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McVey PA, Webster GK, Galayda KJ, Houk RS. Rapid diagnosis of drug agglomeration and crystallinity in pharmaceutical preparations by electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:112977. [PMID: 31810822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluate the applicability of electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (ELDI-MSI) to interrogate tablet formulations for the spatial distributions of ingredients. Tablet formulations with varying amounts of crystalline acetaminophen (the active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) were analyzed to determine if crystallinity could be evaluated via ELDI-MSI. ELDI-MSI concurrently imaged the (API, binders, and surfactants. The spatial distributions of amorphous API were very similar to that of the surfactants and different from that of crystalline API. The higher the crystallinity in the tablet formulation, the more agglomeration of the active ingredient was observed by ELDI-MSI. This study shows the capability of ELDI-MSI to diagnose agglomeration and crystallinity content in pharmaceutical preparations with little to no sample preparation. The ability to concurrently image APIs with other components provides valuable information as to their form in the tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A McVey
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Ames Laboratory-US Dept. of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
| | | | - Katherine-Jo Galayda
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Ames Laboratory-US Dept. of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R S Houk
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Ames Laboratory-US Dept. of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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2
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Jesche A, McCallum RW, Thimmaiah S, Jacobs JL, Taufour V, Kreyssig A, Houk RS, Bud'ko SL, Canfield PC. Giant magnetic anisotropy and tunnelling of the magnetization in Li₂(Li(1-x)Fe(x))N. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3333. [PMID: 24566374 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large magnetic anisotropy and coercivity are key properties of functional magnetic materials and are generally associated with rare earth elements. Here we show an extreme, uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and the emergence of magnetic hysteresis in Li₂(Li(1-x)Fe(x))N. An extrapolated, magnetic anisotropy field of 220 T and a coercivity field of over 11 T at 2 K outperform all known hard ferromagnets and single-molecular magnets. Steps in the hysteresis loops and relaxation phenomena in striking similarity to single-molecular magnets are particularly pronounced for x≪1 and indicate the presence of nanoscale magnetic centres. Quantum tunnelling, in the form of temperature-independent relaxation and coercivity, deviation from Arrhenius behaviour and blocking of the relaxation, dominates the magnetic properties up to 10 K. The simple crystal structure, the availability of large single crystals and the ability to vary the Fe concentration make Li₂(Li(1-x)Fe(x))N an ideal model system to study macroscopic quantum effects at elevated temperatures and also a basis for novel functional magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jesche
- The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - R W McCallum
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - S Thimmaiah
- The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - J L Jacobs
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - V Taufour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - A Kreyssig
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - R S Houk
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - S L Bud'ko
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - P C Canfield
- 1] The Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA [2] Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Zhao Q, Schieffer GM, Soyk MW, Anderson TJ, Houk RS, Badman ER. Effects of ion/ion proton transfer reactions on conformation of gas-phase cytochrome c ions. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010; 21:1208-1217. [PMID: 20430642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Positive ions from cytochrome c are studied in a 3-D ion trap/ion mobility (IM)/quadrupole-time-of-flight (TOF) instrument with three independent ion sources. The IM separation allows measurement of the cross section of the ions. Ion/ion reactions in the 3-D ion trap that remove protons cause the cytochrome c ions to refold gently without other degradation of protein structure, i.e., fragmentation or loss of heme group or metal ion. The conformation(s) of the product ions generated by ion/ion reactions in a given charge state are similar regardless of whether the cytochrome c ions are originally in +8 or +9 charge states. In the lower charge states (+1 to +5) cytochrome c ions made by the ion/ion reaction yield a single IM peak with cross section of approximately 1110 to 1180 A(2), even if the original +8 ion started with multiple conformations. The conformation expands slightly when the charge state is reduced from +5 to +1. For product ions in the +6 to +8 charge states, ions created from higher charge states (+9 to +16) by ion/ion reaction produce more compact conformation(s) in somewhat higher abundances compared with those produced directly by the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. For ions in intermediate charge states that have a variety of resolvable conformers, the voltage used to inject the ions into the drift tube, and the voltage and duration of the pulse that extracts ions from the ion trap, can affect the observed abundances of various conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Perdian DC, Schieffer GM, Houk RS. Atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization of plant metabolites and plant tissue using colloidal graphite. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:397-402. [PMID: 20069689 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal graphite is a promising matrix for atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Intact [M+H](+) and [M-H](-) ions are readily produced from a wide range of small molecule plant metabolites, particularly anthocyanins, fatty acids, lipids, glycerides, and ceramides. Compared with a more traditional organic acid matrix, colloidal graphite provides more efficient ionization for small hydrophobic molecules and has a much cleaner background spectrum, especially in negative ion mode. Some important metabolites, e.g., fatty acids and glycosylated flavonoids, can be observed from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and flower petal tissues in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Perdian
- Ames Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zhao Q, Soyk MW, Schieffer GM, Fuhrer K, Gonin MM, Houk RS, Badman ER. An ion trap-ion mobility-time of flight mass spectrometer with three ion sources for ion/ion reactions. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009; 20:1549-1561. [PMID: 19493684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This instrument combines the capabilities of ion/ion reactions with ion mobility (IM) and time-of-flight (TOF) measurements for conformation studies and top-down analysis of large biomolecules. Ubiquitin ions from either of two electrospray ionization (ESI) sources are stored in a three dimensional (3D) ion trap (IT) and reacted with negative ions from atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization (ASGDI). The proton transfer reaction products are then separated by IM and analyzed via a TOF mass analyzer. In this way, ubiquitin +7 ions are converted to lower charge states down to +1; the ions in lower charge states tend to be in compact conformations with cross sections down to approximately 880 A(2). The duration and magnitude of the ion ejection pulse on the IT exit and the entrance voltage on the IM drift tube can affect the measured distribution of conformers for ubiquitin +7 and +6. Alternatively, protein ions are fragmented by collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the IT, followed by ion/ion reactions to reduce the charge states of the CID product ions, thus simplifying assignment of charge states and fragments using the mobility-resolved tandem mass spectrum. Instrument characteristics and the use of a new ion trap controller and software modifications to control the entire instrument are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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6
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Gross CT, McIntyre SM, Houk RS. Reduction of Matrix Effects in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry by Flow Injection with an Unshielded Torch. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4898-905. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900568x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory T. Gross
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Sally M. McIntyre
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - R. S. Houk
- Ames Laboratory-U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Soyk MW, Zhao Q, Houk RS, Badman ER. A linear ion trap mass spectrometer with versatile control and data acquisition for ion/ion reactions. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008; 19:1821-1831. [PMID: 18838277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A linear ion trap (LIT) with electrospray ionization (ESI) for top-down protein analysis has been constructed. An independent atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization (ASGDI) source produces reagent ions for ion/ion reactions. The device is also meant to enable a wide variety of ion/ion reaction studies. To reduce the instrument's complexity and make it available for wide dissemination, only a few simple electronics components were custom built. The instrument functions as both a reaction vessel for gas-phase ion/ion reactions and a mass spectrometer using mass-selective axial ejection. Initial results demonstrate trapping efficiency of 70% to 90% and the ability to perform proton transfer reactions on intact protein ions, including dual polarity storage reactions, transmission mode reactions, and ion parking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Soyk
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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9
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Sears KC, Ferguson JW, Dudley TJ, Houk RS, Gordon MS. Theoretical Investigation of Small Polyatomic Ions Observed in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: HxCO+ and HxN2+ (x = 1, 2, 3). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2610-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. Sears
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jill W. Ferguson
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Timothy J. Dudley
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - R. S. Houk
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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10
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Bajic SJ, Aeschliman DB, Saetveit NJ, Baldwin DP, Houk RS. Analysis of glass fragments by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. J Forensic Sci 2005; 50:1123-7. [PMID: 16225219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is used to differentiate glass samples with similar optical and physical properties based on trace elemental composition. Laser ablation increases the number of elements that can be used for differentiation by eliminating problems commonly associated with dissolution and contamination. In this study, standard residential window and tempered glass samples that could not be differentiated by refractive index or density were successfully differentiated by LA-ICP-MS. The primary analysis approach used is Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the complete mass spectrum. PCA, a multivariate analysis technique, provides rapid analysis of samples without time-consuming pair-wise comparison of calibrated analyses or prior knowledge of the elements present in the samples. Probabilities for positive association of the individual samples are derived from PCA. Utilization of the Q-statistic with PCA allowed us to distinguish all samples within the set to a certainty greater than the 99% confidence interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley J Bajic
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University (ISU), Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
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11
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Mukherjee S, Rodrigues E, Aeschliman DB, Houk RS, Palmer LJ, Woodin MA, Weker R, Christiani DC. Urinary metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers in boilermakers exposed to metal fume and residual oil fly ash. Am J Ind Med 2005; 47:484-93. [PMID: 15898092 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boilermakers are occupationally exposed to known carcinogens. METHODS The association of urinary 1-hydroxy-pyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, with biomarkers of metal exposure (vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, and lead) in boilermakers exposed to metal fume from welding and dust particulates from residual oil fly ash (ROFA) was examined. A repeated measures cohort study was conducted during the overhaul of an oil-fired boiler. Twice-daily urine samples were obtained for 5 days and analyzed for cotinine, 1-OHP, and metals. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to model the multivariate relationship of 1-OHP to the explanatory variables. RESULTS Metal and 1-OHP levels were determined for 165 urine samples from 20 boilermakers and these levels increased during the workweek. However, the 1-OHP level was not significantly associated with any individual metal level at any time point. CONCLUSION This suggests that boilermakers were occupationally exposed to PAH and metals, but 1-OHP as a PAH biomarker was unable to serve as a surrogate marker of metal exposure for the metals measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Mukherjee
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Li F, Armstrong DW, Houk RS. Behavior of Bacteria in the Inductively Coupled Plasma: Atomization and Production of Atomic Ions for Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:1407-13. [PMID: 15732925 DOI: 10.1021/ac049188l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of perfusion chromatography (PC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is a fast, general way to monitor metal incorporation into bacteria. U+ signals from U incorporated intrinsically in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) are measured with 4 ms time resolution to investigate the behavior of individual cells in the ICP. When intact B. subtilis cells are introduced directly into the ICP, occasional U+ spikes are observed. The positive U+ spikes suggest that bacteria behave more like solid particles than wet droplets in the ICP, compared to previous studies of such transient effects in the ICP. Drying the bacterial aerosol does not eliminate the spikes. Lysing the bacteria by sonication increases the U+ response by 30% compared to that from the untreated sample. PC results from a 10 ppb U standard, partially lysed and fully lysed bacteria samples show that the intracellular U-bound species are released by sonication and are small in size. The atomization-ionization efficiencies for different elements (U, Ca, and Mg) from cells differ somewhat. Reducing the aerosol gas flow rate by 0.1 L min-1 improves the relative U+ response for unlysed bacteria to 85% of that for lysed cells, although the absolute U+ signal is attenuated greatly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Li
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Li F, Houk RS. Controlled dissolution for elemental analysis of sample layers by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a feasibility study. Appl Spectrosc 2004; 58:776-783. [PMID: 15282041 DOI: 10.1366/0003702041389256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous acid mixtures at room temperature are used to partially dissolve steel samples. The dissolved elements are washed off the surface, diluted, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a magnetic sector mass analyzer. The amount of material removed is measured from the amount of Fe dissolved and increases linearly with HNO(3) concentration in the etch acid. Analyte concentrations in the solid are determined from the signal ratio of analyte ion/Fe(+). The shape of a plot of mass of element removed vs. nitric acid concentration yields information about the efficiency of the removal process and the likely chemical form of the element in the sample. For elements like Mn, Al, and W in steel, these plots have the same linear shape as that for the major element (Fe), and the measured concentrations agree well with the certified values. For problem elements like Nb and Ta, the plots have two linear regions with different slopes, and measured concentrations are lower than the certified values. Laser ablation ICP-MS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements show these elements to be associated together in the solid in refractory grains that are not dissolved to the same extent as the Fe matrix. For steel, the amount of Fe dissolved corresponds to an average depth of at least 4 microm, or 20 000 atomic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Li
- Ames Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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14
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Aeschliman DB, Bajic SJ, Baldwin DP, Houk RS. Multivariate Pattern Matching of Trace Elements in Solids by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry: Source Attribution and Preliminary Diagnosis of Fractionation. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3119-25. [PMID: 15167791 DOI: 10.1021/ac0345042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) is used with two variations of principal components analysis (PCA) for objective, routine comparisons of forensic materials without time-consuming and destructive sample dissolution. The relative concentrations of trace elements in a solid sample are examined to provide a "fingerprint" composition that can be used for identification and source matching of the material. Residue samples are matched to bulk materials using PCA. Variation of laser focus and PCA are also used to diagnose the severity of elemental fractionation in two metal samples that are prone to fractionation, brass and steel. Such fractionation remains the most significant limitation for accurate quantitative analyses by LA-ICPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Aeschliman
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Zhang B, Li F, Houk RS, Armstrong DW. Pore Exclusion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Monitoring Elements in Bacteria: A Study on Microbial Removal of Uranium from Aqueous Solution. Anal Chem 2003; 75:6901-5. [PMID: 14670051 DOI: 10.1021/ac0348017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interstitial spaces between spherical particles in a packed column can act as a sieve that passes microorganisms below a certain size. If the bed is a perfusion-type material (containing a binary distribution of large and small pores), colloidal-size microorganisms are subject only to pore exclusion, while all molecules are subject to size exclusion among the various pores. Thus, microorganisms elute first, followed by macromolecules, and then small molecules. Coupling this separation method to an ICP magnetic sector mass spectrometer provides a sensitive, direct means to study the microbial uptake of heavy metals (i.e., uranium) from their surrounding environments. Multiple metal ions can be monitored in the microorganism and in the surrounding solution. In this way, definitive information can be provided for the remediation of radioactive waste sites. The effect of uranium on microbial growth is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Ames Laboratory-U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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16
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Kim JY, Hauser R, Wand MP, Herrick RF, Houk RS, Aeschliman DB, Woodin MA, Christiani DC. Association of expired nitric oxide with urinary metal concentrations in boilermakers exposed to residual oil fly ash. Am J Ind Med 2003; 44:458-66. [PMID: 14571509 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to metal-containing particulate matter has been associated with adverse pulmonary responses. Metals in particulate matter are soluble, hence are readily recovered in urine of exposed individuals. This study investigated the association between urinary metal concentrations and the fractional concentration of expired nitric oxide (F(E)NO) in boilermakers (N = 32) exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA). METHODS Subjects were monitored at a boiler overhaul site located in the New England area, USA. F(E)NO and urine samples were collected pre- and post-workshift for 5 consecutive workdays. Metals investigated included vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). RESULTS The median F(E)NO was 7.5 ppb (95% CI: 7.4-8.0), and the median creatinine-adjusted urinary metal concentrations (mug/g creatinine) were: vanadium, 1.37; chromium, 0.48; manganese, 0.30; nickel, 1.52; copper, 3.70; and lead, 2.32. Linear mixed-effects models indicated significant inverse exposure-response relationships between log F(E)NO and the log-transformed urinary concentrations of vanadium, manganese, nickel, copper, and lead at several lag times, after adjusting for smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Urine samples may be utilized as a biomarker of occupational metal exposure. The inverse association between F(E)NO and urinary metal concentrations suggests that exposure to metals in particulate matter may have an adverse effect on respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Li F, Byers MA, Houk RS. Tandem mass spectrometry of metal nitrate negative ions produced by electrospray ionization. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003; 14:671-679. [PMID: 12781468 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
M(NO(3))(x)(-) ions are generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) of metal solutions in nitric acid in negative ion mode. Collision-induced reactions of these ions are monitored in a tandem mass spectrometer (MS) of quadrupole-octopole-quadrupole (QoQ) geometry. For Group 1 and 2 elements, the M(NO(3))(x)(-) ions dissociate into NO(3)(-) and neutral metal nitrate molecules. These elements also form some M(x)(NO(3))x+1- clusters, especially Li(+). Metal nitrate ions from transition elements and Group 13 elements fragment into oxo products and also undergo internal electron transfer to leave the M atom in a lower oxidation state. To calibrate the collision energy, the dissociation energy of O-NO(2)(-) is found to be 5.55 eV, about 0.76 eV lower than a value derived from thermochemistry. The product ions from Fe(NO(3))(4)(-) ions have low formation thresholds of only 0.5 to 2 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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18
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Luong ET, Houk RS. Determination of carbon isotope ratios in amino acids, proteins, and oligosaccharides by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003; 14:295-301. [PMID: 12686476 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope ratios ((12)C/(13)C) are measured for aqueous solutions of tryptophan, myoglobin, and beta-cyclodextrin using C(+) ions from an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and a prototype twin quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS). (13)C/(12)C ratios can be determined with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of approximately 1%. This precision is close to the limiting value predicted by counting statistics (1.16%). Spectral interference on (13)C(+), presumably from (12)C(1)H(+), comes from the incomplete dissociation of myoglobin and/or beta-cyclodextrin, but not tryptophan. Decreasing the aerosol gas flow rate slightly from that which yields maximum signal eliminates this (12)C(1)H(+) interference. The count rate of the minor isotope ((13)C(+)) can be artificially enhanced by increasing the voltage of the (13)C(+) detector, and/or by shifting the ion beam splitter offset from the central axis. Instrumental modifications to the MS that improve the sensitivity are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise T Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Clemons PS, Minnich MG, Houk RS. Attenuation of Metal Oxide Ions in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Graphite Torch Injector. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00109a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shum SCK, Pang HM, Houk RS. Speciation of mercury and lead compounds by microbore column liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with direct injection nebulization. Anal Chem 2002; 64:2444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00044a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LaFreniere BR, Houk RS, Wiederin DR, Fassel VA. Direct detection of vacuum ultraviolet radiation through an optical sampling orifice: determination of nonmetals in gaseous samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00152a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plantz MR, Fritz JS, Smith FG, Houk RS. Separation of trace metal complexes for analysis of samples of high salt content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00177a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiang SJ, Houk RS, Stevens MA. Alleviation of overlap interferences for determination of potassium isotope ratios by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00162a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shum SCK, Houk RS. Elemental speciation by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with direct injection nebulization. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00069a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wiederin DR, Houk RS, Winge RK, D'Silva AP. Introduction of organic solvents into inductively coupled plasmas by ultrasonic nebulization with cryogenic desolvation. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00210a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pang HM, Wiederin DR, Houk RS, Yeung ES. High-repetition-rate laser ablation for elemental analysis in an inductively coupled plasma with acoustic wave normalization. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00004a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang LQ, Conzemius RJ, Holland GE, Houk RS. Reduction of signal reflections for fast-pulse recording with microchannel plate detectors. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00166a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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LaFreniere BR, Houk RS, Fassel VA. Direct detection of vacuum ultraviolet radiation through an optical sampling orifice: analytical figures of merit for the nonmetals, metalloids, and selected metals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00145a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alves LC, Wiederin DR, Houk RS. Reduction of polyatomic ion interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by cryogenic desolvation. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00034a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wiederin DR, Smyczek RE, Houk RS. On-line standard additions with direct injection nebulization for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00015a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thompson JJ, Houk RS. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection for multielement flow injection analysis and elemental speciation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00125a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Su H, Hou Y, Houk RS, Schrader GL, Yeung ES. Combinatorial screening of heterogeneous catalysis in selective oxidation of naphthalene by laser-induced fluorescence imaging. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4434-40. [PMID: 11575790 DOI: 10.1021/ac015513i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and the chemical industries. To be able to screen catalysts at high throughput will dramatically improve performance and reduce costs. Here we used laser-induced fluorescence imaging as a high-throughput screening technique in the combinatorial discovery of active catalysts for naphthalene oxidation. Binary catalysts of V-Mo-O, V-Sn-O, V-Ti-O, and V-W-O in various 15-member libraries were screened. Laser ablation ICPMS was employed to confirm the composition of the individual catalysts in the combinatorial library. The addition of MoO3, WO3, SnO2, and TiO2 to V2O5 did not improve the catalytic activity in the conversion of naphthalene to naphthoquinone, but the overall activity was found to increase for certain binary samples. The screening of ternary catalysts of V-Sn-Mo-O revealed that the combination of V (45%)-Sn (45%)-Mo (10%) gave 70% higher catalytic activity than pure V2O5 in converting naphthalene to naphthoquinone. Reaction temperature and sample preparation effects on the activity and selectivity of catalysts are also studied in a combinatorial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Su
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Wang J, Dreessen D, Wiederin DR, Houk RS. Measurement of trace elements in proteins extracted from liver by size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Anal Biochem 2001; 288:89-96. [PMID: 11141310 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are extracted from liver into aqueous buffer at pH 7 and separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer is used to identify those protein fractions that contain Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd, S, P, Mo, Co, Ca, or Mg. The experimental setup provides very high sensitivity. Measurements at medium spectral resolution remove polyatomic interferences for some difficult elements like Fe, S, and P. Some elements are found in different molecular weight proteins; for example, cadmium binds to four different protein fractions (>400 kDa, 70 kDa, and metallothionein). Other elements like Mo, Ca, and Mg are present only in low-molecular-weight proteins or other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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Abstract
CO+ and N+2 are separated with resolution of 11,000 [full width half maximum (FWHM)] using a conventional quadrupole mass spectrometer by applying square wave voltages to the entrance and exit lenses to trap or reflect the ions for multiple passes. A resolution of 22,000 (FWHM) with 63% of the total signal remaining is attained using multiple passes when ions are stored between injection pulses. Gated ion extraction also reduces the mass shift and number and intensity of artifact peaks and permits better resolution compared to the performance obtained when the ions are injected continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- MH Amad
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University 50011, USA
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Wang J, Houk RS, Dreessen D, Wiederin DR. Speciation of trace elements in proteins in human and bovine serum by size exclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. J Biol Inorg Chem 1999; 4:546-53. [PMID: 10550683 DOI: 10.1007/s007750050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are separated by size exclusion chromatography while atomic ions from the inorganic elements are detected on-line by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A double focusing mass analyzer provides very high sensitivity, low background, and sufficient spectral resolution to separate the atomic ions of interest from most polyatomic ions at the same nominal m/z value. The chromatograms show the distribution of the elements of interest between protein-bound and free fractions and provide the approximate molecular weights of those protein fractions that contain the elements monitored. The distribution of various elements, including V, Mo, Fe, Co, Mn, and lanthanides, in human or bovine serum samples are shown. Alkali metals and Tl are present primarily as free metal ions and are not bound to proteins. Inorganic elements spiked into the serum samples can be followed into various proteins. EDTA does not remove Fe, Pb, Sn, or Th from the proteins but does extract Mn from some proteins. Procedures for determining the effects of breaking disulfide linkages on the metal binding characteristics of proteins are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Leach JJ, Allen LA, Aeschliman DB, Houk RS. Calibration of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using Standard Additions with Dried Solution Aerosols. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980855i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Leach
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Lloyd A. Allen
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - David B. Aeschliman
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - R. S. Houk
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'an H. Amad
- Ames LaboratoryU.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - R. S. Houk
- Ames LaboratoryU.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
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Espenson JH, Tan H, Mollah S, Houk RS, Eager MD. Base Hydrolysis of Methyltrioxorhenium. The Mechanism Revised and Extended: A Novel Application of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem 1998; 37:4621-4624. [PMID: 11670611 DOI: 10.1021/ic980447x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The full kinetic pH profile for the base-promoted decomposition of MTO to CH(4) and ReO(4)(-) was examined with the inclusion of new data at pH 7-10. Spectroscopic and kinetic data gave evidence for mono- and dihydroxo complexes: MTO(OH(-)) and MTO(OH(-))(2). Parallel unimolecular eliminations of methane from these species account for the rate-pH profile; the respective rate constants are MTO(OH(-)), k = 4.56 x 10(-)(5) s(-)(1) and MTO(OH(-))(2), k = 2.29 x 10(-)(4) s(-)(1) at 25 degrees C. Some kinetic data were acquired with electrospray mass spectrometry to monitor the buildup in the concentration of perrhenate ions. Reliable signals for each of the isotopomers of ReO(4)(-) were obtained by this method with initial MTO concentrations of 160 &mgr;M.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Espenson
- The Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Houk RS. Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications Edited by Grenville Holland (University of Durham) and Scott D. Tanner (PE-Sciex). American Chemical Society: Washington, DC. 1997. x + 329 pp. $136.00. ISBN 0-85404-727-1. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja975652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Houk RS, Dreessen D, Wiederin DR. Identification of Inorganic Elements in Proteins in Human Serum and in DNA Fragments by Size Exclusion Chromatography and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometer. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9735970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Contribution from Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Transgenomic CETAC Technologies Inc., 5600 S. 42nd St., Omaha, Nebraska 68107
| | - R. S. Houk
- Contribution from Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Transgenomic CETAC Technologies Inc., 5600 S. 42nd St., Omaha, Nebraska 68107
| | - Dawn Dreessen
- Contribution from Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Transgenomic CETAC Technologies Inc., 5600 S. 42nd St., Omaha, Nebraska 68107
| | - Daniel R. Wiederin
- Contribution from Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, and Transgenomic CETAC Technologies Inc., 5600 S. 42nd St., Omaha, Nebraska 68107
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