1
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Randazzo M, Smith PJ, Priefer R, Senzer DR, Froud K. The Audiovisual Mismatch Negativity in Predictive and Non-Predictive Speech Stimuli in Older Adults With and Without Hearing Loss. Multisens Res 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37673794 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Adults with aging-related hearing loss (ARHL) experience adaptive neural changes to optimize their sensory experiences; for example, enhanced audiovisual (AV) and predictive processing during speech perception. The mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential is an index of central auditory processing; however, it has not been explored as an index of AV and predictive processing in adults with ARHL. In a pilot study we examined the AV MMN in two conditions of a passive oddball paradigm - one AV condition in which the visual aspect of the stimulus can predict the auditory percept and one AV control condition in which the visual aspect of the stimulus cannot predict the auditory percept. In adults with ARHL, evoked responses in the AV conditions occurred in the early MMN time window while the older adults with normal hearing showed a later MMN. Findings suggest that adults with ARHL are sensitive to AV incongruity, even when the visual is not predictive of the auditory signal. This suggests that predictive coding for AV speech processing may be heightened in adults with ARHL. This paradigm can be used in future studies to measure treatment related changes, for example via aural rehabilitation, in older adults with ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Randazzo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Paul J Smith
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ryan Priefer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
- Magstim, Inc., Roseville, MN 55113, USA
| | - Deborah R Senzer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Karen Froud
- Department of Neuroscience and Education, Teachers College Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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2
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Chitta LP, Zhukov AN, Berghmans D, Peter H, Parenti S, Mandal S, Aznar Cuadrado R, Schühle U, Teriaca L, Auchère F, Barczynski K, Buchlin É, Harra L, Kraaikamp E, Long DM, Rodriguez L, Schwanitz C, Smith PJ, Verbeeck C, Seaton DB. Picoflare jets power the solar wind emerging from a coronal hole on the Sun. Science 2023; 381:867-872. [PMID: 37616348 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Coronal holes are areas on the Sun with open magnetic field lines. They are a source region of the solar wind, but how the wind emerges from coronal holes is not known. We observed a coronal hole using the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. We identified jets on scales of a few hundred kilometers, which last 20 to 100 seconds and reach speeds of ~100 kilometers per second. The jets are powered by magnetic reconnection and have kinetic energy in the picoflare range. They are intermittent but widespread within the observed coronal hole. We suggest that such picoflare jets could produce enough high-temperature plasma to sustain the solar wind and that the wind emerges from coronal holes as a highly intermittent outflow at small scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Chitta
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A N Zhukov
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - D Berghmans
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Peter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Parenti
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - S Mandal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Aznar Cuadrado
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - U Schühle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - L Teriaca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Auchère
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - K Barczynski
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - É Buchlin
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Harra
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Kraaikamp
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D M Long
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L Rodriguez
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Schwanitz
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P J Smith
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - C Verbeeck
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Solar Influences Data Analysis Centre, Royal Observatory of Belgium, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D B Seaton
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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3
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Cheng X, Priest ER, Li HT, Chen J, Aulanier G, Chitta LP, Wang YL, Peter H, Zhu XS, Xing C, Ding MD, Solanki SK, Berghmans D, Teriaca L, Aznar Cuadrado R, Zhukov AN, Guo Y, Long D, Harra L, Smith PJ, Rodriguez L, Verbeeck C, Barczynski K, Parenti S. Author Correction: Ultra-high-resolution observations of persistent null-point reconnection in the solar corona. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2372. [PMID: 37185588 PMCID: PMC10130028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X Cheng
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - E R Priest
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK
| | - H T Li
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - J Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - G Aulanier
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris - PSL, École Polytechnique, IP Paris, CNRS, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Universitetet i Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - L P Chitta
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Y L Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - H Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - X S Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Xing
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris - PSL, École Polytechnique, IP Paris, CNRS, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M D Ding
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - S K Solanki
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Berghmans
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Teriaca
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Aznar Cuadrado
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A N Zhukov
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Guo
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - D Long
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - L Harra
- PMOD/WRC, Dorfstrasse 33, CH-7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- ETH-Zürich, Wolfang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT J 22.4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P J Smith
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - L Rodriguez
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Verbeeck
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Barczynski
- ETH-Zürich, Wolfang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT J 22.4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Parenti
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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4
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Cheng X, Priest ER, Li HT, Chen J, Aulanier G, Chitta LP, Wang YL, Peter H, Zhu XS, Xing C, Ding MD, Solanki SK, Berghmans D, Teriaca L, Aznar Cuadrado R, Zhukov AN, Guo Y, Long D, Harra L, Smith PJ, Rodriguez L, Verbeeck C, Barczynski K, Parenti S. Ultra-high-resolution observations of persistent null-point reconnection in the solar corona. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2107. [PMID: 37055427 PMCID: PMC10102217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a key mechanism involved in solar eruptions and is also a prime possibility to heat the low corona to millions of degrees. Here, we present ultra-high-resolution extreme ultraviolet observations of persistent null-point reconnection in the corona at a scale of about 390 km over one hour observations of the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imager on board Solar Orbiter spacecraft. The observations show formation of a null-point configuration above a minor positive polarity embedded within a region of dominant negative polarity near a sunspot. The gentle phase of the persistent null-point reconnection is evidenced by sustained point-like high-temperature plasma (about 10 MK) near the null-point and constant outflow blobs not only along the outer spine but also along the fan surface. The blobs appear at a higher frequency than previously observed with an average velocity of about 80 km s-1 and life-times of about 40 s. The null-point reconnection also occurs explosively but only for 4 minutes, its coupling with a mini-filament eruption generates a spiral jet. These results suggest that magnetic reconnection, at previously unresolved scales, proceeds continually in a gentle and/or explosive way to persistently transfer mass and energy to the overlying corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cheng
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - E R Priest
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK
| | - H T Li
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - J Chen
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - G Aulanier
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris - PSL, École Polytechnique, IP Paris, CNRS, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, Universitetet i Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - L P Chitta
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Y L Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - H Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - X S Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Xing
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris - PSL, École Polytechnique, IP Paris, CNRS, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M D Ding
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - S K Solanki
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Berghmans
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Teriaca
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Aznar Cuadrado
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A N Zhukov
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y Guo
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - D Long
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - L Harra
- PMOD/WRC, Dorfstrasse 33, CH-7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- ETH-Zürich, Wolfang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT J 22.4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P J Smith
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
| | - L Rodriguez
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Verbeeck
- Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence - SIDC, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan -3- Av. Circulaire, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Barczynski
- ETH-Zürich, Wolfang-Pauli-Strasse 27, HIT J 22.4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Parenti
- Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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5
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Smith PJ, McKeown SR, Patterson LH. Targeting DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment using unidirectional hypoxia-activated prodrugs (uHAPs). IUBMB Life 2023; 75:40-54. [PMID: 35499745 PMCID: PMC10084299 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic tumour microenvironment (hTME), arising from inadequate and chaotic vascularity, can present a major obstacle for the treatment of solid tumours. Hypoxic tumour cells compromise responses to treatment since they can generate resistance to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The hTME impairs the delivery of a range of anti-cancer drugs, creates routes for metastasis and exerts selection pressures for aggressive phenotypes; these changes potentially occur within an immunosuppressed environment. Therapeutic strategies aimed at the hTME include targeting the molecular changes associated with hypoxia. An alternative approach is to exploit the prevailing lack of oxygen as a principle for the selective activation of prodrugs to target cellular components within the hTME. This review focuses on the design concepts and rationale for the use of unidirectional Hypoxia-Activated Prodrugs (uHAPs) to target the hTME as exemplified by the uHAPs AQ4N and OCT1002. These agents undergo irreversible reduction in a hypoxic environment to active forms that target DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A). This nuclear enzyme is essential for cell division and is a recognised chemotherapeutic target. An activated uHAP interacts with the enzyme-DNA complex to induce DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and tumour cell death. uHAPs are designed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional HAPs and offer unique pharmacodynamic properties for effective targeting of TOP2A in the hTME. uHAP therapy in combination with standard of care treatments has the potential to enhance outcomes by co-addressing the therapeutic challenge presented by the hTME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Cancer and Genetics Division, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Laurence H Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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6
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Ivan M, Fishel ML, Tudoran OM, Pollok KE, Wu X, Smith PJ. Hypoxia signaling: Challenges and opportunities for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 85:185-195. [PMID: 34628029 PMCID: PMC8986888 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is arguably the first recognized cancer microenvironment hallmark and affects virtually all cellular populations present in tumors. During the past decades the complex adaptive cellular responses to oxygen deprivation have been largely elucidated, raising hope for new anti cancer agents. Despite undeniable preclinical progress, therapeutic targeting of tumor hypoxia is yet to transition from bench to bedside. This review focuses on new pharmacological agents that exploit tumor hypoxia or interfere with hypoxia signaling and discusses strategies to maximize their therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Ivan
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, IU Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Oana M Tudoran
- The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Romania
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xue Wu
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul J Smith
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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7
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Miranda BH, Talwar C, Horwitz MD, Smith PJ. Aggressive paediatric camptodactyly: the evolution of a proposed treatment algorithm. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:1907-1915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Cram LS, Dobrucki JW, Holden E, Jacobberger JW, Robinson JP, Smith PJ, Staiano-Coico L, Tarnok A. In memoriam professor Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz - Cytometry pathfinder 1936-2021. Cytometry A 2021. [PMID: 33974357 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Scott Cram
- National Flow Cytometry Resource, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.,Visiting Scholar, Institute for Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jurek W Dobrucki
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elena Holden
- Former President and CEO, CompuCyte, Westwood, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - J Paul Robinson
- The SVM Professor of Cytomics, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul J Smith
- Emeritus Professor of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,CSO Oncotherics (Poland) Ltd, Profesora Michała Bobrzyńskiego 14, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lisa Staiano-Coico
- Dept. of Molecular Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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9
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Jackson AC, Pinter TBJ, Talley DC, Baker-Agha A, Patel D, Smith PJ, Franz KJ. Benzimidazole and Benzoxazole Zinc Chelators as Inhibitors of Metallo-β-Lactamase NDM-1. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:654-661. [PMID: 33211374 PMCID: PMC8114186 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial expression of β-lactamases, which hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, contributes to the growing threat of antibacterial drug resistance. Metallo-β-lactamases, such as NDM-1, use catalytic zinc ions in their active sites and hydrolyze nearly all clinically available β-lactam antibiotics. Inhibitors of metallo-β-lactamases are urgently needed to overcome this resistance mechanism. Zinc-binding compounds are promising leads for inhibitor development, as many NDM-1 inhibitors contain zinc-binding pharmacophores. Here, we evaluated 13 chelating agents containing benzimidazole and benzoxazole scaffolds as NDM-1 inhibitors. Six of the compounds showed potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values as low as 0.38 μM, and several compounds restored the meropenem susceptibility of NDM-1-expressing E. coli. Spectroscopic and docking studies suggest ternary complex formation as the mechanism of inhibition, making these compounds promising for development as NDM-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel C Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Adnan Baker-Agha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Dhruvil Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Paul J Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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10
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Randazzo M, Priefer R, Smith PJ, Nagler A, Avery T, Froud K. Neural Correlates of Modality-Sensitive Deviance Detection in the Audiovisual Oddball Paradigm. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060328. [PMID: 32481538 PMCID: PMC7348766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The McGurk effect, an incongruent pairing of visual /ga/–acoustic /ba/, creates a fusion illusion /da/ and is the cornerstone of research in audiovisual speech perception. Combination illusions occur given reversal of the input modalities—auditory /ga/-visual /ba/, and percept /bga/. A robust literature shows that fusion illusions in an oddball paradigm evoke a mismatch negativity (MMN) in the auditory cortex, in absence of changes to acoustic stimuli. We compared fusion and combination illusions in a passive oddball paradigm to further examine the influence of visual and auditory aspects of incongruent speech stimuli on the audiovisual MMN. Participants viewed videos under two audiovisual illusion conditions: fusion with visual aspect of the stimulus changing, and combination with auditory aspect of the stimulus changing, as well as two unimodal auditory- and visual-only conditions. Fusion and combination deviants exerted similar influence in generating congruency predictions with significant differences between standards and deviants in the N100 time window. Presence of the MMN in early and late time windows differentiated fusion from combination deviants. When the visual signal changes, a new percept is created, but when the visual is held constant and the auditory changes, the response is suppressed, evoking a later MMN. In alignment with models of predictive processing in audiovisual speech perception, we interpreted our results to indicate that visual information can both predict and suppress auditory speech perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Randazzo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; (R.P.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-877-4769
| | - Ryan Priefer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; (R.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Neuroscience and Education, Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; (P.J.S.); (T.A.); (K.F.)
| | - Amanda Nagler
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; (R.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Trey Avery
- Neuroscience and Education, Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; (P.J.S.); (T.A.); (K.F.)
| | - Karen Froud
- Neuroscience and Education, Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; (P.J.S.); (T.A.); (K.F.)
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11
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Holden E, Smith PJ. CYTO Innovation: Inspiring and Supporting Innovators in ISAC. Cytometry A 2019; 95:411-415. [PMID: 30882998 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Holden
- Executive Strategic Advisory, IVD and Biotech, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul J Smith
- Biostatus Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire LE12 9NP, UK
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12
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Smith LR, Smith PJ, Mugford KS, Douthwaite M, Dummer NF, Willock DJ, Howard M, Knight DW, Taylor SH, Hutchings GJ. New insights for the valorisation of glycerol over MgO catalysts in the gas-phase. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous glycerol solutions of up to 50 wt% were reacted over magnesium oxide catalysts at temperatures greater than 300 °C, the reactivity of which was compared to catalyst-free reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Karl S. Mugford
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Mark Douthwaite
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Nicholas F. Dummer
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - David J. Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Mark Howard
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - David W. Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Stuart H. Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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13
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Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hinderliter AL, Watkins LL, Hoffman BM, Sherwood A. Microvascular Endothelial Function and Neurocognition Among Adults With Major Depressive Disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:1061-1069. [PMID: 30093218 PMCID: PMC6165686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and endothelial dysfunction have been associated independently with poorer neurocognition in middle-aged adults, particularly on tests of frontal lobe function. However, to our knowledge, no studies have examined markers of microvascular dysfunction on neurocognition or the potential interaction between macro- and microvascular biomarkers on neurocognition in middle-aged and older adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Participants included 202 adults with MDD who were not receiving mental health treatment. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed using a noninvasive marker of forearm reactive hyperemia velocity while macrovascular endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. CVRFs were assessed using the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile and fasting lipid levels. A standardized neurocognitive assessment battery was used to assess three cognitive domains: executive function, working memory, and verbal memory. RESULTS Greater microvascular dysfunction was associated with poorer neurocognition across all three domains. Microvascular function continued to predict verbal memory performance after accounting for background factors and CVRFs. Macro- and microvascular function interacted to predict working memory performance (F = 4.511, 178, p = 0.035), with a similar nonsignificant association for executive function (F = 2.731, 178, p = 0.095), with moderate associations observed between microvascular function and neurocognition in the presence of preserved FMD (r61 = 0.40, p = 0.001), but not when FMD was impaired (r63 = -0.05, p = 0.675). CONCLUSION Greater microvascular dysfunction is associated with poorer neurocognition among middle-aged and older adults. This association was strongest in participants with preserved macrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- PJ Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - JA Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - AL Hinderliter
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - LL Watkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - BM Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - A Sherwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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14
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Smith PJ, Darzynkiewicz Z, Errington RJ. Nuclear cytometry and chromatin organization. Cytometry A 2018; 93:771-784. [PMID: 30144297 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear-targeting chemical probe, for the detection and quantification of DNA within cells, has been a mainstay of cytometry-from the colorimetric Feulgen stain to smart fluorescent agents with tuned functionality. The level of nuclear structure and function at which the probe aims to readout, or indeed at which a DNA-targeted drug acts, is shadowed by a wide range of detection modalities and analytical methods. These methods are invariably limited in terms of the resolution attainable versus the volume occupied by targeted chromatin structures. The scalar challenge arises from the need to understand the extent and different levels of compaction of genomic DNA and how such structures can be re-modeled, reported, or even perturbed by both probes and drugs. Nuclear cytometry can report on the complex levels of chromatin order, disorder, disassembly, and even active disruption by probes and drugs. Nuclear probes can report defining features of clinical and therapeutic interest as in NETosis and other cell death processes. New cytometric approaches continue to bridge the scalar challenges of analyzing chromatin organization. Advances in super-resolution microscopy address the resolution and depth of analysis issues in cellular systems. Typical of recent insights into chromatin organization enabled by exploiting a DNA interacting probe is ChromEM tomography (ChromEMT). ChromEMT uses the unique properties of the anthraquinone-based cytometric dye DRAQ5™ to reveal that local and global 3D chromatin structures effect differences in compaction. The focus of this review is nuclear and chromatin cytometry, with linked reference to DNA targeting probes and drugs as exemplified by the anthracenediones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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15
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Page T, Smith PJ, Beven KJ, Jones ID, Elliott JA, Maberly SC, Mackay EB, De Ville M, Feuchtmayr H. Adaptive forecasting of phytoplankton communities. Water Res 2018; 134:74-85. [PMID: 29407653 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The global proliferation of harmful algal blooms poses an increasing threat to water resources, recreation and ecosystems. Predicting the occurrence of these blooms is therefore needed to assist water managers in making management decisions to mitigate their impact. Evaluation of the potential for forecasting of algal blooms using the phytoplankton community model PROTECH was undertaken in pseudo-real-time. This was achieved within a data assimilation scheme using the Ensemble Kalman Filter to allow uncertainties and model nonlinearities to be propagated to forecast outputs. Tests were made on two mesotrophic lakes in the English Lake District, which differ in depth and nutrient regime. Some forecasting success was shown for chlorophyll a, but not all forecasts were able to perform better than a persistence forecast. There was a general reduction in forecast skill with increasing forecasting period but forecasts for up to four or five days showed noticeably greater promise than those for longer periods. Associated forecasts of phytoplankton community structure were broadly consistent with observations but their translation to cyanobacteria forecasts was challenging owing to the interchangeability of simulated functional species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Page
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Paul J Smith
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK; ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
| | - Keith J Beven
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ian D Jones
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - J Alex Elliott
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Stephen C Maberly
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Eleanor B Mackay
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Mitzi De Ville
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Heidrun Feuchtmayr
- Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
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16
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Meng F, Li X, Shaw GM, Smith PJ, Morgan DJ, Perdjon M, Li Z. Sacrificial Carbon Strategy toward Enhancement of Slurry Methanation Activity and Stability over Ni-Zr/SiO2 Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanhui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Greg M. Shaw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Michal Perdjon
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
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17
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Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Davis RD, Palmer SM. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction and mortality following lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:696-703. [PMID: 29087035 PMCID: PMC5820215 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests that postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common after lung transplantation. The impact of POCD on clinical outcomes has yet to be studied. The association between POCD and longer-term survival was therefore examined in a pilot study of posttransplantation survivors. Forty-nine participants from a prior randomized clinical trial underwent a neurocognitive assessment battery pretransplantation and 6 months posttransplantation, including assessments of the domains of Executive Function (Trail Making Test, Stroop, Digit Span), Processing Speed (Ruff 2 and 7 Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test), and Verbal Memory (Verbal Paired Associates, Logical Memory, Animal Naming, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test). During a 13-year follow-up, 33 (67%) participants died. Greater neurocognition was associated with longer survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.49 [0.25-0.96], P = .039), and this association was strongest on tests assessing Processing Speed (HR = 0.58 [0.36-0.95], P = .03) and Executive Function (HR = 0.52 [0.28-0.97], P = .040). In addition, unadjusted analyses suggested an association between greater Memory performance and lower risk of CLAD (HR = 0.54 [0.29-1.00], P = .050). Declines in Executive Function tended to be predictive of worse survival. These preliminary findings suggest that postoperative neurocognition is predictive of subsequent mortality among lung transplant recipients. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in a larger sample and to examine mechanisms responsible for this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- PJ Smith
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - JA Blumenthal
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - BM Hoffman
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - SM Palmer
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine
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18
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Abstract
Seventeen patients with urinary diversions present for between 10 and 17 years were examined endoscopically. The region of the anastomosis was successfully biopsied in 13 cases. Biopsy specimens were examined both histologically and cytologically. Urine was aspirated from the conduits under sterile conditions and sent for qualification of bacterial flora. Histology revealed a variable degree of villous atrophy, mucosal metaplasia, crypt hyperplasia and in one case, antral type gland metaplasia. The finding of hyperplasia was corroborated by flow cytometry which demonstrated a high percentage of cells in G2 and metaphase. The majority of cases showed a colonic type of bacterial colonization and mucin histochemistry demonstrated a colonic type of mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Thomas
- Department of Urology, Bristol Royal Infirmary
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19
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Abstract
Two cases are reported of ureteric obstruction due to retroperitoneal fibrosis following the use of intravesical formalin. This particular complication of this treatment has not previously been described.
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20
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Evans CD, Kondrat SA, Smith PJ, Manning TD, Miedziak PJ, Brett GL, Armstrong RD, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Rosseinsky MJ, Hutchings GJ. The preparation of large surface area lanthanum based perovskite supports for AuPt nanoparticles: tuning the glycerol oxidation reaction pathway by switching the perovskite B site. Faraday Discuss 2018; 188:427-50. [PMID: 27074316 PMCID: PMC5042134 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold and gold alloys, in the form of supported nanoparticles, have been shown over the last three decades to be highly effective oxidation catalysts. Mixed metal oxide perovskites, with their high structural tolerance, are ideal for investigating how changes in the chemical composition of supports affect the catalysts' properties, while retaining similar surface areas, morphologies and metal co-ordinations. However, a significant disadvantage of using perovskites as supports is their high crystallinity and small surface area. We report the use of a supercritical carbon dioxide anti-solvent precipitation methodology to prepare large surface area lanthanum based perovskites, making the deposition of 1 wt% AuPt nanoparticles feasible. These catalysts were used for the selective oxidation of glycerol. By changing the elemental composition of the perovskite B site, we dramatically altered the reaction pathway between a sequential oxidation route to glyceric or tartronic acid and a dehydration reaction pathway to lactic acid. Selectivity profiles were correlated to reported oxygen adsorption capacities of the perovskite supports and also to changes in the AuPt nanoparticle morphologies. Extended time on line analysis using the best oxidation catalyst (AuPt/LaMnO3) produced an exceptionally high tartronic acid yield. LaMnO3 produced from alternative preparation methods was found to have lower activities, but gave comparable selectivity profiles to that produced using the supercritical carbon dioxide anti-solvent precipitation methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Evans
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Paul J Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Troy D Manning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Peter J Miedziak
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Gemma L Brett
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Robert D Armstrong
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jonathan K Bartley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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Nesbitt H, Worthington J, Errington RJ, Patterson LH, Smith PJ, McKeown SR, McKenna DJ. The unidirectional hypoxia-activated prodrug OCT1002 inhibits growth and vascular development in castrate-resistant prostate tumors. Prostate 2017; 77:1539-1547. [PMID: 28944496 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OCT1002 is a unidirectional hypoxia-activated prodrug (uHAP) OCT1002 that can target hypoxic tumor cells. Hypoxia is a common feature in prostate tumors and is known to drive disease progression and metastasis. It is, therefore, a rational therapeutic strategy to directly target hypoxic tumor cells in an attempt to improve treatment for this disease. Here we tested OCT1002 alone and in combination with standard-of-care agents in hypoxic models of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS The effect of OCT1002 on tumor growth and vasculature was measured using murine PC3 xenograft and dorsal skin fold (DSF) window chamber models. The effects of abiraterone, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel, both singly and in combination with OCT1002, were also compared. RESULTS The hypoxia-targeting ability of OCT1002 effectively controls PC3 tumor growth. The effect was evident for at least 42 days after exposure to a single dose (30 mg/kg) and was comparable to, or better than, drugs currently used in the clinic. In DSF experiments OCT1002 caused vascular collapse in the PC3 tumors and inhibited the revascularization seen in controls. In this model OCT1002 also enhanced the anti-tumor effects of abiraterone, cabazitaxel, and docetaxel; an effect which was accompanied by a more prolonged reduction in tumor vasculature density. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide the first evidence that OCT1002 can be an effective agent in treating hypoxic, castrate-resistant prostate tumors, either singly or in combination with established chemotherapeutics for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Nesbitt
- Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel J Errington
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- BioStatus Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Smith
- OncoTherics Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie R McKeown
- Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- OncoTherics Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Declan J McKenna
- Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Page T, Smith PJ, Beven KJ, Jones ID, Elliott JA, Maberly SC, Mackay EB, De Ville M, Feuchtmayr H. Constraining uncertainty and process-representation in an algal community lake model using high frequency in-lake observations. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Smith PJ, Kondrat SA, Carter JH, Chater PA, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Spencer MS, Hutchings GJ. Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation of Amorphous Copper-Zinc Georgeite and Acetate Precursors for the Preparation of Ambient-Pressure Water-Gas-Shift Copper/Zinc Oxide Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2017; 9:1621-1631. [PMID: 28706569 PMCID: PMC5485020 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of copper–zinc acetate and zincian georgeite precursors have been produced by supercritical CO2 antisolvent (SAS) precipitation as precursors to Cu/ZnO catalysts for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction. The amorphous materials were prepared by varying the water/ethanol volumetric ratio in the initial metal acetate solutions. Water addition promoted georgeite formation at the expense of mixed metal acetates, which are formed in the absence of the water co‐solvent. Optimum SAS precipitation occurs without water to give high surface areas, whereas high water content gives inferior surface areas and copper–zinc segregation. Calcination of the acetates is exothermic, producing a mixture of metal oxides with high crystallinity. However, thermal decomposition of zincian georgeite resulted in highly dispersed CuO and ZnO crystallites with poor structural order. The georgeite‐derived catalysts give superior WGS performance to the acetate‐derived catalysts, which is attributed to enhanced copper–zinc interactions that originate from the precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - James H Carter
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Jonathan K Bartley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Michael S Spencer
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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24
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Hayward JS, Smith PJ, Kondrat SA, Bowker M, Hutchings GJ. The Effects of Secondary Oxides on Copper-Based Catalysts for Green Methanol Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2017; 9:1655-1662. [PMID: 28706570 PMCID: PMC5485065 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 have been produced by two main methods: co-precipitation and supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) precipitation. These two methods are compared, along with the behaviour of copper supported on Zn, Mg, Mn, and Ce oxides. Although the SAS method produces initially active material with high Cu specific surface area, they appear to be unstable during reaction losing significant amounts of surface area and hence activity. The CuZn catalysts prepared by co-precipitation, however, showed much greater thermal and reactive stability than the other materials. There appeared to be the usual near-linear dependence of activity upon Cu specific area, though the initial performance relationship was different from that post-reaction, after some loss of surface area. The formation of the malachite precursor, as reported before, is important for good activity and stability, whereas if copper oxides are formed during the synthesis and ageing process, then a detrimental effect on these properties is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Hayward
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteMain Building, Cardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteMain Building, Cardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Simon A. Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteMain Building, Cardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Michael Bowker
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteMain Building, Cardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton LabHarwell OxfordOxfordOX11 0FAUK
| | - Graham J. Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteMain Building, Cardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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25
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Cavallo AV, Smith PJ, Morley S, Morsi AW. Non-Vascularized Free Toe Phalanx Transfers in Congenital Hand Deformities – the Great Ormond Street Experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 28:520-7. [PMID: 14599822 DOI: 10.1016/s0266-7681(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many options of varying complexity are available for the management of congenital short digits resulting from aphalangia in symbrachydactyly and constriction ring syndrome. We have used non-vascularized free toe phalanx transfers for these children when a vascularized toe transfer has been contraindicated. We describe our technique and experience with 22 children who underwent a total of 64 transfers of the proximal (35) or middle (29) toe phalanges (average 3 per child). The mean age at initial surgery was 15 months, and the mean follow-up was 5 years. Duration of time until epiphyseal closure could not be determined accurately, but total digital elongation averaged 6 mm. Complications of this technique include joint instability, premature epiphyseal closure and, in one patient, infection and graft loss. Donor site deformity was determined according to measured growth deficit and toe function. This technique is a simple option for digital elongation and, if performed in the appropriate age group in short fingered and monodactylous subtypes of symbrachydactyly, has the potential to allow growth and function with minimal donor site deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Cavallo
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, UK
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26
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Smith PJ, Kondrat SA, Chater PA, Yeo BR, Shaw GM, Lu L, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Spencer MS, Kiely CJ, Kelly GJ, Park CW, Hutchings GJ. A new class of Cu/ZnO catalysts derived from zincian georgeite precursors prepared by co-precipitation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2436-2447. [PMID: 28451351 PMCID: PMC5369406 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zincian georgeite, an amorphous copper–zinc hydroxycarbonate, has been prepared by co-precipitation using acetate salts and ammonium carbonate.
Zincian georgeite, an amorphous copper–zinc hydroxycarbonate, has been prepared by co-precipitation using acetate salts and ammonium carbonate. Incorporation of zinc into the georgeite phase and mild ageing conditions inhibits crystallisation into zincian malachite or aurichalcite. This zincian georgeite precursor was used to prepare a Cu/ZnO catalyst, which exhibits a superior performance to a zincian malachite derived catalyst for methanol synthesis and the low temperature water–gas shift (LTS) reaction. Furthermore, the enhanced LTS activity and stability in comparison to that of a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, indicates that the addition of alumina as a stabiliser may not be required for the zincian georgeite derived Cu/ZnO catalyst. The enhanced performance is partly attributed to the exclusion of alkali metals from the synthesis procedure, which are known to act as catalyst poisons. The effect of residual sodium on the microstructural properties of the catalyst precursor was investigated further from preparations using sodium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | | | - Benjamin R Yeo
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Greg M Shaw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , USA
| | - Jonathan K Bartley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Michael S Spencer
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , USA
| | - Gordon J Kelly
- Johnson Matthey , PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue , Cleveland , TS23 1LB , UK
| | - Colin W Park
- Johnson Matthey , PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue , Cleveland , TS23 1LB , UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
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27
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Kondrat SA, Smith PJ, Carter JH, Hayward JS, Pudge GJ, Shaw G, Spencer MS, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Hutchings GJ. The effect of sodium species on methanol synthesis and water–gas shift Cu/ZnO catalysts: utilising high purity zincian georgeite. Faraday Discuss 2017; 197:287-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sodium species on the physical and catalytic properties of Cu/ZnO catalysts derived from zincian georgeite has been investigated. Catalysts prepared with <100 ppm to 2.1 wt% Na+, using a supercritical CO2 antisolvent technique, were characterised and tested for the low temperature water–gas shift reaction and also CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. It was found that zincian georgeite catalyst precursor stability was dependent on the Na+ concentration, with the 2.1 wt% Na+-containing sample uncontrollably ageing to malachite and sodium zinc carbonate. Samples with lower Na+ contents (<100–2500 ppm) remained as the amorphous zincian georgeite phase, which on calcination and reduction resulted in similar CuO/Cu particle sizes and Cu surface areas. The aged 2.1 wt% Na+ containing sample, after calcination and reduction, was found to comprise of larger CuO crystallites and a lower Cu surface area. However, calcination of the high Na+ sample immediately after precipitation (before ageing) resulted in a comparable CuO/Cu particle size to the lower (<100–2500 ppm) Na+ containing samples, but with a lower Cu surface area, which indicates that Na+ species block Cu sites. Activity of the catalysts for the water–gas shift reaction and methanol yields in the methanol synthesis reaction correlated with Na+ content, suggesting that Na+ directly poisons the catalyst. In situ XRD analysis showed that the ZnO crystallite size and consequently Cu crystallite size increased dramatically in the presence of water in a syn-gas reaction mixture, showing that stabilisation of nanocrystalline ZnO is required. Sodium species have a moderate effect on ZnO and Cu crystallite growth rate, with lower Na+ content resulting in slightly reduced rates of growth under reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Greg Shaw
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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28
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Smith PJ, Chattopadhyay PK. Re-visiting Fc-receptor blocking maneuvers in man. Cytometry A 2016; 89:975-977. [PMID: 27870535 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Cancer & Genetics Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-3015
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Nesbitt H, Byrne NM, Williams SN, Ming L, Worthington J, Errington RJ, Patterson LH, Smith PJ, McKeown SR, McKenna DJ. Targeting Hypoxic Prostate Tumors Using the Novel Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug OCT1002 Inhibits Expression of Genes Associated with Malignant Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1797-1808. [PMID: 27697998 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To understand the role of hypoxia in prostate tumor progression and to evaluate the ability of the novel unidirectional hypoxia-activated prodrug OCT1002 to enhance the antitumor effect of bicalutamide.Experimental Design: The effect of OCT1002 on prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC3) was measured in normoxia and hypoxia in vitroIn vivo, tumor growth and lung metastases were measured in mice treated with bicalutamide, OCT1002, or a combination. Dorsal skin fold chambers were used to image tumor vasculature in vivo Longitudinal gene expression changes in tumors were analyzed using PCR.Results: Reduction of OCT1002 to its active form (OCT1001) decreased prostate cancer cell viability. In LNCaP-luc spheroids, OCT1002 caused increased apoptosis and decreased clonogenicity. In vivo, treatment with OCT1002 alone, or with bicalutamide, showed significantly greater tumor growth control and reduced lung metastases compared with controls. Reestablishment of the tumor microvasculature following bicalutamide-induced vascular collapse is inhibited by OCT1002. Significantly, the upregulation of RUNX2 and its targets caused by bicalutamide alone was blocked by OCT1002.Conclusions: OCT1002 selectively targets hypoxic tumor cells and enhances the antitumor efficacy of bicalutamide. Furthermore, bicalutamide caused changes in gene expression, which indicated progression to a more malignant genotype; OCT1002 blocked these effects, emphasizing that more attention should be attached to understanding genetic changes that may occur during treatment. Early targeting of hypoxic cells with OCT1002 can provide a means of inhibiting prostate tumor growth and malignant progression. This is of importance for the design and refinement of existing androgen-deprivation regimens in the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1797-808. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Nesbitt
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Niall M Byrne
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Louise Ming
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Worthington
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,Axis Bioservices Ltd, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J Errington
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,BioStatus Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Smith
- OncoTherics Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie R McKeown
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.,OncoTherics Ltd, Shepshed, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Declan J McKenna
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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30
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Abstract
Following exposure to either escapable, inescapable, or no shock, goldfish were tested on an avoidance task. Differences in latency consistent with the hypothesis that helplessness is learned were present only on the first block of five trials. While reliable differences in the number of trials to the first avoidance response supported an interpretation as learned helplessness, differences in the total number of avoidance responses did not.
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31
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Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA. Response to "Does Sleep Play a Role in the Relationship Among Depression, Anxiety, and Mortality in Lung Transplanted Patients?". Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2495. [PMID: 27105775 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - J A Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Smith
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
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34
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Ta VD, Carter RM, Esenturk E, Connaughton C, Wasley TJ, Li J, Kay RW, Stringer J, Smith PJ, Shephard JD. Dynamically controlled deposition of colloidal nanoparticle suspension in evaporating drops using laser radiation. Soft Matter 2016; 12:4530-6. [PMID: 27094902 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of the distribution of polystyrene suspended nanoparticles in evaporating droplets is investigated using a 2.9 μm high power laser. Under laser radiation a droplet is locally heated and fluid flows are induced that overcome the capillary flow, and thus a reversal of the coffee-stain effect is observed. Suspension particles are accumulated in a localised area, one order of magnitude smaller than the original droplet size. By scanning the laser beam over the droplet, particles can be deposited in an arbitrary pattern. This finding raises the possibility for direct laser writing of suspended particles through a liquid layer. Furthermore, a highly uniform coating is possible by manipulating the laser beam diameter and exposure time. The effect is expected to be universally applicable to aqueous solutions independent of solutes (either particles or molecules) and deposited substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Ta
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - R M Carter
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - E Esenturk
- Warwick Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK and Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - C Connaughton
- Warwick Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK and Centre for Complexity Science, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - T J Wasley
- Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Li
- Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - R W Kay
- Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Stringer
- Laboratory of Applied Inkjet Printing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4BJ, UK and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - P J Smith
- Laboratory of Applied Inkjet Printing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4BJ, UK
| | - J D Shephard
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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35
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Kondrat SA, Smith PJ, Wells PP, Chater PA, Carter JH, Morgan DJ, Fiordaliso EM, Wagner JB, Davies TE, Lu L, Bartley JK, Taylor SH, Spencer MS, Kiely CJ, Kelly GJ, Park CW, Rosseinsky MJ, Hutchings GJ. Stable amorphous georgeite as a precursor to a high-activity catalyst. Nature 2016; 531:83-7. [PMID: 26878237 DOI: 10.1038/nature16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Copper and zinc form an important group of hydroxycarbonate minerals that include zincian malachite, aurichalcite, rosasite and the exceptionally rare and unstable--and hence little known and largely ignored--georgeite. The first three of these minerals are widely used as catalyst precursors for the industrially important methanol-synthesis and low-temperature water-gas shift (LTS) reactions, with the choice of precursor phase strongly influencing the activity of the final catalyst. The preferred phase is usually zincian malachite. This is prepared by a co-precipitation method that involves the transient formation of georgeite; with few exceptions it uses sodium carbonate as the carbonate source, but this also introduces sodium ions--a potential catalyst poison. Here we show that supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation using carbon dioxide (refs 13, 14), a process that exploits the high diffusion rates and solvation power of supercritical carbon dioxide to rapidly expand and supersaturate solutions, can be used to prepare copper/zinc hydroxycarbonate precursors with low sodium content. These include stable georgeite, which we find to be a precursor to highly active methanol-synthesis and superior LTS catalysts. Our findings highlight the value of advanced synthesis methods in accessing unusual mineral phases, and show that there is room for exploring improvements to established industrial catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Kondrat
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Paul J Smith
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Peter P Wells
- The UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0FA, UK.,Kathleen Lonsdale Building, Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Philip A Chater
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - James H Carter
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Elisabetta M Fiordaliso
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Davies
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Jonathan K Bartley
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Michael S Spencer
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Gordon J Kelly
- Johnson Matthey, PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue, Cleveland TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Colin W Park
- Johnson Matthey, PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue, Cleveland TS23 1LB, UK
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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36
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Kredo T, Mauff K, Workman L, Van der Walt JS, Wiesner L, Smith PJ, Maartens G, Cohen K, Barnes KI. The interaction between artemether-lumefantrine and lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 26818566 PMCID: PMC4728832 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemether-lumefantrine is currently the most widely recommended treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Lopinavir–based antiretroviral therapy is the commonly recommended second-line HIV treatment. Artemether and lumefantrine are metabolised by cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4, which lopinavir/ritonavir inhibits, potentially causing clinically important drug-drug interactions. Methods An adaptive, parallel-design safety and pharmacokinetic study was conducted in HIV-infected (malaria-negative) patients: antiretroviral-naïve and those stable on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretrovirals. Both groups received the recommended six-dose artemether-lumefantrine treatment. The primary outcome was day-7 lumefantrine concentrations, as these correlate with antimalarial efficacy. Adverse events were solicited throughout the study, recording the onset, duration, severity, and relationship to artemether-lumefantrine. Results We enrolled 34 patients. Median day-7 lumefantrine concentrations were almost 10-fold higher in the lopinavir than the antiretroviral-naïve group [3170 versus 336 ng/mL; p = 0.0001], with AUC(0-inf) and Cmax increased five-fold [2478 versus 445 μg.h/mL; p = 0.0001], and three-fold [28.2 versus 8.8 μg/mL; p < 0.0001], respectively. Lumefantrine Cmax, and AUC(0-inf) increased significantly with mg/kg dose in the lopinavir, but not the antiretroviral-naïve group. While artemether exposure was similar between groups, Cmax and AUC(0-8h) of its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin were initially two-fold higher in the lopinavir group [p = 0.004 and p = 0.0013, respectively]. However, this difference was no longer apparent after the last artemether-lumefantrine dose. Within 21 days of starting artemether-lumefantrine there were similar numbers of treatment emergent adverse events (42 vs. 35) and adverse reactions (12 vs. 15, p = 0.21) in the lopinavir and antiretroviral-naïve groups, respectively. There were no serious adverse events and no difference in electrocardiographic QTcF- and PR-intervals, at the predicted lumefantrine Tmax. Conclusion Despite substantially higher lumefantrine exposure, intensive monitoring in our relatively small study raised no safety concerns in HIV-infected patients stable on lopinavir-based antiretroviral therapy given the recommended artemether-lumefantrine dosage. Increased day-7 lumefantrine concentrations have been shown previously to reduce the risk of malaria treatment failure, but further evidence in adult patients co-infected with malaria and HIV is needed to assess the artemether-lumefantrine risk : benefit profile in this vulnerable population fully. Our antiretroviral-naïve patients confirmed previous findings that lumefantrine absorption is almost saturated at currently recommended doses, but this dose-limited absorption was overcome in the lopinavir group. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration number NCT00869700. Registered on clinicaltrials.gov 25 March 2009 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1345-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kredo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - K Mauff
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - L Workman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - J S Van der Walt
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - L Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - P J Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - G Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - K Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - K I Barnes
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,WorlldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK.
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37
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Talley DC, Delang L, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Smith PJ. Exploring the importance of zinc binding and steric/hydrophobic factors in novel HCV replication inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1196-9. [PMID: 26804234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several novel compounds have been identified that inhibit the replication of hepatitis C virus in a replicon assay with EC50 values as low as 0.6 μM. Lead compounds were modified to investigate the possible role that zinc binding may play in inhibitor efficacy. In addition, the structure-activity relationship was explored to increase inhibitor efficacy and possibly identify favorable interactions within the currently unknown inhibitor binding pocket. The rationale for inhibitor design and biological results are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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Smith PJ, Marquez N, Wiltshire M, Chappell S, Njoh K, Campbell L, Khan IA, Silvestre O, Errington RJ. Mitotic Bypass Via An Occult Cell Cycle Phase Following DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibition In p53 Functional Human Tumor Cells. Cell Cycle 2014; 6:2071-81. [PMID: 17721081 DOI: 10.4161/cc.6.16.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells cycle checkpoints guard against the inapproriate commitment to critical cell events such as mitosis. The bisdioxxopiperazzine ICRF-193, a catalytic inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II causes a reversible stalling of the exit of cells from G(2) at the decatenation checkpoint (DC) and can generate tetraploidy via the compromising of chromosome segregation and mitotic failure. We have addressed an alternative origin-endocycle entry-for the tetraploidisation step in ICRF-193 exposed cells. Here we show that DC-proficient p53-functional tumor cells can undergo a transition to tetraploidy and subbsequent aneuploidy via an initial bypass of mitosis and the mitotic spindle checkpoint. DC-deficient SV4-tranformed cells move exclusively through mitosis to tetraploidy. In p53-functional tumor cells, escape through mitosis is enhanced by dominant negative p53 co-expression. The mitotic bypass transition phase (termed G(2)(endo)) disconnects cyclin B1 degradation from nuclear envelope breakdown and allows cells to evade the action of Taxol. G(2)(endo) constitutes a novel and alternative cell cycle phase-lasting some 8 h-with distinct molecular motifs at its boundaries for G(2) exit and subsequent entry into a delayed G(1) tetraploid state. The result challenge the paradigm that checkpoint breaching leads directly to abnormal ploidy states via mitosis alone. We further propose that the induction of bypass could: facilitate the covert development of tetraploidy in p53 functional cancers, lead to a misinterpretation of phase allocation during cell cycle arrest and contribbute to tumor cell drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Marquez N, Chappell SC, Sansom OJ, Clarke AR, Teesdale-Spittle P, Errington RJ, Smith PJ. Microtubule Stress Modifies Intra-Nuclear Location of Msh2 in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts. Cell Cycle 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.3.5.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Smith PJ, Rivelli SK, Waters AM, Hoyle A, Durheim MT, Reynolds JM, Flowers M, Davis RD, Palmer SM, Mathew JP, Blumenthal JA. Delirium affects length of hospital stay after lung transplantation. J Crit Care 2014; 30:126-9. [PMID: 25307975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is relatively common after lung transplantation, although its prevalence and prognostic significance have not been systematically studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine pretransplant predictors of delirium and the short-term impact of delirium on clinical outcomes among lung transplant recipients. METHODS Participants underwent pretransplant cognitive testing using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and the Trail Making Test. After transplant, delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method until discharge. RESULTS Sixty-three patients were transplanted between March and November 2013, of which 23 (37%) developed delirium. Among transplanted patients, 48 patients completed pretransplant cognitive testing. Better pretransplant cognitive function was associated with lower risk of delirium (odds ratio, 0.69 [95% confidence interval 0.48, 0.99], P = .043); and demographic and clinical features including native disease (P = .236), the Charlson comorbidity index (P = .581), and the lung allocation score (P = .871) were unrelated to risk of delirium, although there was a trend for women to experience delirium less frequently (P = .071). The presence (P = .006) and duration (P = .027) of delirium were both associated with longer hospital stays. CONCLUSION Delirium occurs in more than one-third of patients after lung transplantation. Delirium was associated with poorer pretransplant cognitive functioning and longer hospital stays, after accounting for other medical and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Smith
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC.
| | - S K Rivelli
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - A M Waters
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - A Hoyle
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - M T Durheim
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - J M Reynolds
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - M Flowers
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - R D Davis
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC
| | - S M Palmer
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - J P Mathew
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Durham, NC
| | - J A Blumenthal
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC
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Khan IA, Fraser A, Bray MA, Smith PJ, White NS, Carpenter AE, Errington RJ. ProtocolNavigator: emulation-based software for the design, documentation and reproduction biological experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:3440-2. [PMID: 25150250 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Experimental reproducibility is fundamental to the progress of science. Irreproducible research decreases the efficiency of basic biological research and drug discovery and impedes experimental data reuse. A major contributing factor to irreproducibility is difficulty in interpreting complex experimental methodologies and designs from written text and in assessing variations among different experiments. Current bioinformatics initiatives either are focused on computational research reproducibility (i.e. data analysis) or laboratory information management systems. Here, we present a software tool, ProtocolNavigator, which addresses the largely overlooked challenges of interpretation and assessment. It provides a biologist-friendly open-source emulation-based tool for designing, documenting and reproducing biological experiments. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION ProtocolNavigator was implemented in Python 2.7, using the wx module to build the graphical user interface. It is a platform-independent software and freely available from http://protocolnavigator.org/index.html under the GPL v2 license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Khan
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adam Fraser
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark-Anthony Bray
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul J Smith
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nick S White
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel J Errington
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA and School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Mart RJ, Errington RJ, Watkins CL, Chappell SC, Wiltshire M, Jones AT, Smith PJ, Allemann RK. BH3 helix-derived biophotonic nanoswitches regulate cytochrome c release in permeabilised cells. Mol Biosyst 2014; 9:2597-603. [PMID: 23942570 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic physical interactions between proteins underpin all key cellular processes and are a highly attractive area for the development of research tools and medicines. Protein-protein interactions frequently involve α-helical structures, but peptides matching the sequences of these structures usually do not fold correctly in isolation. Therefore, much research has focused on the creation of small peptides that adopt stable α-helical structures even in the absence of their intended protein targets. We show that short peptides alkylated with azobenzene crosslinkers can be used to photo-stimulate mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release in permeabilised cells, the initial events of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mart
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Su XC, Wang Y, Yagi H, Shishmarev D, Mason CE, Smith PJ, Vandevenne M, Dixon NE, Otting G. Bound or free: interaction of the C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) with the tetrameric core of SSB. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1925-34. [PMID: 24606314 DOI: 10.1021/bi5001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein (SSB) protects ssDNA from degradation and recruits other proteins for DNA replication and repair. Escherichia coli SSB is the prototypical eubacterial SSB in a family of tetrameric SSBs. It consists of a structurally well-defined ssDNA binding domain (OB-domain) and a disordered C-terminal domain (C-domain). The eight-residue C-terminal segment of SSB (C-peptide) mediates the binding of SSB to many different SSB-binding proteins. Previously published nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data of the monomeric state at pH 3.4 showed that the C-peptide binds to the OB-domain at a site that overlaps with the ssDNA binding site, but investigating the protein at neutral pH is difficult because of the high molecular mass and limited solubility of the tetramer. Here we show that the C-domain is highly mobile in the SSB tetramer at neutral pH and that binding of the C-peptide to the OB-domain is so weak that most of the C-peptides are unbound even in the absence of ssDNA. We address the problem of determining intramolecular binding affinities in the situation of fast exchange between two states, one of which cannot be observed by NMR and cannot be fully populated. The results were confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and microscale thermophoresis. The C-peptide-OB-domain interaction is shown to be driven primarily by electrostatic interactions, so that binding of 1 equiv of (dT)35 releases practically all C-peptides from the OB-domain tetramer. The interaction is much more sensitive to NaCl than to potassium glutamate, which is the usual osmolyte in E. coli. As the C-peptide is predominantly in the unbound state irrespective of the presence of ssDNA, long-range electrostatic effects from the C-peptide may contribute more to regulating the activity of SSB than any engagement of the C-peptide by the OB-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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Wlodkowic D, Akagi J, Dobrucki J, Errington R, Smith PJ, Takeda K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Kinetic viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 9:9.41.1-9.41.8. [PMID: 23835805 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0941s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell death within cell populations is a stochastic process where cell-to-cell variation in temporal progression through the various stages of cell death arises from asynchrony of subtle fluctuations in the signaling pathways. Most cell death assays rely on detection of the specific marker of cell demise at the end-point of cell culturing. Such an approach cannot account for the asynchrony and the stochastic nature of cell response to the death-inducing signal. There is a need therefore for rapid and high-throughput bioassays capable of continuously tracking viability of individual cells from the time of encountering a stress signal up to final stages of their demise. In this context, a new anthracycline derivative, DRAQ7, is gaining increasing interest as an easy-to-use marker capable of long-term monitoring of cell death in real-time. This novel probe neither penetrates the plasma membrane of living cells nor does it affect the cells' susceptibility to the death-inducing agents. However, when the membrane integrity is compromised, DRAQ7 enters cells undergoing demise and binds readily to nuclear DNA to report cell death. Here, we provide three sets of protocols for viability assays using DRAQ7 probe. The first protocol describes the innovative use of single-color DRAQ7 real-time assay to dynamically track cell viability. The second protocol outlines a simplified end-point DRAQ7 staining approach. The final protocol highlights the real-time and multiparametric apoptosis assay utilizing DRAQ7 dye concurrently with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), the mitochondrial trans-membrane electrochemical potential (ΔΨm) sensing probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ward DN, Talley DC, Tavag M, Menji S, Schaughency P, Baier A, Smith PJ. UK-1 and structural analogs are potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:609-12. [PMID: 24360997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial natural product UK-1 and several structural analogs inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in the replicon assay, with IC50 values as low as 0.50 μM. The NS3 helicase has been identified as a possible target of inhibition for several of these compounds, while the remaining inhibitors act via an undetermined mechanism. Gel shift assays suggest that helicase inhibition is a direct result of inhibitor-enzyme binding as opposed to direct RNA binding, and the ATPase activity of NS3 is not affected. The syntheses and biological results are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn N Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Daniel C Talley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Mrinalini Tavag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Samrawit Menji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Paul Schaughency
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | - Andrea Baier
- Department of Molecular Biology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Paul J Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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Guan N, Delpuech O, Greenawalt D, Jacques K, Gharahdaghi F, Zinda M, Smith PJ, Guichard SM. Abstract C144: MAPK1 mutation E322K modulates ERK pathway output and feedback. Mol Cancer Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-c144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mutations of MAPK1 E322K are observed in ∼8% of cervical ∼1% and head and neck cancer but there is currently little evidence of their impact on the ERK pathway. This study evaluated the impact of the E322K mutation on the ERK pathway output and feedback using an inducible system pTRIPZ in MCF10A immortalised cells. Expression of E322K MAPK1 following doxycycline induction reduced RSK phosphorylation on T359/S363 but increased pELK1 S383. DUSP6 protein levels were also increased in MCF10A expressing E322K mutant compared to WT. Pathway output was determined using the mRNA MEK signature (Dry et al. 2010). Following Dox induction, MCF10A E322K showed a 4-fold increase in DUSP2 mRNA and a 2-fold increase in DUSP6 mRNA while levels were unchanged in MCF10A expressing WT MAPK1. Conversely, >2-fold decrease in ETV5 levels was observed in E322K MCF10A compared to WT cells. Exposure of WT and E322K MCF10A cells to an ATP competitive ERK inhibitor showed a greater reduction in pRSK T359/S363 levels in E322K cells compared to WT cells (likely due to lower baseline levels) but abrogation of pELK1 required higher concentrations of the inhibitor in mutant compared to WT cells. Consistent with its mechanism of action, the ERK inhibitor increased pERK levels. Interestingly, the combination of the MEK inhibitor selumetinib with the ERK inhibitor completely abrogated pERK in WT but not in E322K mutant MCF10 cells. Overall, the results suggest that the E322K mutation increases ERK-regulated genes such as DUSP2 which may only partially de-phosphorylate ERK due to the E322K mutation affecting substrates’ binding to the D site. The impact of E322K on the sensitivity to ERK and MEK inhibition is currently under evaluation.
Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):C144.
Citation Format: Nin Guan, Oona Delpuech, Danielle Greenawalt, Kelly Jacques, Farzin Gharahdaghi, Michael Zinda, Paul J. Smith, Sylvie M. Guichard. MAPK1 mutation E322K modulates ERK pathway output and feedback. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C144.
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Al-Saraireh YMJ, Sutherland M, Springett BR, Freiberger F, Ribeiro Morais G, Loadman PM, Errington RJ, Smith PJ, Fukuda M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Patterson LH, Shnyder SD, Falconer RA. Pharmacological inhibition of polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII modulates tumour cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73366. [PMID: 23951351 PMCID: PMC3739731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia), an α-2,8-glycosidically linked polymer of sialic acid, is a developmentally regulated post-translational modification predominantly found on NCAM (neuronal cell adhesion molecule). Whilst high levels are expressed during development, peripheral adult organs do not express polySia-NCAM. However, tumours of neural crest-origin re-express polySia-NCAM: its occurrence correlates with aggressive and invasive disease and poor clinical prognosis in different cancer types, notably including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), pancreatic cancer and neuroblastoma. In neuronal development, polySia-NCAM biosynthesis is catalysed by two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, but it is ST8SiaII that is the prominent enzyme in tumours. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ST8SiaII inhibition by a small molecule on tumour cell migration, utilising cytidine monophosphate (CMP) as a tool compound. Using immunoblotting we showed that CMP reduced ST8iaII-mediated polysialylation of NCAM. Utilizing a novel HPLC-based assay to quantify polysialylation of a fluorescent acceptor (DMB-DP3), we demonstrated that CMP is a competitive inhibitor of ST8SiaII (K i = 10 µM). Importantly, we have shown that CMP causes a concentration-dependent reduction in tumour cell-surface polySia expression, with an absence of toxicity. When ST8SiaII-expressing tumour cells (SH-SY5Y and C6-STX) were evaluated in 2D cell migration assays, ST8SiaII inhibition led to significant reductions in migration, while CMP had no effect on cells not expressing ST8SiaII (DLD-1 and C6-WT). The study demonstrates for the first time that a polysialyltransferase inhibitor can modulate migration in ST8SiaII-expressing tumour cells. We conclude that ST8SiaII can be considered a druggable target with the potential for interfering with a critical mechanism in tumour cell dissemination in metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M. J. Al-Saraireh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Sutherland
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley R. Springett
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Errington
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Smith
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- Glycobiology Unit, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laurence H. Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Smith PJ, Furon E, Wiltshire M, Chappell S, Patterson LH, Shnyder SD, Falconer RA, Errington RJ. NCAM polysialylation during adherence transitions: Live cell monitoring using an antibody-mimetic EGFP-endosialidase and the viability dye DRAQ7. Cytometry A 2013; 83:659-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Smith
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Emeline Furon
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Marie Wiltshire
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Sally Chappell
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
| | - Laurence H. Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Falconer
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics; School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP; United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Errington
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN; United Kingdom
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Aderibigbe BA, Neuse EW, Sadiku ER, Ray SS, Smith PJ. Synthesis, characterization, and antiplasmodial activity of polymer-incorporated aminoquinolines. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1941-9. [PMID: 23853120 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this research, aminoquinoline compounds were synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into water-soluble polymers to form conjugates. The conjugates were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to confirm the successful incorporation of the aminoquinoline compound on to the polymer. The synthesized conjugates were screened for in vitro antiplasmodial activity in triplet test against chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum and chloroquine drug was used as a reference drug in all the experiments. A full dose-response was performed to determine the concentration inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (IC50 value). Polymeric conjugates containing 3-diethylamino-1-propylamine solubilizing units were found to be most active against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Smith PJ, Hudak SJ, Scott JF, Zhao LC, Morey AF. Transcorporal artificial urinary sphincter cuff placement is associated with a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention. Can J Urol 2013; 20:6773-6777. [PMID: 23783046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore the association of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) cuff sizes and placement techniques with the development of postoperative urinary retention. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the outcomes of AUS cases performed by a single surgeon at a tertiary referral center from 2007-2010. Outcomes relating to urinary retention and suprapubic tube placement were analyzed in three groups: those with 3.5 cm cuff placement, ≥ 4 cm cuff placement, and transcorporal cuff (TC) placement of any size. RESULTS Among 139 patients who underwent AUS placement from 2007-2010, 117 cases met inclusion criteria - 42 men received a 3.5 cm cuff, 53 received a ≥ 4 cm cuff, and 22 received a TC cuff (all ≥ 4 cm). TC patients had a significantly higher rate of urinary retention compared to the ≥ 4 cm group [7/22 (32%) versus 4/53 (8%), p = 0.02] as well as a higher rate of SPT placement [6/22 (27%) versus 1/53 (2%), p = 0.007]. CONCLUSIONS Transcorporal cuff placement is associated with a significantly higher rate of urinary retention and suprapubic tube placement compared to traditional 4 cm cuff placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA
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