Effect of Escapable versus Inescapable Shock on Avoidance Behavior in the Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)

Following exposure to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock, goldfish were tested on an avoidance task. Differences in latency consistent with the hypothesis that helplessness is learned were present only on the first block of five trials. While reliable differences in the number of trials to the first avoidance response supported an interpretation as learned helplessness, differences in the total number of avoidance responses did not.

Candida albicans in the oral cavities of diabetics

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA

CANDIDA ALBICANS IN LE CAVITATE ORAL DE DIABETICOS.—Le relation del saccharomycete Candida albicans con diabete e con morbo periodontal esseva studiate in 200 diabeticos a morbo regulate, 200 diabeticos a morbo non regulate, e 200 nondiabeticos. Le gruppos esseva subdividite additionalmente in categorias a subjectos edentule e dentule. Le saccharomycete esseva isolate non minus frequemente ab le cavitate oral del diabeticos que ab le cavitate oral de nondiabeticos. Lesiones periodontal esseva observate non minus frequemente in le nondiabeticos que in le diabeticos. Solmente le diabeticos a morbo non regulate exhibiva un levemente plus alte incidentia de certes del symptomas de morbo periodontal. In le patientes edentule le condition diabetic non pareva favorar le disveloppamento de inflammation del mucosa alveolar.