Decreased superoxide production, degranulation, tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion, and CD11b/CD18 receptor expression by adherent monocytes from preterm infants

Preterm infants have an increased incidence of infection, which is principally due to deficiencies in neonatal host defense mechanisms. Monocyte adherence is important in localizing cells at sites of infection and is associated with enhanced antimicrobial functions. We isolated cord blood monocytes from preterm and full-term infants to study their adhesion and immune functions, including superoxide (O2-) generation, degranulation, and cytokine secretion and their adhesion receptors. O2- production and degranulation were significantly diminished, by 28 and 37%, respectively, in adherent monocytes from preterm infants compared to full-term infants (P < 0. 05); however, these differences were not seen in freshly isolated cells. We also observed a significant decrease of 35% in tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated adherent monocytes from preterm infants compared to full-term infants (P < 0.05); however, this difference was not observed in interleukin-1beta or interleukin-6 production by the monocytes. The cell surface expression of the CD11b/CD18 adhesion receptor subunits was significantly decreased (by 60 and 52%, respectively) in monocytes from preterm infants compared to full-term infants (P < 0. 01). The cascade of the immune response to infection involves monocyte upregulation and adherence via CD11b/CD18 receptors followed by cell activation and the release of cytokines and bactericidal products. We speculate that monocyte adherence factors may be important in the modulation of immune responses in preterm infants.

Effect of gamma interferon on expression of Fc gamma receptors in monocytes of newborn infants and adults

Fc gamma receptors provide an essential link between cellular and humoral immunity, and little is known about their expression in monocytes of newborn infants. We compared baseline and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced expression of Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII protein and Fc gamma RI mRNA in monocytes from healthy, term infants and adults. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that baseline expression of monocyte Fc gamma RI in newborn infants was not significantly different from that in adults, while Fc gamma RII protein expression in monocytes derived from newborns was significantly higher than that for adults (mean channel fluorescence [MCF] for newborns and adults, 5.53 and 4.50, respectively [P = 0.039]). In vitro treatment with recombinant IFN-gamma increased the expression of Fc gamma RI in monocytes of newborns and adults to the same extent (2.4- and 2.2-fold increase in MCF in newborns and adults, respectively, at 42 h). We developed a semiquantitative fluorescence reverse transcriptase PCR which demonstrated a significant increase in mRNA for Fc gamma RI in monocytes of newborns and adults with in vitro IFN-gamma exposure, indicating that IFN-gamma acts by increasing the transcription or transcript stability of Fc gamma RI mRNA. While there was no significant effect of IFN-gamma treatment on Fc gamma RII expression in monocytes from adults, there was a 20% increase in Fc gamma RII in monocytes from newborns (P = 0.009). Monocytes from healthy, term newborns and adults exhibit comparable baseline and IFN-gamma-induced levels of expression of Fc gamma RI and higher baseline and IFN-gamma-induced levels of expression of Fc gamma RII.

Synthesis of analogues of acetylmethadol and methadol as potential narcotic antagonists

The N-allyl and N-(cyclopropylmethyl) analogues of (-)-alpha-acetylmethadol and (-)-alpha-methadol have been synthesized and evaluated for opiate agonist and opiate antagonist activity. Both acetylmethadol analogues possessed weak analgesic activity in vivo tests for narcotic analgesia; the N-allyl analogue partially antagonized morphine-induced tail-flick analgesia. All four compounds possessed only opiate agonist-like activity as determined by in vitro studies measuring inhibition of [3H]naloxone binding to opiate receptors.