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Probst H, Reed H, Stanton A, Simpson RM, Walters SJ, Simpson H, Brown G, Hielscher S, Bryan-Jones K, Johnson J, Horsman J, Din OS. A Randomised Clinical Feasibility Trial of a Breast Immobilisation Device: The SuPPORT 4 All Bra. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:801-810. [PMID: 37777357 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Despite the breast being a mobile organ, there is currently no standard suitable immobilisation device to optimise radiotherapy for women with larger breasts treated after a wide local excision. The SuPPORT 4 All (S4A) bra was co-designed with patients and radiotherapy professionals. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of using the S4A bra in the existing breast cancer radiotherapy pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomised feasibility trial was conducted in a single institution; the primary feasibility endpoint was the recruitment of 50 participants. Efficacy endpoints were also tested, including assessment of skin reactions, dose to organs at risk and patient comfort. Fifty women were randomised to receive either standard radiotherapy with no immobilisation (control) or radiotherapy with the S4A bra (intervention). A separate planning study was undertaken on the cases randomised to receive the S4A bra. Participants in the intervention arm (S4A bra) underwent two planning computed tomography scans, one with the bra on and one without the bra; allowing direct comparison of organs at risk data for S4A bra versus no bra. RESULTS All women who started radiotherapy wearing the S4A bra completed treatment with the bra; patient comfort did not change across the 3 weeks of treatment. Positional accuracy using the bra was comparable with existing published accuracy for methods without immobilisation. The mean ipsilateral lung doses showed some improvement when positioning with the S4A bra was compared with the no bra set-up (3.72 Gy versus 4.85 Gy for right-sided cases, 3.23 Gy versus 3.62 Gy for left-sided cases). CONCLUSIONS The S4A bra is feasible to use in the radiotherapy pathway with good patient adherence. The S4A bra has potential to reduce dose to organs at risk (specifically ipsilateral lung dose) while maintaining good breast tissue coverage, and improved patient dignity, warranting further investigation on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Probst
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - H Reed
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Stanton
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - H Simpson
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - G Brown
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Hielscher
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Bryan-Jones
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Johnson
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - O S Din
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
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Coker JF, Martin ME, Simpson RM, Lafortune L. Frailty: an in-depth qualitative study exploring the views of community care staff. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:47. [PMID: 30782120 PMCID: PMC6381739 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frailty is seen across various health and social care settings. However, little is known about how healthcare professionals, particularly those who provide care for older adults living in the community view frailty. There is also a dearth of information about the extent to which a shared understanding of frailty exists across the various disciplines of care. Such an understanding is crucial across care professionals as it ensures consistent assessment of frailty and facilitates interdisciplinary working/collaboration which is a key component in the management of frailty. This study aimed to explore: (i) how community care staff from various specialties viewed frailty; (ii) whether they had a shared understanding; and (iii) how they assessed frailty in everyday practice. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 22 community care staff from seven specialties, namely: healthcare assistants, therapy assistants, psychiatric nurses, general nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and social workers, recruited from four neighbourhood teams across Cambridgeshire, England. Interviews were analysed thematically. Results There was a shared narrative among participants that frailty is an umbrella term that encompasses interacting physical, mental health and psychological, social, environmental, and economic factors. However, various specialities emphasised the role of specific facets of the frailty umbrella. The assessment and management of frailty was said to require a holistic approach facilitated by interdisciplinary working. Participants voiced a need for interdisciplinary training on frailty, and frailty tools that facilitate peer-learning, a shared understanding of frailty, and consistent assessment of frailty within and across specialities. Conclusions These findings underscore the need to: (i) move beyond biomedical descriptions of frailty; (ii) further explore the interacting nature of the various components of the frailty umbrella, particularly the role of modifiable factors such as psychological and socioeconomic resilience; (iii) care for frail older adults using holistic, interdisciplinary approaches; and (iv) promote interdisciplinary training around frailty and frailty tools to facilitate a shared understanding and consistent assessment of frailty within and across specialities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-019-1069-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Coker
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
| | - M E Martin
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - R M Simpson
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - L Lafortune
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
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Sharkey LC, Simpson RM, Wellman ML, Craig LE, Birkebak TA, Kock ND, Miller MA, Harris RK, Munson L. The value of biomedical research training for veterinary anatomic and clinical pathologists. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:581-5. [PMID: 21971986 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811420583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pathologists traditionally have been actively engaged in research as principal investigators and as collaborators. Pathologists frequently obtain advanced training in research; however, it appears that in the last 10 years there has been a reversal of a previous trend toward increasing numbers of pathologists obtaining PhD degrees. This has arisen despite an established shortage of veterinarians engaged in research. This article evaluates the benefits of research training for individual pathologists, including a wide spectrum of professional opportunities and additional skill development beyond that usually provided by diagnostic pathology training alone. Various training models are discussed, including combined and sequential diagnostic residency and research degree training as well as the nondegree research fellowship programs more commonly pursued in human medicine. Best-practice recommendations for program infrastructure, mentorship, time management, and a team approach to research and research training are advocated to facilitate the development of successful programs and to encourage a continued emphasis on integrated training for pathologists as both clinical diagnosticians and experimentalists. This article is intended to help prospective and active pathology trainees, their mentors, and educational administrators optimize opportunities to ensure the future vitality of veterinary pathologists, and their contributions, in basic and applied research.
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Abstract
A 14-year-old girl developed dental pain and was treated for acute infected pulpitis of her right upper lateral incisor with drilling and filling. The pain continued and was helped by analgesia, sucking ice cubes and drinking cold water. Forty-eight hours later, she became confused and disoriented. She started to vomit and complained of headache. Investigations revealed hyponatraemia with normal serum potassium levels and initially normal urinary sodium excretion. Over the next 24 hours, she passed 5.45 L of urine and her serum sodium rose from 125 to 143 mmol/L. Self-induced water intoxication has been described during drinking games and initiation ceremonies, but this would appear to an unusual cause. Conservative management proved successful in allowing this girl to recover without sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK.
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Munson L, Craig LE, Miller MA, Kock ND, Simpson RM, Wellman ML, Sharkey LC, Birkebak TA. Elements of Good Training in Anatomic Pathology. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810377725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Munson
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | - L. E. Craig
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | | | - N. D. Kock
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | - R. M. Simpson
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | - M. L. Wellman
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | - L. C. Sharkey
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
| | - T. A. Birkebak
- M. R. Ackermann (Iowa State University), T. A. Birkebak (sanofi-aventis), T. W. Blanchard (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), C. B. Andreasen (Iowa State University), K. P. Carmichael (University of Georgia), J. M. Cline (Wake Forest University), G. L. Cockerell (ACVP/STP Coalition), L. E. Craig (University of Tennessee), D. G. Dunn (Covance), R. K. Harris (University of Georgia), N. D. Kock (Wake Forrest University), K. M. D. La Perle (The Ohio State University), D. E. Malarkey (National Institute of
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Christeller JT, Poulton J, Markwick NM, Simpson RM. The effect of diet on the expression of lipase genes in the midgut of the lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker; Tortricidae). Insect Mol Biol 2010; 19:9-25. [PMID: 20002216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have identified lipase-like genes from an Epiphyas postvittana larval midgut EST library. Of the 10 pancreatic lipase family genes, six appear to encode active lipases and four encode inactive lipases, based on the presence/absence of essential catalytic residues. The four gastric lipase family genes appear to encode active proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of 54 lepidopteran pancreatic lipase proteins resolved the clade into five groups of midgut origin and a sixth of non-midgut lipases. The inactive proteins formed two separate groups with highly conserved mutations. The lepidopteran midgut lipases formed a ninth subfamily of pancreatic lipases. Eighteen insect and human gastric lipases were analysed phylogenetically with only very weak support for any groupings. Gene expression was measured in the larval midgut following feeding on five artificial diets and on apple leaves. The artificial diets contained different levels of triacylglycerol, linoleic acid and cholesterol. Significant changes in gene expression (more than 100-fold for active pancreatic lipases) were observed. All the inactive lipases were also highly expressed. The gastric lipase genes were expressed at lower levels and suppressed in larvae feeding on leaves. Together, protein motif analysis and the gene expression data suggest that, in phytophagous lepidopteran larvae, the pancreatic lipases may function in vivo as galactolipases and phospholipases whereas the gastric lipases may function as triacylglycerol hydrolases.
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Gatehouse HS, Marshall SDG, Simpson RM, Gatehouse LN, Jackson TA, Christeller JT. Serratia entomophila inoculation causes a defect in exocytosis in Costelytra zealandica larvae. Insect Mol Biol 2008; 17:375-385. [PMID: 18651919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid elimination of midgut luminal proteinase activity and gut clearance are the two major symptoms of amber disease in Costelytra zealandica larvae because of the three-subunit protein toxin complex produced in Serratia entomophila and Serratia proteamaculans. Quantitative PCR analysis of mRNA from the major serine proteinase gene families showed that loss of proteinase activity did not result from transcriptional downregulation. Unexpectedly, protein levels and rates of protein synthesis increased, rather than decreased, in the midgut of diseased insects. Proteomic analysis of midgut tissues showed marked differences between healthy and diseased midguts. Large increases in soluble forms of both actin and tubulin were identified from 2D-gels, together with concurrent decreases in the levels of polymeric actin-associated proteins: actin depolymerizing factor and cyclophilin. These results suggest that the Serratia toxin acts to cause degradation of the cytoskeletal network and prevent secretion of midgut gut digestive proteinases as both the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules are involved in exocytosis. Proteinases synthesized in the diseased midgut must be rapidly degraded because they do not accumulate in an inactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Gatehouse
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Simpson RM, Newcomb RD, Gatehouse HS, Crowhurst RN, Chagné D, Gatehouse LN, Markwick NP, Beuning LL, Murray C, Marshall SD, Yauk YK, Nain B, Wang YY, Gleave AP, Christeller JT. Expressed sequence tags from the midgut of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insect Mol Biol 2007; 16:675-690. [PMID: 18092997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The midgut is a key tissue in insect science. Physiological roles include digestion and peritrophic membrane function, as well as being an important target for insecticides. We used an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach to identify candidate genes and gene families involved in these processes in the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Two cDNA libraries were constructed from dissected midgut of third to fifth instar larvae. Clustering analysis of 6416 expressed sequence tags produced 1178 tentative unique genes comprising 725 tentative contigs and 453 singletons. The sequences show similar codon usage to sequences from other lepidopterans, a Kozak consensus sequence similar to Drosophila and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected at a frequency of 1.35/kb. The identity of the most common Interpro families correlates well with major known functions of the midgut. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on representative sequences from selected multigene families. Gene families include a broad range of digestive proteases, lipases and carbohydrases that appear to have degradative capacity against the major food components found in leaves, the diet of these larvae; and carboxylesterases, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, potentially involved in xenobiotic degradation. Two of the larger multigene families, serine proteases and lipases, expressed a high proportion of genes that are likely to be catalytically inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Spehalski E, Martin PL, Rozenberg JM, Hoenerhoff MJ, Hoover SB, Walling BE, Vinson CR, Simpson RM. Progression to Heart Failure Modulated in a Conditional H‐Ras‐V12 Mouse Model of Human Cardiomyopathy. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Spehalski
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
| | - Philip L Martin
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
| | - Julian M Rozenberg
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute37 Convent DriveBethesdaMD20892
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
| | - Shelley B Hoover
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
| | - Brent E Walling
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
| | - Charles R Vinson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute37 Convent DriveBethesdaMD20892
| | - R M Simpson
- CCR Comparative Molecular Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute37 Convent Drive, Room 2002BethesdaMD20892
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Simpson RM. Thoughts on Animal Welfare Act compliance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:1749. [PMID: 15198255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Hampshire VA, Thomas ML, Bacher JD, Alling DW, Kindt TJ, Wyatt RG, Simpson RM. Thoracoscopy as a nonpharmacotherapeutic research modification for limiting postoperative chest pain. J INVEST SURG 2001; 14:109-20. [PMID: 11396618 DOI: 10.1080/08941930152024237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Diminished tissue injury and shortened clinical recovery are benefits of using an endoscopic approach for patients needing operative procedure. In the course of developing an experimental model requiring procurement of topographically precise lung biopsy specimens, we sought to apply thoracoscopy as a research alternative to thoracotomy. In addition, we investigated the influence of thoracoscopy on postprocedure recovery practices using rabbits divided into four treatment groups. Rabbit groups 1 and 2 underwent thoracoscopy and lung biopsy while maintained by one-lung anesthesia. Additionally, group 2 had ketoprofen and bupivacaine HCl analgesics injected for treatment during postprocedure recovery. These two groups were compared to control rabbits in groups 3 and 4, which underwent inhalant anesthesia without thoracoscopy. Control group 3 also received the injection analgesic combination. During recovery, rabbit behavior was systematically assessed for evidence of pain. No behavior considered indicative of pain needing intervention was observed regardless of treatment group. Limited changes in plasma corticosterone, catecholamines, and prostaglandin E2 levels measured during recovery were difficult to associate with any treatment. Unexpectedly, significantly different mean corticosterone and catecholamines levels were detected in rabbits given the injection analgesic combination in the absence of thoracoscopic procedure, as compared to other treatment groups. The results highlight the importance of awareness that analgesic drug administration has the potential to alter homeostasis and affect interpretation of some study findings by its own guise. Correlation of the mean pain study results with plasma biochemical data supports preferential use of thoracoscopy as a refinement for limiting postprocedural pain in research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Hampshire
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and the Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA
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Mahana W, Samaan A, Zhao TM, Kindt TJ, Simpson RM. Evidence for humoral and cellular reactivity against keratin and thyroglobulin in HTLV-I infected rabbits. Autoimmunity 2001; 32:57-65. [PMID: 10958176 DOI: 10.3109/08916930008995988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection was initially associated with T cell leukemia and a progressive neurologic disease but has since been linked to an increasing number of autoimmune disorders, including Sjogren's syndrome, uveitis, and polyarthritis. A survey of serum samples from a rabbit model of HTLV-I infection revealed that all had antibodies against keratin and thyroglobulin. Sera from several infected rabbits also reacted with collagen, while antibody reactions with other autoantigens tested, including DNA, were rare and sporadic. In addition to antibodies, cellular reactivity to keratin, but not thyroglobulin, was demonstrated by cellular proliferation in presence of IL-2 and keratin. Expanded cell cultures were positive for T cell activation markers and CD8. Association of the auto-reactivity with HTLV-I infection rather than random anti-cellular responses was supported by the fact that no antikeratin or antithyroglobulin was seen in uninfected controls, including that inoculated with uninfected lymphocytes. Finding autoantibodies in rabbits infected using naked HTLV-I DNA clones provided further assurance that infection induced the autoimmune reactions detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mahana
- Loboratory, of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH--Twinbrook Facility, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Simpson RM, Newcomb RD. Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins Cry1Ac and Cry1Ba to a 120-kDa aminopeptidase-N of Epiphyas postvittana purified from both brush border membrane vesicles and baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 30:1069-1078. [PMID: 10989294 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A 120-kDa protein was purified from brush border membrane vesicles of the tortricid moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) based both on its activity as an aminopeptidase and the ability to bind the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac. The purified enzyme had a pI of 5.6 and was a leucine aminopeptidase, with some isoleucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan aminopeptidase activity. Further characterisation showed that the protein was also able to bind Cry1Ba. During purification, the molecular weight of the protein decreased from 120 to 115 kDa due to the loss of a glycophosphatidinyl anchor. The protein was N-terminally sequenced and, using this information and conserved regions within other insect aminopeptidase-N (APN) sequences, redundant primers were designed to amplify the aminopeptidase coding sequence from E. postvittana midgut cDNA. The predicted protein sequence from the full-length cDNA was most closely related to the APN protein sequence from Heliothis virescens (61% identity) and shared other features of insect APNs including a Zn(2+) binding site motif and four conserved cysteines. The E. postvittana was expressed in Sf9 cells using baculovirus, yielding a protein of molecular weight 130 kDa, but with unchanged N-terminal sequence. Purified recombinant protein bound both Cry1Ac and Cry1Ba by ligand blot assays. However, despite the protein being expressed on the external surface of the Sf9 cells, it bound neither Cry1Ac nor Cry1Ba in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limited, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Kindt TJ, Said WA, Bowers FS, Mahana W, Zhao TM, Simpson RM. Passage of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 during progression to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma results in myelopathic disease in an HTLV-1 infection model. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:1139-46. [PMID: 11008104 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing functional differences in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) clones that mediate distinct outcomes in experimentally infected rabbits, resulted in a dermatopathic smoldering adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma following chronic infection with HTLV-1 strain RH/K34. During the 3.5 years' follow-up, HTLV-1 skin disease progressed to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. When infection was passed to several naive rabbits, progressive paraparesis due to myelopathic neurodegeneration, analogous to HTLV-associated myelopathy, resulted in one of 4 transfusion recipients. Similar proviral loads were detected in the two diseases, regardless of stage of progression or tissue compartment of infection. Complete proviral sequences obtained from the donor and affected recipient aligned identically with each other and with the inoculated virus clone. Existence of disparate pathogenic outcomes following infectious transmission further extends the analogy of using rabbits to model human infection and disease. Although the experimental outcomes shown are limited by numbers of animals affected, they mimic the infrequency of HTLV-1 disease and authenticate epidemiological evidence of virus sequence stability regardless of disease phenotype. The findings suggest that further investigation of a possible role for HTLV-1 in some forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kindt
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIH Twinbrook Facility, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Yuan Y, Crane DD, Simpson RM, Zhu YQ, Hickey MJ, Sherman DR, Barry CE. The 16-kDa alpha-crystallin (Acr) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required for growth in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:9578-83. [PMID: 9689123 PMCID: PMC21381 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the 16-kDa alpha-crystallin homologue of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the dominant protein produced by stationary phase cultures in vitro, it is undetectable in logarithmically growing cultures. By growing bacilli at defined oxygen concentrations, acr transcription was shown to be strongly induced by mildly hypoxic conditions. Acr expression also was found to be induced during the course of in vitro infection of macrophages. The acr gene was replaced with a hygromycin resistance cassette by allelic exchange in MTB H37Rv. The resulting Deltaacr::hpt strain was shown to be equivalent to wild-type H37Rv in in vitro growth rate and infectivity but was significantly impaired for growth in both mouse bone marrow derived macrophages and THP-1 cells. In addition to its proposed role in maintenance of long-term viability during latent, asymptomatic infections, these results establish a role for the Acr protein in replication during initial MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuan
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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18
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Simpson RM, Zhao TM, Schmidt Hubbard B, Said W, Kindt TJ. Source and route of exposure influence infectivity of a molecular clone of human T cell leukemia virus type I. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:711-5. [PMID: 9618084 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is typically asymptomatic, but does result in diverse diseases ranging from adult T cell leukemia to spastic neuromyelopathy. To date, differences in HTLV-I provirus structure have not been correlated with pathogenic or asymptomatic outcome of infection. Molecular clones of HTLV-I are now available and represent a powerful tool to link virus structure to pathogenesis. Present studies to explore in vivo infectivity and pathogenicity of an HTLV-I molecular clone, K30p, have utilized the rabbit as a model system. This clone was administered to neonatal or adult rabbits by several different routes and infectivity and pathogenicity were examined. Detection of antiviral humoral immune responses, presence of provirus in tissue samples, and isolation of virus in cultures of blood lymphocytes were used to establish systemic HTLV-I infection. Intramuscular, but not nervous system, exposure to K30p HTLV-I naked DNA resulted in infection. Conversely, neural exposure to T cells that had been transfected with the K30p HTLV-I DNA consistently resulted in systemic infection. Despite detection of HTLV-I provirus in brain and spinal cord of some infected rabbits, no clinical or neuropathological changes occurred. Source and route of virus exposure played a role in infectivity, but did not influence the pathogenic outcome of HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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19
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Simpson RM, Burgess EPJ, Markwick NP. Bacillus thuringiensis delta-Endotoxin Binding Sites in Two Lepidoptera, Wiseana spp. and Epiphyas postvittana. J Invertebr Pathol 1997; 70:136-42. [PMID: 9281402 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1997.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins from the midguts of the light-brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) and the porina caterpillars Wiseana cervinata (Walker), W. copularis (Meyrick), and W. jocosa (Meyrick) which bind the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin Cry1Ba were characterized using Cry1Ba labeled with Bolton and Hunter reagent. A comparison of two iodine labeling techniques on the toxicity of B. thuringiensis delta-endotoxins showed that labeling using chloramine-T substantially decreased Cry1Ba toxicity against the light-brown apple moth E. postvittana, whereas labeling using the Bolton and Hunter reagent had no effect on the toxicity of either Cry1Ac or Cry1Ba to this insect. The characteristics of Cry1Ac binding sites from E. postvittana midguts were determined by competitive binding assays using toxin labeled with 125I by both methods. The difference in values of binding site characteristics found by the two methods was shown to be caused by modification of the toxin by the conditions of chloramine-T labeling. The relationship between number and affinity of the binding sites and the toxicity of the delta-endotoxins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- RM Simpson
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Simpson RM, Hubbard BS, Zhao TM, Kindt TJ. Experimental perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by passage of infected T cells. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1337-43. [PMID: 9180172 DOI: 10.1086/516465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric AIDS typically follows transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from infected mothers to their offspring. The possibility that infected maternal-origin cells serve as a conveyance for mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission was investigated in a rabbit infection model. Administration of HIV-1-infected human T cells to pregnant rabbits was followed by evaluation of offspring, from newborn to 1.5 years of age. HIV-1 was detected in 11 of 19 vaginally delivered offspring born to mothers given infected cells during gestation. Interstitial pneumonias or lymphoid organ lesions, similar to those seen in human pediatric AIDS, occurred in some offspring. Persistence of inoculum cell (HLA)-specific gene sequences in offspring indicated that vertical transmission can be effected by T cell-associated virus. These results along with features of rabbit biology, including primate-type placentation, short gestation, and delivery of litters, suggest that the rabbit model is advantageous for studies of perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Twinbrook Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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21
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Simpson RM, Zhao TM, Hubbard BS, Sawasdikosol S, Kindt TJ. Experimental acute adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma is associated with thymic atrophy in human T cell leukemia virus type I infection. J Transl Med 1996; 74:696-710. [PMID: 8600320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) infection may lead to an acutely fatal adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL), but HTLV-1-infected people usually remain asymptomatic. Why only certain HTLV-I infections lead to acute ATLL, which is characterized by leukemic infiltration of multiple organs and immune suppression, remains unknown. A readily accessible animal model in which the spectrum of consequences resulting from HTLV-I infection can be observed would greatly aid studies of this retrovirus. New Zealand White rabbits inoculated with either HTLV-1-infected CD25+ T cells or cell-free virus, were serially necropsied at different intervals after death or humane sacrifice. Tissues were preserved at necropsy or cultured in vitro and subsequently prepared for morphologic or molecular examination. Rabbits inoculated with RH/K34, a productively infected rabbit T cell line that contains a monoclonally integrated full-length HTLV-I provirus, developed acute ATLL-like biologically malignant lymphoproliferative disease with lymphocyte infiltration of viscera; lymphomas consisting primarily of monoclonal expansions of RH/K34 manifested a variety of diffuse pleomorphic histologic types. Concurrently, lymphoproliferative disease was associated with onset of thymic atrophy in the presence of rapidly increasing thymic proviral load. In contrast, rabbits given two other HTLV-1 inocula, originally derived (as was RH/K34) using the human T cell line MT-2 as virus source, also became infected but did not develop thymic atrophy or the ATLL-like disease. HTLV-1 infection, thymic atrophy, and leukemic infiltration similar to acute ATLL occurred reproducibly in a New Zealand White rabbit model independent of RH/K34 inoculum and host histocompatibility. Thymic atrophy in RH/K34-inoculated rabbits, but not in rabbits given other similar HTLV-1, was consistent with immunosuppression sufficient to prevent rejection of the inoculum. Although the short, 8-day course of the experimental ATLL precludes its having a molecular pathogenesis identical to the human condition, the systemic consequences of acute ATLL, including its association with thymic atrophy, are closely modeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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23
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Abstract
Skin diseases ranging from infective dermatitis to cutaneous lymphoma have been associated with human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type I. A generalized exfoliative papillated dermatopathy occurred in a rabbit 20 months into a course of chronic HTLV-I infection. Biopsies revealed epidermotropic T cell infiltrates, including Sezary-like cells, that resulted in a pattern mimicking cutaneous T cell lymphoma. HTLV-I was isolated from affected skin, and virus expression was detected in cutaneous cultures. Sezary-like cells also occurred in circulation. Interleukin-2-independent lymphocyte cultures, established from blood exhibiting elevated CD8 T cell levels and CD25 expression, had polyclonal integration of provirus. The findings are similar to those in evolving adult T cell leukemia lymphoma and may represent a prelymphomatous change. The cutaneous lymphoproliferative lesion resulted from HTLV-I infection and further establishes the New Zealand White rabbit inoculated with the RH/K34 cell line as a suitable model for investigation of HTLV-I pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogentics, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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24
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Abstract
HTLV-1 is implicated in the development of diverse diseases. However, most HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic. How HTLV-1 infection leads to disparate consequences remains a mystery, despite extensive investigation of HTLV-1 isolates from infected individuals. As in human infection, experimental HTLV-1 infection in rabbits is generally benign, although HTLV-1-infected rabbit T cell lines that mediate lethal leukemia-like disease have been reported. We report here that thymuses from mature outbred rabbits inoculated with a lethal leukemia-like disease have been reported. We report here that thymuses from mature outbred rabbits inoculated with a lethal HTLV-1 T cell line (RH/K34) showed morphological and biochemical evidence of apoptosis, whereas thymuses from rabbits inoculated with nonlethal HTLV-1 T cell lines showed no signs of apoptosis. Exposure of rabbit or human lymphocytes to purified virus from RH/K34 caused rapid induction of apoptosis, providing an in vitro correlate to the pathogenic effects. By contrast, virus isolated from a nonlethal cell line mediated dose-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. These data implicate lymphocyte apoptosis as a potential mechanism by which the lethal HTLV-1 cell line causes fulminant disease and provide a means to identify factors contributing to HTLV-1 disease. Results from this HTLV-1 infection model can provide insight into variations in HTLV-1 pathogenicity in human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leno
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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25
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Simpson RM, Hubbard BS, Alling DW, Teller R, Fain MA, Bowers FS, Kindt TJ. Rabbits transfused with human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected blood develop immune deficiency with CD4+ lymphocytopenia in the absence of clear evidence for HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:297-306. [PMID: 7742043 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbits can be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), but no disease signs similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been reported to date. In our attempt to develop types of HIV-1 more virulent for rabbits, an immunodeficiency characterized by CD4+ lymphocytopenia and opportunistic infection was induced by transfusion from HIV-1-infected rabbits. The original donor was infected for 27 months; initial passage resulted in infection of two rabbits. Transfusions from these two infected rabbits. Transfusions from these two infected rabbits caused immunodeficiency in 12 recipients. One rabbit died at 3 months and a second at 8 months postransfusion with lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid organs; one of these and another of the CD4+ lymphocytopenic rabbits had opportunistic infections. Lentivirus-like particles were detected in thymus and spleen from an affected rabbit. Despite appearance of AIDS-like disease signs, antibodies to HIV-1 probes were detected in rabbits receiving passaged blood. However, RNA transcripts hybridizing with HIV-1 probes were detected in organs of some rabbits, implicating the initial HIV infection in the disease. Transfusion from uninfected donors produced no signs of immunodeficiency, which suggests the involvement of an HIV-related agent. The present data do not allow definitive characterization of the agent(s) involved in the immunodeficiency. Possibilities include activation of a rabbit retrovirus or, alternatively, development of a mutated HIV-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH-Twinbrook II Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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26
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Chouchane L, Bowers FS, Sawasdikosol S, Simpson RM, Kindt TJ. Heat-shock proteins expressed on the surface of human T cell leukemia virus type I-infected cell lines induce autoantibodies in rabbits. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:253-9. [PMID: 7508967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/169.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected cell lines were derived in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 8 rabbits. Each rabbit was then inoculated with its own HTLV-I-transformed cells, after which all but 1 rabbit had anti-heat-shock protein (hsp) antibodies in sera. Cell line RH/K34, which failed to raise a response to hsp70, caused lethal leukemia when > 2 x 10(8) live cells were injected into unrelated outbred rabbits. Rabbits injected with cell-free virus isolated from RH/K34 cells produced anti-hsp70 antibodies and became infected but developed no fatal disease. ELISA inhibition and flow cytometry analyses indicated that hsp molecules are expressed on the surface of RH/K34 and RH/K30, a nonlethal HTLV-I cell line used for comparison; surface hsp expression does not occur normally. Two proteins of approximately 72 and 93 kDa were detected by Western blot in extracts of RH/K30 cells. Presence of anti-hsp70 antibodies correlated with resistance to lethal doses of live RH/K34 cells, suggesting that hsp immunity may influence the outcome of RH/K34 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chouchane
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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27
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Simpson RM. Diagnosis and treatment of Halicephalobus (syn micronema) deletrix infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:1385-6. [PMID: 8276693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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28
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Sawasdikosol S, Hague BF, Zhao TM, Bowers FS, Simpson RM, Robinson M, Kindt TJ. Selection of rabbit CD4- CD8- T cell receptor-gamma/delta cells by in vitro transformation with human T lymphotropic virus-I. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1337-45. [PMID: 8376938 PMCID: PMC2191202 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro transformation of rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with human T lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV)-infected human or rabbit cells resulted in CD4- CD8- cell lines, some of which caused acute leukemia when injected into rabbits. Structural analyses of the proviruses from cell lines with diverse pathogenic effects provided no clear correlation with lethality. The rabbit lines were provisionally designated T cells because they express interleukin 2R (IL-2R) and CD5 and lack surface immunoglobulin, but none express functional T cell receptor (TCR) alpha or beta transcripts. A more detailed characterization of the HTLV-I-infected cells was required to determine cell lineage and its potential influence on pathogenic consequences. Probes for rabbit TCR gamma and delta genes were derived and used to detect gamma and delta TCR RNA transcripts, identifying the in vitro transformed lines as gamma/delta T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ lines were derived from PBMC of HTLV-I-infected rabbits and CD4+ TCR-alpha/beta HTLV-I lines were derived from rabbit thymus, eliminating the possibility that the HTLV-I isolates used here transform only CD4- CD8- TCR-gamma/delta cells. The percentage of gamma/delta cells in rabbit PBMC is relatively high (23% in adult rabbits); this with diminution of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in IL-2-supplemented PBMC or thymocyte cultures may account for selection of rabbit HTLV-I-infected gamma/delta T cell lines in vitro. The availability of well-characterized T cell lines with diverse in vivo effects in the rabbit HTLV-I disease model allows evaluation of roles played by cell type in HTLV-I-mediated disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA
- DNA Probes
- Gene Expression
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sawasdikosol
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Twinbrook II Facility, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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29
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Abstract
Comparison of nucleotide sequences determined for HTLV-I integrated provirus from two rabbit cell lines, RH/K30 and RH/K34, revealed greater than 99% identity to one another. Substitutions encoding amino acid interchanges were observed in the gag, pol, and rex regions whereas the env and tax proteins were identical in the two lines. Comparison with the human prototypic HTLV-I sequence revealed considerably more variation, especially in the viral envelope region where the rabbit sequences are identical. The HTLV-I lines differed in their potential to cause disease in rabbits: injection of the RH/K34 cell line caused human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma-like (ATLL) disease which was fatal within 10 days, whereas all rabbits injected with the same or higher doses of RH/K30 survived with a low-grade leukemia that showed evidence of acute rejection. Correlation of lethality with viral sequence was tested by injection of rabbits with two other rabbit cell lines with HTLV-I provirus identical to RH/K34 in LTR, gag, and env regions. The fact that only one of these lines produced fatal disease suggests that pathogenic determinants lie outside of these regions or, alternatively, that the structure of the integrated virus is not the sole factor in the cell lines' ability to cause ATLL-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Zhao
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID Twinbrook II Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
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31
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Sellon RK, Rottman JB, Jordan HL, Wells MR, Simpson RM, Nelson P, Keene BW. Hypereosinophilia associated with transitional cell carcinoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:591-3. [PMID: 1517134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 14-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of an abdominal mass and eosinophilia. Widely disseminated, transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was diagnosed histologically. To further characterize the eosinophilia, eosinophils were separated from other leukocytes and cultured in vitro. Harvested cells were evaluated for density and for in vitro survivability. Results of these tests, hyperplasia of bone marrow eosinophil precursors, and lack of tumor tissue eosinophilic infiltrates suggested that an eosinophilopoietic stimulus of undetermined origin was likely the cause of this cat's hypereosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Sellon
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606
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32
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Simpson RM, Gliatto JM, Casey HW, Henk WG. The histologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features of a blastema-predominant canine nephroblastoma. Vet Pathol 1992; 29:250-3. [PMID: 1320304 DOI: 10.1177/030098589202900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
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33
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Simpson RM, Gaunt SD, Hair JA, Kocan KM, Henk WG, Casey HW. Evaluation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus as a potential biologic vector of Ehrlichia platys. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52:1537-41. [PMID: 1952347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae), transmits several diseases among dogs including Ehrlichia canis infection. The role of Rhipicephalus sanguineus as a biologic vector for E platys, the rickettsial agent of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, was studied in dogs. Laboratory-cultured, pathogen-free nymph ticks were fed to repletion on dogs acutely infected with E platys. Tick engorgement coincided with the development of initial parasitemia and thrombocytopenia in the infected dogs. Following repletion, nymph ticks were allowed to molt under controlled conditions. One-month-old E platys-exposed adult ticks failed to infect naive dogs in animal transmission studies. The presence of E platys was not detected in midguts or salivary glands of similarly exposed adult ticks by use of light and transmission electron microscopy. These studies indicate that R sanguineus may not transmit E platys infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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34
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Abstract
We describe a case of the Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, where increasing ventriculomegaly, intraventricular bands, and subependymal pseudocysts were shown by ultrasound of the head. Subsequent neuropathology confirmed the hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Maclennan
- Department of Paediatrics, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary
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35
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Abstract
An avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex (ABC) immunocytochemical (ICC) stain procedure was optimized for detection of Ehrlichia platys antigens. Positive immunoreactivity was detected with dilutions of canine immune serum on acetone-fixed smears of platelet-rich plasma from E. platys-infected dogs. No E. platys antigens were detected when this ICC stain was applied to frozen or paraffin-embedded formalin- or acetone-fixed tissue sections from dogs with acute E. platys infection. Acetone fixation and freezing preserved ICC staining of ehrlichial antigens in infected blood platelets, whereas formalin treatment of similarly preserved E. platys-infected platelets nullified positive immunoreactivity. Significant E. platys infection of cells and tissues other than platelets may not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606
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36
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Barr SC, Simpson RM, Schmidt SP, Bunge MM, Authement JM, Lozano F. Chronic dilatative myocarditis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195:1237-41. [PMID: 2584122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi was believed responsible for causing chronic dilatative myocarditis in 2 female hunting dogs. Clinical signs included ascites, respiratory distress, thoracic effusion, cyanosis, and weak pulse with ventricular arrhythmias. Electrocardiography indicated first-degree heart block, chamber enlargement, and ventricular-based arrhythmias unresponsive to treatment. M-mode echocardiography of 1 dog confirmed bilateral cardiac enlargement and septal and left ventricular free wall thinning. Multifocal infiltrates of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and histiocytes, cardiocyte degeneration, and multifocal fibrosis were the predominant histologic lesions. Trypanosoma cruzi pseudocysts were infrequently found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Barr
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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37
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Abstract
Necropsy of a chronically lame 16-year-old thoroughbred gelding revealed granulomatous osteomyelitis and polyarthritis due to a widely disseminated infection by Micronema deletrix. Diagnosis was based upon the nematode's morphology with its characteristic rhabditiform oesophagus. Granulomata, often containing one or more centrally located M. deletrix, were observed histologically in sections prepared from femur, kidney, stomach, lung, adrenal gland and sublumbar lymph nodes. Neither verminous meningo-encephalitis nor cephalic granulomata, which are the more commonly described lesions, was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Simpson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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38
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O'Hare AE, Eden OB, Simpson RM, Donaldson A, Sainsbury CP. Cranial computerized tomography and cerebrospinal fluid procoagulant activity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1988; 5:103-13. [PMID: 3152956 DOI: 10.3109/08880018809031260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were studied using serial cranial computerized tomography (CCT) and cerebrospinal fluid procoagulant activity (PCA) for 5 years from the time of diagnosis. PCA was also studied in control children without neurological disease and in those with a variety of neurological disorders. Temporary elevation in the CSF PCA was observed during the phase of prophylactic central nervous system treatment in ALL and there was a late rise at 2-3 years off treatment. PCA also rose in the CSF following CNS disturbance in neurologically abnormal children, which suggests that the elevation observed in ALL is not specific to myelin disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E O'Hare
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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39
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Epstein RL, Ashworth RB, Simpson RM. Chloramphenicol concentrations in calf muscle tissue. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:2075-7. [PMID: 3767115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five 9- to 11-week-old calves were administered 2 doses of chloramphenicol prepared in propylene glycol (13.6 mg/kg of body weight IV; 6.8 mg/kg IM; or 13.6 mg/kg IM) at 24-hour intervals. Calves were euthanatized at designated times from 2 to 72 hours after the last dose was administered. Muscle tissues were collected immediately after euthanasia, and chloramphenicol concentrations in the tissues were determined.
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McCoy DJ, Simpson RM, Olcott BM, Aldridge B, Hodgin EC. Stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation secondary to atlantooccipital malformation in a Devon calf. Cornell Vet 1986; 76:277-86. [PMID: 3731783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atlantoaxial subluxation secondary to atlantooccipital malformation in a 14-day-old female Devon calf was corrected by alignment and stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. Stabilization was achieved by the ventral placement of pins and screws, and the dorsal placement of a figure 8 tension band wire. At 2 and 14 days post operatively, adequate alignment of the atlantoaxial joint was confirmed radiographically. Following surgery the calf improved clinically, but was terminated 14 days following the surgery due to a pneumonia. At necropsy the fixation was stable and spinal cord decompression had been achieved. It was concluded that this technique could be utilized to allow decompression, anatomical alignment, and stabilization of an atlantoaxial subluxation secondary to atlantooccipital malformation in a calf. At necropsy, there was gross and histologic evidence of congenital fusion of the basioccipital bone to the malformed atlas.
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Eden OB, Darbyshire P, Simpson RM, Besley GT, Moss S, Gentle T. Lysosomal isoenzyme profiles used to classify a case of acute undifferentiated leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1985; 59:109-14. [PMID: 3155960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb02970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal enzyme activities and isoenzyme profiles were measured in lymphoid and non-lymphoid leukaemic cells from childhood patients. High activities, especially of beta-hexosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase, were associated with leukaemic cells of myeloid or monocytic origin. Leukaemic cells from two children with acute myeloid leukaemia had a relative reduction in the B isoenzyme of beta-hexosaminidase activity, whereas in patients with non T, non B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, intermediate beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes were expressed. A patient is described on whom conventional marker studies were either negative or equivocal, but lysosomal enzyme markers were consistent with a myeloid leukaemia. This observation was supported by the clinical course of this patient.
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Abstract
Difficulty in resuscitating a neonate using bag and mask ventilation was followed by later episodes of apnoea and cyanosis. Intubation relieved the respiratory failure and revealed a large fleshy polyp obstructing the posterior pharynx. Computerised tomography showed there was no superior extension of the lesion and the polyp was removed completely on operation. Histological examination showed this lesion to be a dermoid or "Hairy Polyp".
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Abstract
Forty one cases of malaria in children less than 15 years of age were identified from the records of Edinburgh hospitals between 1961 and 1982. Annually children constitute 10 to 20 per cent of all cases of malaria in Scotland and since 1971 at least one case has been admitted to an Edinburgh paediatric unit every year. Non-immune children visiting relatives in the Indian sub-continent are the largest group at risk. Prophylaxis was not usually taken by the patients visiting Asia and the cases from Africa had not taken prophylaxis for the recommended month after departure. Nine families were identified in whom more than one member had malaria and screening of the parents and siblings of all cases is recommended.
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Fiedel BA, Siegel JN, Gewurz H, Simpson RM, Izzi JM. Comparison of the enzymatic sensitivities of the platelet receptor for human C-reactive protein and its functional relationship to the platelet IgG Fc receptor. Clin Exp Immunol 1982; 50:215-22. [PMID: 7172507 PMCID: PMC1536871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermally modified human C-reactive protein (H-CRP) and IgG (AHGG) each activate isolated human platelets to reactions of aggregation and secretion. As these molecules exhibit many functional similarities, we questioned whether they might also share a receptor on the platelet membrane. Neither plasmin nor phospholipase C altered the platelet response to H-CRP or AHGG, although these reagents enhanced the platelet expression to acid soluble collagen (ASC). Conversely, chymotrypsin treatment of platelets resulted in an elevated response to each H-CRP and AHGG, but not to ASC. These data suggest that the H-CRP and AHGG platelet receptors share characteristics which contrast with those of the receptor for collagen. However, monomeric IgG, which can bind with the platelet and inhibit the response to AHGG, exerted no effect on the platelet response to H-CRP. Further, a functional receptor for thermally modified human or rabbit CRP was detected on rabbit platelets in the absence of a demonstrable Fc receptor for aggregated IgG. These data indicate that the platelet receptors for the modified forms of CRP and IgG are distinct.
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Simpson RM, Prancan A, Izzi JM, Fiedel BA. Generation of thromboxane A2 and aorta-contracting activity from platelets stimulated with modified C-reactive protein. Immunology 1982; 47:193-202. [PMID: 7118160 PMCID: PMC1555513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), appears in markedly elevated concentration in the sera of individuals undergoing reactions of acute inflammation and tissue degradation. We previously demonstrated that like IgG, appropriately purified CRP could be thermally modified (H-CRP) such that it enhanced platelet activation in plasma and initiated platelet responses in isolated systems. We now report that this direct platelet activation by modified CRP results in the secretion of both platelet dense body and alpha-granule constituents, and is sensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of prostanoate endproducts following platelet activation with H-CRP revealed the formation of thromboxane B2 (the hydrated endproduct of thromboxane A2), an important endogenous platelet activator and contractor of vascular tissue; bioassay on rabbit aorta strips of supernatants obtained from platelets undergoing challenge with H-CRP supported the TLC analysis. Complexes formed between CRP and one major ligand, the polycation, were found to share certain platelet activating properties with H-CRP, as does latex-aggregated CRP. These data imply a potential agonist role for this acute phase reactant in platelet physiology and suggest that the interaction of modified forms of CRP with the platelet at sites of vascular damage could have pathological significance.
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Simpson RM, Bryan MH. Transcutaneous oximetry. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1982; 28:269-72. [PMID: 7126991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zaglul H, Carswell F, Simpson RM. A case of persistent pulmonary functional abnormalities in systemic-onset juvenile chronic polyarthritis. Eur J Pediatr 1982; 138:315-6. [PMID: 7128638 DOI: 10.1007/bf00442506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The widespread practice in newborn nurseries of screening asymptomatic small for gestational age (SGA) babies for TORCH infection has been evaluated. In a retrospective review, we found that, in 1979, in our nursery 23 (35%) of the sixty-six SGA babies were investigated for TORCH infection. No asymptomatic baby was investigated adequately to exclude infection. The two proven cases of congenital infection were both apparent on other clinical grounds, and neither would have been detected by our routine serologic screening. A review of published information on asymptomatic TORCH infections showed that, in the absence of other clinical signs of infection, intrauterine growth retardation is an unusual manifestation. Clinical investigation of TORCH infection should be confined to those babies with other clinical evidence of infection.
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