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Patterson RR, Lipp OV, Luck CC. The influence of instructions on reversing the generalization of valence, US expectancy, and electrodermal responding in fear conditioning. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14429. [PMID: 37661638 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Pairing a conditional stimulus (CS) with an aversive unconditional stimulus (US) causes negative valence and US expectancy to generalize to stimuli that are perceptually and/or conceptually similar to the CS. Past research has shown that instructing participants that the US is more likely to follow stimuli that are dissimilar to the CS reversed the generalization of US expectancy but left generalized valence unchanged. Here, we examined whether instructions about the relationship between stimuli that are perceptually similar would affect the generalization of valence. A picture of an alien (CS+) was paired with an electric stimulus, while a perceptually different alien stimulus (CS-) was presented alone. After conditioning, valence, US expectancy, and electrodermal responses generalized to different aliens that were perceptually similar (by color and shape) to the CS+ and CS-. Participants were then instructed that aliens perceptually similar to the CS+ belonged to the same group as the CS- and that aliens perceptually similar to the CS- belonged to the same group as the CS+. The instructions caused an elimination (but not a reversal) of generalized expectancy and valence but did not affect generalized electrodermal responses. This suggests that evaluations of generalization stimuli are sensitive to instructions about their relationship to the CS and that dissociations reported in the literature between valence and expectancy after instructions may occur due to the type of instruction used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camilla C Luck
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Patterson RR, Lipp OV, Luck CC. The influence of instructions on generalised valence - conditional stimulus instructions after evaluative conditioning update the explicit and implicit evaluations of generalisation stimuli. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:666-682. [PMID: 36967641 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2191173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Generalisation in evaluative conditioning occurs when the valence acquired by a conditional stimulus (CS), after repeated pairing with an unconditional stimulus (US), spreads to stimuli that are similar to the CS (generalisation stimuli, GS). CS evaluations can be updated via CS instructions that conflict with prior conditioning (negative conditioning + positive instruction). We examined whether CS instructions can update GS evaluations after conditioning. We used alien stimuli where one alien (CSp) from a fictional group was paired with pleasant US images and another alien (CSu) from a different group was paired with unpleasant US images. The other members from the two groups were used as GSs. After conditioning, participants received negative CSp instructions and positive CSu instructions. In Experiment 1, explicit and implicit GS evaluations were measured before and after the instructions. In Experiment 2, we used a between-participants design where one group received positive/negative CS instructions while a control group received neutral instructions. In both experiments, the positive/negative CS instructions caused a reversal of explicit GS evaluations and an elimination of implicit GS evaluations. The findings suggest that generalised evaluations can change after CS instructions which may have implications for interventions aimed at reducing negative group attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Camilla C Luck
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Luck CC, Patterson RR, Lipp OV. The influence of cross unconditional stimulus reinstatement on electrodermal responding and conditional stimulus valence in differential fear conditioning. Psychophysiology 2023:e14278. [PMID: 36929597 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether the inhibitory Conditional Stimulus (CS)-no Unconditional Stimulus (US) association formed during extinction can be triggered by a novel US during the reinstatement of conditional electrodermal responding and self-reported CS valence in human differential fear conditioning. Participants were trained with either a shock or an aversive scream US before undergoing extinction. Participants then received either the same (i.e., shock_shock or scream_scream) or a different US during reinstatement (i.e., shock_scream, scream_shock). Differential conditioning across all indices was stronger when a shock US was used during acquisition. After reinstatement, electrodermal responding to both the CS+ and the CS- increased regardless of the type of US used during reinstatement (non-differential reinstatement). Differential CS valence evaluations were larger after reinstatement in the groups that received the same US during acquisition and reinstatement (differential reinstatement), but differential evaluations did not increase in the groups receiving a different US at reinstatement. This dissociation suggests that the reinstatement of negative stimulus valence and the reinstatement of expectancy learning may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla C Luck
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel R Patterson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Patterson RR, Lipp OV, Luck CC. Conceptual generalisation in fear conditioning using single and multiple category exemplars as conditional stimuli - electrodermal responses and valence evaluations generalise to the broader category. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:630-642. [PMID: 35503408 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2047897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Conceptual generalisation occurs when conditional responses generalise to novel stimuli from the same category. Past research demonstrates that physiological fear responses generalise across categories, however, conceptual generalisation of stimulus valence evaluations during fear conditioning has not been examined. We investigated whether conceptual generalisation, as indexed by electrodermal responses and stimulus evaluations, would occur, and differ after training with single or multiple conditional stimuli (CSs). Stimuli from two of four categories (vegetables, farm animals, clothing, and office supplies) were used as the CS+ (followed by an electric stimulus) or CS- (presented alone). Generalisation was assessed by presenting novel stimuli from the CS categories after acquisition, extinction, and reinstatement. One category exemplar was used as the CS+ and CS- in the single group, whereas three exemplars were used as the CS+ and CS- in the multiple group. Electrodermal responses generalised in acquisition and extinction but did not differ between groups. In the multiple group, CS evaluations generalised in acquisition and extinction, whereas generalisation was not evident in the single group. Training with multiple CSs also resulted in the extinction of stimulus valence. The current findings have implications for future research examining the generalisation of valence and for exposure-based treatments of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Camilla C Luck
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Luck CC, Patterson RR, Lipp OV. Be careful what you say! – Evaluative change based on instructional learning generalizes to other similar stimuli and to the wider category. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:169-184. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1816912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla C. Luck
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Australia, GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845, Australia
- ARC-SRI: Science of Learning Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rachel R. Patterson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Australia, GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Ottmar V. Lipp
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Australia, GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845, Australia
- ARC-SRI: Science of Learning Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
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Luck CC, Patterson RR, Lipp OV. "Prepared" fear or socio-cultural learning? Fear conditioned to guns, snakes, and spiders is eliminated by instructed extinction in a within-participant differential fear conditioning paradigm. Psychophysiology 2019; 57:e13516. [PMID: 31828815 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Across three experiments, we investigated whether electrodermal responses conditioned to ontogenetic fear-relevant (pointed guns) and phylogenetic fear-relevant stimuli (snakes and spiders) would resist instructed extinction in a within-participant differential fear conditioning paradigm. Instructed extinction involves informing participants before extinction that the unconditional stimulus (US) will no longer be presented. This manipulation has been shown to abolish fear conditioned to fear-irrelevant conditional stimuli, but is said to leave fear conditioned to images of snakes and spiders intact. The latter finding, however, has only been demonstrated when fear-relevance is manipulated between-groups. It is also not known whether instructed extinction affects fear conditioned to ontogenetic fear-relevant stimuli, such as pointed guns. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that fear conditioned to images of pointed guns does not resist instructed extinction. In Experiment 2, we detected some evidence to suggest that fear conditioned to images of snakes and spiders survives instructed extinction but this evidence was not conclusive. In Experiment 3, we directly compared the effects of instructed extinction on fear conditioned to snakes and spiders and to guns and provide strong evidence that fear conditioned to both classes of stimuli is reduced after instructed extinction with no differences between ontogenetic and phylogenetic stimuli. The current results suggest that when fear relevance is manipulated within-participants fear conditioned to both phylogenetic and ontogenetic, fear-relevant stimuli responds to instructed extinction providing evidence in favor of a socio-cultural explanation for "preparedness" effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla C Luck
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel R Patterson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Kozlowski PA, Lynch RM, Patterson RR, Cu-Uvin S, Flanigan TP, Neutra MR. Modified wick method using Weck-Cel sponges for collection of human rectal secretions and analysis of mucosal HIV antibody. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:297-309. [PMID: 11015145 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200008010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Weck-Cel sponges were examined for suitability as an absorbent material for nontraumatic collection of rectal secretions in humans. Sponges were tested in vitro and determined by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be capable of releasing 100% of absorbed albumin and all immunoglobulin subtypes after treatment with detergent-supplemented buffer. Protein composition in rectal secretions collected from normal women with dry sponges (DS) or with sponges previously softened by moistening with saline (MS) was subsequently compared. DS secretions showed evidence of contamination with blood and interstitial fluid-derived albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and monomeric IgA. MS secretions appeared to represent local mucosal secretions more accurately because they contained negligible blood, a greater percentage of secretory IgA within the total IgA, and both lower albumin/IgG ratios and more dramatic alterations in IgG subclass distribution compared with corresponding serum. Anti-HIV IgG, IgM, IgA, and antibodies with secretory component could be demonstrated by ELISA in rectal secretions collected with moist sponges from 8 of 8, 1 of 8, 5 of 8, and 3 of 8 HIV-infected women, respectively. The data show that Weck-Cel sponges, if premoistened, can be used to collect rectal fluids nontraumatically and to obtain quantitative information about concentrations of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies on rectal mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kozlowski
- GI Cell Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Female ICR Swiss mice, generally resistant to the diabetogenic effects of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus, develop diabetes to the same extent as males if they are pretreated with testosterone. The data suggest that testosterone is one of the factors involved in the development of diabetes in certain strains of mice.
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Patterson RR. Local control: choices for the smaller hospital. Tex Hosp 1982; 37:12-3. [PMID: 10257687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Giron DJ, Patterson RR, Lyons SP. Alteration of diabetes and interferon induction by the diabetogenic strain of encephalomyocarditis virus through cell passage. J Interferon Res 1982; 2:371-6. [PMID: 6290577 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1982.2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The diabetogenic strain of encephalomyocarditis virus (D virus) was propagated in several continuous cell lines. Each virus stock was tested for its ability to produce diabetes in mice and induce L-cell interferon (IFN-beta). The effect of insulin on virus replication and IFN-beta induction was also determined. It was found that the severity of the diabetes and the amount of IFN-beta produced was dependent on the cell line used for virus propagation. Virus synthesis was augmented and IFN-beta production was altered in insulin-treated cell cultures. It is concluded that D virus either consists of more than one virus or that its diabetes and IFN-beta inducing characteristics are unstable.
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Giron DJ, Patterson RR, Hellman A, Fowler AK. Enhancement of encephalomyocarditis virus replication in L cells treated with insulin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1981; 166:305-9. [PMID: 6259643 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-166-41065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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