

In the title compound, C₈H₁₁N₂S⁺·C₆H₄NO₅S⁻, the asymmetric unit is composed of two crystallographically independent S-benzyl­thio­uronium cations and two independent nitro­benzene­sulfonate anions. An intra­molecular hydrogen bond generates an S(5)S(5) ring motif. The crystal packing is stabilized by intra­molecular C—H⋯O and inter­molecular C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds which, along with short S⋯O [3.034 (2) Å] and N⋯O [2.796 (3) Å] contacts, form a two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane.

(E)-3-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(4-chloro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(15)H(10)Cl(2)O, adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=C bond of the propenone unit. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 32.4 (1)°. Intra-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds generate an S(5)S(5)S(5) motif. In addition, the crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

(E)-3-(2-Chloro-phen-yl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title chalcone derivative, C₁₅H₉Cl₃O, the dihedral angle between the 2-chloro­phenyl and 2,4-dichloro­phenyl rings is 41.79 (14)°. Weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl intra­molecular inter­actions involving the enone unit generate S(5) ring motifs. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are arranged in a head-to-tail manner along the a axis. These chains are stacked along the b axis.

3-[1-(4-Isobutyl-phen-yl)eth-yl]-6-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thia-diazole

In the title compound, C(22)H(24)N(4)S, the methylphenyl and isobutylphenyl rings are inclined at an angle of 79.98 (1)° and they form dihedral angles of 4.59 (1) and 75.47 (1)°, respectively, with the triazolothia-diazole unit. An intra-molecular C-H⋯S hydrogen bond generates an S(5) ring motif. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯π and π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances between the thia-diazole ring and a symmetry-related phenyl ring and between the triazole ring and the phenyl ring range from 3.5680 (8) to 3.7313 (8) Å].

(E)-1-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-3-(4-methyl-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C(16)H(13)ClO, adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=C double bond of the propenone unit. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 45.9 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are arranged into sheets parallel to the ac plane and the sheets are stacked along the b axis. This arrangement is stabilized by weak inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions involving both aromatic rings.

2,3-Dibromo-1-(2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-phen-yl)-3-phenyl-propan-1-one

In the title compound, C₁₅H₉Br₂Cl₂FO, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 6.0 (1)°. The dibromo­ethane fragment of the propan-1-one unit is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of ca 0.83 and 0.17. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C—H⋯π inter­actions, and Br⋯Cl [3.505 (2) and 3.576 (6) Å] and Cl⋯F [3.176 (2) Å] short contacts.

4-(4-Bromo-benzyl-ideneamino)-1-(diphenyl-amino-meth-yl)-3-[1-(4-isobutyl-phen-yl)eth-yl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

In the title compound, C(34)H(34)BrN(5)S, the two phenyl rings of the diphenyl-amino-methyl group are inclined at an angle of 73.86 (8)° and they form dihedral angles of 74.04 (8) and 48.74 (8)° with the triazole ring. Intra-molecular C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds generate S(6) and S(5) ring motifs. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯π inter-actions.