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Young RE, Nelson KM, Hofbauer SI, Vijayakumar T, Alameh MG, Weissman D, Papachristou C, Gleghorn JP, Riley RS. Systematic development of ionizable lipid nanoparticles for placental mRNA delivery using a design of experiments approach. Bioact Mater 2024; 34:125-137. [PMID: 38223537 PMCID: PMC10784148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained attention as mRNA delivery platforms for vaccination against COVID-19 and for protein replacement therapies. LNPs enhance mRNA stability, circulation time, cellular uptake, and preferential delivery to specific tissues compared to mRNA with no carrier platform. However, LNPs are only in the beginning stages of development for safe and effective mRNA delivery to the placenta to treat placental dysfunction. Here, we develop LNPs that enable high levels of mRNA delivery to trophoblasts in vitro and to the placenta in vivo with no toxicity. We conducted a Design of Experiments to explore how LNP composition, including the type and molar ratio of each lipid component, drives trophoblast and placental delivery. Our data revealed that utilizing C12-200 as the ionizable lipid and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as the phospholipid in the LNP design yields high transfection efficiency in vitro. Analysis of lipid molar composition as a design parameter in LNPs displayed a strong correlation between apparent pKa and poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) content, as a reduction in PEG molar amount increases apparent pKa. Further, we present one LNP platform that exhibits the highest delivery of placental growth factor mRNA to the placenta in pregnant mice, resulting in synthesis and secretion of a potentially therapeutic protein. Lastly, our high-performing LNPs have no toxicity to both the pregnant mice and fetuses. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of LNPs as a platform for mRNA delivery to the placenta, and our top LNP formulations may provide a therapeutic platform to treat diseases that originate from placental dysfunction during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
- School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virtua College of Medicine & Life Sciences of Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Katherine M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Samuel I. Hofbauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
- School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virtua College of Medicine & Life Sciences of Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Rowan University, 401 Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, United States
| | - Tara Vijayakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
- School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virtua College of Medicine & Life Sciences of Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Charalampos Papachristou
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science & Mathematics, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Jason P. Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
- School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virtua College of Medicine & Life Sciences of Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
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Figueroa-Espada CG, Guimarães PPG, Riley RS, Xue L, Wang K, Mitchell MJ. siRNA Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting E-Selectin and Cyclophilin A in Bone Marrow for Combination Multiple Myeloma Therapy. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:383-392. [PMID: 37810998 PMCID: PMC10550899 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological blood cancer of the bone marrow that remains largely incurable, in part due to its physical interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment. Such interactions enhance the homing, proliferation, and drug resistance of MM cells. Specifically, adhesion receptors and homing factors, E-selectin (ES) and cyclophilin A (CyPA), respectively, expressed by bone marrow endothelial cells enhance MM colonization and dissemination. Thus, silencing of ES and CyPA presents a potential therapeutic strategy to evade MM spreading. However, small molecule inhibition of ES and CyPA expressed by bone marrow endothelial cells remains challenging, and blocking antibodies induce further MM propagation. Therefore, ES and CyPA are promising candidates for inhibition via RNA interference (RNAi). Methods Here, we utilized a previously developed lipid-polymer nanoparticle for RNAi therapy, that delivers siRNA to the bone marrow perivascular niche. We utilized our platform to co-deliver ES and CyPA siRNAs to prevent MM dissemination in vivo. Results Lipid-polymer nanoparticles effectively downregulated ES expression in vitro, which decreased MM cell adhesion and migration through endothelial monolayers. Additionally, in vivo delivery of lipid-polymer nanoparticles co-encapsulating ES and CyPA siRNA extended survival in a xenograft mouse model of MM, either alone or in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Conclusions Our combination siRNA lipid-polymer nanoparticle therapy presents a vascular microenvironment-targeting strategy as a potential paradigm shift for MM therapies, which could be extended to other cancers that colonize the bone marrow. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00774-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Figueroa-Espada
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Pedro P. G. Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
| | - Lulu Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Karin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Guimarães PPG, Figueroa-Espada CG, Riley RS, Gong N, Xue L, Sewastianik T, Dennis PS, Loebel C, Chung A, Shepherd SJ, Haley RM, Hamilton AG, El-Mayta R, Wang K, Langer R, Anderson DG, Carrasco RD, Mitchell MJ. In vivo bone marrow microenvironment siRNA delivery using lipid-polymer nanoparticles for multiple myeloma therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215711120. [PMID: 37310997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215711120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematologic malignancy that preferentially colonizes the bone marrow, remains incurable with a survival rate of 3 to 6 mo for those with advanced disease despite great efforts to develop effective therapies. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need for innovative and more effective MM therapeutics. Insights suggest that endothelial cells within the bone marrow microenvironment play a critical role. Specifically, cyclophilin A (CyPA), a homing factor secreted by bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs), is critical to MM homing, progression, survival, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Thus, inhibition of CyPA provides a potential strategy to simultaneously inhibit MM progression and sensitize MM to chemotherapeutics, improving therapeutic response. However, inhibiting factors from the bone marrow endothelium remains challenging due to delivery barriers. Here, we utilize both RNA interference (RNAi) and lipid-polymer nanoparticles to engineer a potential MM therapy, which targets CyPA within blood vessels of the bone marrow. We used combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput in vivo screening methods to engineer a nanoparticle platform for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery to bone marrow endothelium. We demonstrate that our strategy inhibits CyPA in BMECs, preventing MM cell extravasation in vitro. Finally, we show that siRNA-based silencing of CyPA in a murine xenograft model of MM, either alone or in combination with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MM therapeutic bortezomib, reduces tumor burden and extends survival. This nanoparticle platform may provide a broadly enabling technology to deliver nucleic acid therapeutics to other malignancies that home to bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P G Guimarães
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028
| | - Ningqiang Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lulu Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | - Peter S Dennis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amanda Chung
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sarah J Shepherd
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rebecca M Haley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alex G Hamilton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rakan El-Mayta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Young RE, Nelson KM, Hofbauer SI, Vijayakumar T, Alameh MG, Weissman D, Papachristou C, Gleghorn JP, Riley RS. Lipid Nanoparticle Composition Drives mRNA Delivery to the Placenta. bioRxiv 2022:2022.12.22.521490. [PMID: 36597546 PMCID: PMC9810215 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.22.521490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained attention as mRNA delivery platforms for vaccination against COVID-19 and for protein replacement therapies. LNPs enhance mRNA stability, circulation time, cellular uptake, and preferential delivery to specific tissues compared to mRNA with no carrier platform. However, LNPs have yet to be developed for safe and effective mRNA delivery to the placenta as a method to treat placental dysfunction. Here, we develop LNPs that enable high levels of mRNA delivery to trophoblasts in vitro and to the placenta in vivo with no toxicity. We conducted a Design of Experiments to explore how LNP composition, including the type and molar ratio of each lipid component, drives trophoblast and placental delivery. Our data revealed that a specific combination of ionizable lipid and phospholipid in the LNP design yields high transfection efficiency in vitro . Further, we present one LNP platform that exhibits highest delivery of placental growth factor mRNA to the placenta in pregnant mice, which demonstrates induced protein synthesis and secretion of a therapeutic protein. Lastly, our high-performing LNPs have no toxicity to both the pregnant mice and fetuses. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of LNPs as a platform for mRNA delivery to the placenta. Our top LNPs may provide a therapeutic platform to treat diseases that originate from placental dysfunction during pregnancy.
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Young RE, Hofbauer SI, Riley RS. Overcoming the challenge of long-term storage of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1792-1793. [PMID: 35452599 PMCID: PMC9023316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Samuel I Hofbauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Parhiz H, Brenner JS, Patel P, Papp TE, Shahnawaz H, Li Q, Shi R, Zamora M, Yadegari A, Marcos-Contreras OA, Natesan A, Pardi N, Shuvaev VV, Kiseleva R, Myerson J, Uhler T, Riley RS, Han X, Mitchell MJ, Lam K, Heyes J, Weissman D, Muzykantov V. Added to pre-existing inflammation, mRNA-lipid nanoparticles induce inflammation exacerbation (IE). J Control Release 2021; 344:50-61. [PMID: 34953981 PMCID: PMC8695324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current nucleoside-modified RNA lipid nanoparticle (modmRNA-LNP) technology has successfully paved the way for the highest clinical efficacy data from next-generation vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such modmRNA-LNP technology has not been characterized in common pre-existing inflammatory or immune-challenged conditions, raising the risk of adverse clinical effects when administering modmRNA-LNPs in such cases. Herein, we induce an acute-inflammation model in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheally (IT), 1 mg kg−1, or intravenously (IV), 2 mg kg−1, and then IV administer modmRNA-LNP, 0.32 mg kg−1, after 4 h, and screen for inflammatory markers, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines. ModmRNA-LNP at this dose caused no significant elevation of cytokine levels in naive mice. In contrast, shortly after LPS immune stimulation, modmRNA-LNP enhanced inflammatory cytokine responses, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2) in liver significantly. Our report identifies this phenomenon as inflammation exacerbation (IE), which was proven to be specific to the LNP, acting independent of mRNA cargo, and was demonstrated to be time- and dose-dependent. Macrophage depletion as well as TLR3 −/− and TLR4−/− knockout mouse studies revealed macrophages were the immune cells involved or responsible for IE. Finally, we show that pretreatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, can partially alleviate IE response in mice. Our findings characterize the importance of LNP-mediated IE phenomena in gram negative bacterial inflammation, however, the generalizability of modmRNA-LNP in other forms of chronic or acute inflammatory and immune contexts needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Parhiz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Priyal Patel
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler E Papp
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamna Shahnawaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruiqi Shi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Zamora
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amir Yadegari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ambika Natesan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raisa Kiseleva
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Myerson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Uhler
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuexiang Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kieu Lam
- Genevant Sciences Corporation, Vancouver, BC V5T 4T5, Canada
| | - James Heyes
- Genevant Sciences Corporation, Vancouver, BC V5T 4T5, Canada
| | - Drew Weissman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Riley RS, Kashyap MV, Billingsley MM, White B, Alameh MG, Bose SK, Zoltick PW, Li H, Zhang R, Cheng AY, Weissman D, Peranteau WH, Mitchell MJ. Ionizable lipid nanoparticles for in utero mRNA delivery. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eaba1028. [PMID: 33523869 PMCID: PMC7806221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical advances enable the prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases that are candidates for gene and enzyme therapies such as messenger RNA (mRNA)-mediated protein replacement. Prenatal mRNA therapies can treat disease before the onset of irreversible pathology with high therapeutic efficacy and safety due to the small fetal size, immature immune system, and abundance of progenitor cells. However, the development of nonviral platforms for prenatal delivery is nascent. We developed a library of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for in utero mRNA delivery to mouse fetuses. We screened LNPs for luciferase mRNA delivery and identified formulations that accumulate within fetal livers, lungs, and intestines with higher efficiency and safety compared to benchmark delivery systems, DLin-MC3-DMA and jetPEI. We demonstrate that LNPs can deliver mRNAs to induce hepatic production of therapeutic secreted proteins. These LNPs may provide a platform for in utero mRNA delivery for protein replacement and gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meghana V Kashyap
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Brandon White
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Sourav K Bose
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip W Zoltick
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiaying Li
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Y Cheng
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William H Peranteau
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kashyap MV, Riley RS, Billingsley MM, White BM, Butt ZP, Mitchell MJ, Peranteau WH. Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticle Platforms for in Utero Drug Delivery. J Am Coll Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.07.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Figueroa-Espada CG, Hofbauer S, Mitchell MJ, Riley RS. Exploiting the placenta for nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery during pregnancy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:244-261. [PMID: 32956719 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to treating diseases during pregnancy is that small molecule therapeutics are transported through the placenta and incur toxicities to the developing fetus. The placenta is responsible for providing nutrients, removing waste, and protecting the fetus from toxic substances. Thus, the placenta acts as a biological barrier between the mother and fetus that can be exploited for drug delivery. Nanoparticle technologies provide the opportunity for safe drug delivery during pregnancy by controlling how therapeutics interact with the placenta. In this Review, we present nanoparticle drug delivery technologies specifically designed to exploit the placenta as a biological barrier to treat maternal, placental, or fetal diseases exclusively, while minimizing off-target toxicities. Further, we discuss opportunities, challenges, and future directions for implementing drug delivery technologies during pregnancy.
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Guimaraes PPG, Zhang R, Spektor R, Tan M, Chung A, Billingsley MM, El-Mayta R, Riley RS, Wang L, Wilson JM, Mitchell MJ. Ionizable lipid nanoparticles encapsulating barcoded mRNA for accelerated in vivo delivery screening. J Control Release 2019; 316:404-417. [PMID: 31678653 PMCID: PMC7032071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has recently emerged as a promising class of nucleic acid therapy, with the potential to induce protein production to treat and prevent a range of diseases. However, the widespread use of mRNA as a therapeutic requires safe and effective in vivo delivery technologies. Libraries of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been designed to encapsulate mRNA, prevent its degradation, and mediate intracellular delivery. However, these LNPs are typically characterized and screened in an in vitro setting, which may not fully replicate the biological barriers that they encounter in vivo. Here, we designed and evaluated a library of engineered LNPs containing barcoded mRNA (b-mRNA) to accelerate the screening of mRNA delivery platforms in vivo. These b-mRNA are similar in structure and function to regular mRNA, and contain barcodes that enable their delivery to be quantified via deep sequencing. Using a mini-library of b-mRNA LNPs formulated via microfluidic mixing, we show that these different formulations can be pooled together, administered intravenously into mice as a single pool, and their delivery to multiple organs (liver, spleen, brain, lung, heart, kidney, pancreas, and muscle) can be quantified simultaneously using deep sequencing. In the context of liver and spleen delivery, LNPs that exhibited high b-mRNA delivery also yielded high luciferase expression, indicating that this platform can identify lead LNP candidates as well as optimal formulation parameters for in vivo mRNA delivery. Interestingly, LNPs with identical formulation parameters that encapsulated different types of nucleic acid barcodes (b-mRNA versus a DNA barcode) altered in vivo delivery, suggesting that the structure of the barcoded nucleic acid affects LNP in vivo delivery. This platform, which enables direct barcoding and subsequent quantification of a functional mRNA, can accelerate the in vivo screening and design of LNPs for mRNA therapeutic applications such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, mRNA vaccination, and other mRNA-based regenerative medicine and protein replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P G Guimaraes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Spektor
- Graduate Field of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mingchee Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rakan El-Mayta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Mukalel AJ, Riley RS, Zhang R, Mitchell MJ. Nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery: Applications in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 458:102-112. [PMID: 31100411 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a powerful tool for cancer treatment. Early clinical successes from cancer immunotherapy have led to a growing list of FDA approvals, and many new therapies are in clinical and preclinical development. Nucleic acid therapeutics, including DNA, mRNA, and genome editing systems, hold significant potential as a form of immunotherapy due to its robust use in cancer vaccination, adoptive T-cell therapy, and gene regulation. However, these therapeutics must overcome numerous delivery obstacles to be successful, including rapid in vivo degradation, poor uptake into target cells, required nuclear entry, and potential in vivo toxicity in healthy cells and tissues. Nanoparticle delivery systems have been engineered to overcome several of these barriers as a means to safely and effectively deliver nucleic acid therapeutics to immune cells. In this Review, we discuss the applications of nucleic acid therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy, and we detail how nanoparticle platforms have been designed to deliver mRNA, DNA, and genome editing systems to enhance the potency and safety of these therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J Mukalel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer. The number of immunotherapy drug approvals has been increasing, with numerous treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, a key challenge in the broad implementation of immunotherapies for cancer remains the controlled modulation of the immune system, as these therapeutics have serious adverse effects including autoimmunity and nonspecific inflammation. Understanding how to increase the response rates to various classes of immunotherapy is key to improving efficacy and controlling these adverse effects. Advanced biomaterials and drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and the use of T cells to deliver therapies, could effectively harness immunotherapies and improve their potency while reducing toxic side effects. Here, we discuss these research advances, as well as the opportunities and challenges for integrating delivery technologies into cancer immunotherapy, and we critically analyse the outlook for these emerging areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Guimaraes PPG, Tan M, Tammela T, Wu K, Chung A, Oberli M, Wang K, Spektor R, Riley RS, Viana CTR, Jacks T, Langer R, Mitchell MJ. Potent in vivo lung cancer Wnt signaling inhibition via cyclodextrin-LGK974 inclusion complexes. J Control Release 2018; 290:75-87. [PMID: 30290244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes lung cancer progression and contributes to poor patient prognosis. The porcupine inhibitor LGK974, a novel orally bioavailable cancer therapeutic in Phase I clinical trials, induces potent Wnt signaling inhibition and leads to suppressed growth and progression of multiple types of cancers. The clinical use of LGK974, however, is limited in part due to its low solubility and high toxicity in tissues that rely on Wnt signaling for normal homeostasis. Here, we report the use of host-guest chemistry to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of LGK974 in mice through complexation with cyclodextrins (CD). We assessed the effects of these complexes to inhibit Wnt signaling in lung adenocarcinomas that are typically driven by overactive Wnt signaling. 2D 1H NMR confirmed host-guest complexation of CDs with LGK974. CD:LGK974 complexes significantly decreased the expression of Wnt target genes in lung cancer organoids and in lung cancer allografts in mice. Further, CD:LGK974 complexes increased the bioavailability upon oral administration in mice compared to free LGK974. In a mouse lung cancer allograft model, CD:LGK974 complexes induced potent Wnt signaling inhibition with reduced intestinal toxicity compared to treatment with free drug. Collectively, the development of these complexes enables safer and repeated oral or parenteral administration of Wnt signaling inhibitors, which hold promise for the treatment of multiple types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P G Guimaraes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mingchee Tan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katherine Wu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amanda Chung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matthias Oberli
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roman Spektor
- Graduate Field of Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rachel S Riley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Celso T R Viana
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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14
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Goyal R, Kapadia CH, Melamed JR, Riley RS, Day ES. Layer-by-layer assembled gold nanoshells for the intracellular delivery of miR-34a. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:383-396. [PMID: 30555597 PMCID: PMC6289203 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs whose ability to regulate the expression of multiple genes makes them potentially exciting tools to treat disease. Unfortunately, miRNAs cannot passively enter cells due to their hydrophilicity and negative charge. Here, we report the development of layer-by-layer assembled nanoshells (LbL-NS) as vehicles for efficient intracellular miRNA delivery. Specifically, we developed LbL-NS to deliver the tumor suppressor miR-34a into triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, and demonstrate that these constructs can safely and effectively regulate the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl-2, two known targets of miR-34a, to decrease cell proliferation. METHODS LbL-NS were made by coating negatively charged nanoshells with alternating layers of positive poly-L-lysine (PLL) and negative miRNA, with the outer layer consisting of PLL to facilitate cellular entry and protect the miRNA. Electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and miRNA release studies were used to characterize LbL-NS. The particles' ability to enter MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, inhibit SIRT1 and Bcl-2 expression, and thereby reduce cell proliferation was examined by confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and EdU assays, respectively. RESULTS Each successive coating reversed the nanoparticles' charge and increased their hydrodynamic diameter, resulting in a final diameter of 208±4 nm and a zeta potential of 53±5 mV. The LbL-NS released ~30% of their miR-34a cargo over 5 days in 1X PBS. Excitingly, LbL-NS carrying miR-34a suppressed SIRT1 and Bcl-2 by 46±3% and 35±3%, respectively, and decreased cell proliferation by 33%. LbL-NS carrying scrambled miRNA did not yield these effects. CONCLUSION LbL-NS can efficiently deliver miR-34a to TNBC cells to suppress cancer cell growth, warranting their further investigation as tools for miRNA replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Chintan H. Kapadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE USA
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15
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Valcourt DM, Harris J, Riley RS, Dang M, Wang J, Day ES. Advances in targeted nanotherapeutics: From bioconjugation to biomimicry. Nano Res 2018; 11:4999-5016. [PMID: 31772723 PMCID: PMC6879063 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-018-2083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of cancer nanomedicine, researchers have had intense interest in developing nanoparticles (NPs) that can specifically target diseased sites while avoiding healthy tissue to mitigate the off-target effects seen with conventional treatments like chemotherapy. Initial endeavors focused on the bioconjugation of targeting agents to NPs, and more recently, researchers have begun to develop biomimetic NP platforms that can avoid immune recognition to maximally accumulate in tumors. In this review, we describe the advantages and limitations of each of these targeting strategies. First, we review developments in bioconjugation strategies, where NPs are coated with biomolecules such as antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and small molecules to enable cell-specific binding. While bioconjugated NPs offer many exciting features and have improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution relative to unmodified NPs, they are still recognized by the body as "foreign", resulting in their clearance by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). To overcome this limitation, researchers have recently begun to investigate biomimetic approaches that can hide NPs from immune recognition and reduce clearance by the MPS. These biomimetic NPs fall into two distinct categories: synthetic NPs that present naturally occurring structures, and NPs that are completely disguised by natural structures. Overall, bioconjugated and biomimetic NPs have substantial potential to improve upon conventional treatments by reducing off-target effects through site-specific delivery, and they show great promise for future standards of care. Here, we provide a summary of each strategy, discuss considerations for their design moving forward, and highlight their potential clinical impact on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Valcourt
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jenna Harris
- 201 DuPont Hall, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rachel S Riley
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Megan Dang
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- 161 Colburn Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- 201 DuPont Hall, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- 4701 Ogletown Stanton Road, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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16
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Potocny AM, Riley RS, O'Sullivan RK, Day ES, Rosenthal J. Photochemotherapeutic Properties of a Linear Tetrapyrrole Palladium(II) Complex displaying an Exceptionally High Phototoxicity Index. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10608-10615. [PMID: 30132325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a minimally invasive and highly localized treatment strategy to ablate tumors with few side effects. In PDT, photosensitizers embedded within tumors are activated by light and undergo intersystem crossing, followed by energy transfer to molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of toxic singlet oxygen (1O2). Previously, we reported a robust, linear tetrapyrrole palladium(II) complex, Pd[DMBil1], characterized by its facile and modular synthesis, broad absorption profile, and efficient 1O2 quantum yield of ΦΔ = 0.8 in organic media. However, the insolubility of this porphyrinoid derivative in aqueous solution prevents its use under biologically relevant conditions. In this work, we report the synthesis of Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750, a water-soluble dimethylbiladiene derivative that is appended with a poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) functionality. Characterization of this complex shows that this PEGylated biladiene architecture maintains the attractive photophysical properties of the parent complex under biologically relevant conditions. More specifically, the absorption profile of Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 closely matches that of Pd[DMBil1] and obeys the Beer-Lambert Law, suggesting that the complex does not aggregate under biologically relevant conditions. Additionally, the emission spectrum of Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 retains the fluorescence and phosphorescence features characteristic of Pd[DMBil1]. Importantly, the PEGylated photosensitizer generates 1O2 with ΦΔ = 0.57, which is well within the range to warrant interrogation as a potential PDT agent for treatment of cancer cells. The Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 is biologically compatible, as it is taken up by MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and has an effective dose (ED50) of only 0.354 μM when exposed to λex > 500 nm light for 30 min. Impressively, the lethal dose (LD50) of Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 without light exposure was measured to be 1.87 mM, leading to a remarkably high phototoxicity index of ∼5300, which is vastly superior to existing photosensitizers that form the basis for clinical PDT treatments. Finally, through flow cytometry experiments, we show that PDT with Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 induces primarily apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. Overall these results demonstrate that Pd[DMBil1]-PEG750 is an easily prepared, biologically compatible, and well-tolerated photochemotherapeutic agent that can efficiently drive the photoinduced apoptotic death of TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily S Day
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute , Newark , Delaware 19713 , United States
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Riley RS, Dang MN, Billingsley MM, Abraham B, Gundlach L, Day ES. Evaluating the Mechanisms of Light-Triggered siRNA Release from Nanoshells for Temporal Control Over Gene Regulation. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3565-3570. [PMID: 29701993 PMCID: PMC6450696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate intracellular gene expression with exogenous nucleic acids such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has substantial potential to improve the study and treatment of disease. However, most transfection agents and nanoparticle-based carriers that are used for the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids cannot distinguish between diseased and healthy cells, which may cause them to yield unintended widespread gene regulation. An ideal delivery system would only silence targeted proteins in diseased tissue in response to an external stimulus. To enable spatiotemporal control over gene silencing, researchers have begun to develop nucleic acid-nanoparticle conjugates that keep their nucleic acid cargo inactive until it is released from the nanoparticle on-demand by externally applied near-infrared laser light. This strategy can overcome several limitations of other nucleic acid delivery systems, but the mechanisms by which these platforms operate remain ill understood. Here, we perform a detailed investigation of the mechanisms by which silica core/gold shell nanoshells (NSs) release conjugated siRNA upon excitation with either pulsed or continuous wave (CW) near-infrared (NIR) light, with the goal of providing insight into how these nanoconjugates can enable on-demand gene regulation. We demonstrate that siRNA release from NSs upon pulsed laser irradiation is a temperature-independent process that is substantially more efficient than siRNA release triggered by CW irradiation. Contrary to literature, which suggests that only pulsed irradiation releases siRNA duplexes, we found that both modes of irradiation release a mixture of siRNA duplexes and single-stranded oligonucleotides, but that pulsed irradiation results in a higher percentage of released duplexes. To demonstrate that the siRNA released from NSs upon pulsed irradiation remains functional, we evaluated the use of NSs coated with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-targeted siRNA (siGFP-NS) for on-demand knockdown of GFP in cells. We found that GFP-expressing cells treated with siGFP-NS and irradiated with a pulsed laser experienced a 33% decrease in GFP expression compared to cells treated with no laser. Further, we observed that light-triggered gene silencing mediated by siGFP-NS is more potent than using commercial transfection agents to deliver siRNA into cells. This work provides unprecedented insight into the mechanisms by which plasmonic NSs release siRNA upon light irradiation and demonstrates the importance of thoroughly characterizing photoresponsive nanosystems for applications in triggered gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Megan N. Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Margaret M. Billingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Baxter Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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Abstract
Molecular targeting presents a promising means of improving the specificity of cancer therapeutics, increasing accumulation at the cancer site and limiting off-target effects. These targeting schemes can be applied to nanoparticle-based treatments to further enhance their anticancer efficacy. Here, we describe methods to conjugate antibodies to silica-gold nanoshells and to quantify the resulting antibody content on the nanoparticles using a solution-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Although we will be using anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) antibodies conjugated to gold-silica nanoshells as a model system, this method is adaptable to quantify a range of targeting antibodies and proteins on various types of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Riley
- University of Delaware Biomedical Engineering, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Emily S Day
- University of Delaware Biomedical Engineering, Newark, DE, USA.
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19
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Riley RS, Day ES. Frizzled7 Antibody-Functionalized Nanoshells Enable Multivalent Binding for Wnt Signaling Inhibition in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Small 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201700544. [PMID: 28544579 PMCID: PMC5545881 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies that antagonize cell signaling pathways specific to their targeted receptor are invaluable tools to study and treat malignancies, but their utility is limited by high production costs and treatment dosages. Researchers have shown that antibodies conjugated to nanoparticles display increased affinity for their target relative to freely delivered antibodies due to multivalency, and this study investigates how this multivalency can enable antibody-nanoparticle conjugates to inhibit oncogenic cell signaling more effectively than freely delivered antibodies. This effect was evaluated using triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells that are characterized by hyperactive Wnt signaling mediated through overexpressed Frizzled7 (FZD7) transmembrane receptors. Through analysis of the expression of β-catenin and Axin2, two downstream targets in the Wnt pathway, the results demonstrate that FZD7 antibody-nanoshell conjugates (FZD7-NS) are drastically more effective at inhibiting Wnt signaling in TNBC cells than freely delivered FZD7 antibodies. Additionally, cells treated with FZD7-NS, but not cells treated with freely delivered FZD7 antibodies, have decreased viability, indicating the therapeutic potential of this technology. The results demonstrate that antibody-functionalized nanoparticles can exploit multivalency for improved signal cascade interference over free antibodies, and this may ultimately permit lower antibody dosages to be administered to study signaling pathways or to manage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Lab, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
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20
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Riley RS, Day ES. Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: applications and opportunities for multimodal cancer treatment. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017; 9:10.1002/wnan.1449. [PMID: 28160445 PMCID: PMC5474189 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT), in which nanoparticles embedded within tumors generate heat in response to exogenously applied laser light, has been well documented as an independent strategy for highly selective cancer treatment. Gold-based nanoparticles are the main mediators of PTT because they offer: (1) biocompatibility, (2) small diameters that enable tumor penetration upon systemic delivery, (3) simple gold-thiol bioconjugation chemistry for the attachment of desired molecules, (4) efficient light-to-heat conversion, and (5) the ability to be tuned to absorb near-infrared light, which penetrates tissue more deeply than other wavelengths of light. In addition to acting as a standalone therapy, gold nanoparticle-mediated PTT has recently been evaluated in combination with other therapies, such as chemotherapy, gene regulation, and immunotherapy, for enhanced anti-tumor effects. When delivered independently, the therapeutic success of molecular agents is hindered by premature degradation, insufficient tumor delivery, and off-target toxicity. PTT can overcome these limitations by enhancing tumor- or cell-specific delivery of these agents or by sensitizing cancer cells to these additional therapies. All together, these benefits can enhance the therapeutic success of both PTT and the secondary treatment while lowering the required doses of the individual agents, leading to fewer off-target effects. Given the benefits of combining gold nanoparticle-mediated PTT with other treatment strategies, many exciting opportunities for multimodal cancer treatment are emerging that will ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1449. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1449 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
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21
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Billingsley MM, Riley RS, Day ES. Antibody-nanoparticle conjugates to enhance the sensitivity of ELISA-based detection methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177592. [PMID: 28494030 PMCID: PMC5426781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate antigen detection is imperative for clinicians to diagnose disease, assess treatment success, and predict patient prognosis. The most common technique used for the detection of disease-associated biomarkers is the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In an ELISA, primary antibodies are incubated with biological samples containing the biomarker of interest. Then, detectible secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) bind the primary antibodies. Upon addition of a color-changing substrate, the samples provide a colorimetric signal that directly correlates to the targeted biomarker concentration. While ELISAs are effective for analyzing samples with high biomarker content, they lack the sensitivity required to analyze samples with low antigen levels. We hypothesized that the sensitivity of ELISAs could be enhanced by replacing freely delivered primary antibodies with antibody-nanoparticle conjugates that provide excess binding sites for detectible secondary antibodies, ultimately leading to increased signal. Here, we investigated the use of nanoshells (NS) decorated with antibodies specific to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a model system (EGFR-NS). We incubated one healthy and two breast cancer cell lines, each expressing different levels of EGFR, with EGFR-NS, untargeted NS, or unconjugated EGFR antibodies, as well as detectable secondary antibodies. We found that EGFR-NS consistently increased signal intensity relative to unconjugated EGFR antibodies, with a substantial 13-fold enhancement from cells expressing high levels of EGFR. Additionally, 40x more unconjugated antibodies were required to detect EGFR compared to those conjugated to NS. Our results demonstrate that antibody-nanoparticle conjugates lower the detection limit of traditional ELISAs and support further investigation of this strategy with other antibodies and nanoparticles. Owing to their enhanced sensitivity, we anticipate that nanoparticle-modified ELISAs can be used to detect low levels of biomarkers found in various diseases, such as cancers, tuberculosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, and may ultimately enable earlier diagnosis, better prognostication, and improved treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Billingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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Melamed JR, Riley RS, Valcourt DM, Day ES. Using Gold Nanoparticles To Disrupt the Tumor Microenvironment: An Emerging Therapeutic Strategy. ACS Nano 2016; 10:10631-10635. [PMID: 28024339 PMCID: PMC5348245 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have received much attention recently as carriers for anticancer drugs and therapeutic oligonucleotides, but little research has investigated their potential to act as stand-alone therapeutics. Previous studies interrogating their short- and long-term systemic toxicity have found that although gold nanoparticles accumulate within and clear slowly from the liver and spleen, they do not appear to exert toxic effects in these organs. Interestingly, gold nanoparticles innately exhibit the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment specifically by interfering with crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells. In this issue of ACS Nano, Mukherjee and colleagues demonstrate that bare gold nanoparticles can disturb crosstalk between pancreatic stellate cells and pancreatic cancer cells by modulating the cellular secretome to reduce the growth of desmoplastic tissue and inhibit tumor growth. In this Perspective, we highlight opportunities for anticancer targeting within the tumor microenvironment and discuss gold nanoparticles as potential mediators of microenvironment-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rachel S. Riley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Danielle M. Valcourt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Emily S. Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware 19713, United States
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Stannard JP, Riley RS, McClenney MD, Lopez-Ben RR, Volgas DA, Alonso JE. Mechanical prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after pelvic and acetabular fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83:1047-51. [PMID: 11451974 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200107000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-vein thrombosis is a common complication following pelvic and acetabular fractures. The hypothesis of this study was that pulsatile mechanical compression is superior to standard sequential mechanical compression for decreasing the prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with pelvic or acetabular fracture. METHODS A prospective, randomized, blinded study of two methods of mechanical prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis was conducted. One hundred and seven patients were randomized into either Group A (fifty-four patients), in which a thigh-calf low-pressure sequential-compression device was used, or Group B (fifty-three patients), in which a calf-foot high-pressure pulsatile-compression pump was used. All patients underwent duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance venography. The two groups were comparable with regard to demographics, fracture type, fracture treatment, time from the injury to the prophylaxis, and patient compliance. RESULTS Deep-vein thrombosis developed in ten patients (19%) in Group A, with seven (13%) having a large or occlusive clot and one (2%) having a documented pulmonary embolism. Deep-vein thrombosis developed in five patients (9%) in Group B, with two (4%) having a large or occlusive clot and none having a documented pulmonary embolism. Nine of the nineteen detected thromboses were in the deep pelvic veins. The difference in the prevalence of large or occlusive clots between the two groups demonstrated a trend but, with the numbers available, was not significant (p = 0.16). Increased patient age and the time elapsed from the injury to the surgery were found to be associated with higher rates of thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS Pulsatile compression was associated with fewer deep-vein thromboses than was standard compression, with the difference representing a trend but not reaching significance with the number of patients studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham 35294-3295, USA.
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Abstract
Platelet satellitism surrounding polymorphonuclear neutrophils has been observed almost exclusively in EDTA-treated blood at room temperature. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not understood fully. We report a case of platelet rosetting around atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood smears made from EDTA-treated and untreated blood. Flow cytometry of the peripheral blood sample and immunohistochemical stains of the subsequent bone marrow biopsy specimen revealed a monoclonal B-cell population positive for CD5, CD20, and cyclin D1 and negative for CD3 and CD23; cytogenetic findings revealed a complex karyotype that included t(11;14). These findings were consistent with mantle cell lymphoma. To our knowledge, the finding of platelet satellitism involving mantle cell lymphoma cells in peripheral blood has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cesca
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Riley
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0250, USA.
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Abstract
The prothrombin time (PT) is one of the most important laboratory tests to determine the functionality of the blood coagulation system. It is used in patient care to diagnose diseases of coagulation, assess the risk of bleeding in patients undergoing operative procedures, monitor patients being treated with oral anticoagulant (coumadin) therapy, and evaluate liver function. The PT is performed by measuring the clotting time of platelet-poor plasma after the addition of calcium and thromboplastin, a combination of tissue factor and phospholipid. Intra- and interlaboratory variation in the PT was a significant problem for clinical laboratories in the past, when crude extracts of rabbit brain or human placenta were the only source of thromboplastin. The international normalized ratio (INR), developed by the World Health Organization in the early 1980s, is designed to eliminate problems in oral anticoagulant therapy caused by variability in the sensitivity of different commercial sources and different lots of thromboplastin to blood coagulation factor VII. The INR is used worldwide by most laboratories performing oral anticoagulation monitoring, and is routinely incorporated into dosage planning for patients receiving warfarin. Although the recent availability of sensitive PT reagents prepared from recombinant human tissue factor (rHTF) and synthetic phospholipids eliminated many of the earlier problems associated with the use of crude thromboplastin preparations, local instrument variability in the INR still remains a problem. Presently, the use of plasma calibrants seems the best solution to this problem. Standardizing the point-of-care instruments for INR monitoring is another dilemma faced by the industry. Ultimately, new generations of anticoagulant drugs may eliminate the need for laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Riley
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0250, USA.
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Hogan TF, Riley RS, Thomas JG. Rapid diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) in a patient with respiratory failure using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with calcofluor white (CW) staining. J Clin Lab Anal 1998; 11:202-7. [PMID: 9219061 PMCID: PMC6760730 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2825(1997)11:4<202::aid-jcla5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of exclusion, acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is an acute febrile illness with respiratory impairment, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid eosinophilia. Whether pulmonary eosinophilia in AEP is primary or secondary remains undetermined. We report here a 22-year-old auto mechanic with severe AEP and acute respiratory failure who required intubation and ventilatory support. The patient's bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was analyzed using cultures, cytology, Wright/Giemsa, Gram, Gomori-methenamine-silver (GMS), and calcofluor white (CW) stains (1). Despite extensive evaluation, no infectious etiology was found. CW staining helped us rapidly to exclude Pneumocystis carinii or fungal infection and to focus attention toward the diagnosis of AEP. Transbronchial biopsy was unnecessary and supportive therapy without systemic glucocorticoids was followed by recovery within a few weeks. In this case, bronchoalveolar lavage with CW staining was of great assistance in the rapid diagnosis and initial management of AEP. Our literature review found no prior article using CW staining for evaluation of AEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Hogan
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown 26506-9162, USA
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Riley RS, Friedline J, Rogers JS. Antiphospholipid antibodies: standardization and testing. Clin Lab Med 1997; 17:395-430. [PMID: 9316766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon originally scorned as a laboratory nuisance has turned out to be an important cause of thromboembolism, fetal death, and other forms of human disease. Investigations of this inaptly named "lupus anticoagulant" has led to the discovery of at least two distinct types of autoimmune antibodies. In spite of recent discoveries regarding the pathophysiology of these antibodies, their clinical significance is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Riley
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA
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Abstract
A rapid, cost-effective method for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimen has become increasingly important in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in immunocompromised patients. In the past, the technically demanding, time-consuming, and expensive Gomori-methenamine-silver (GMS) stain was the principal means for the evaluation of these specimens. In this study, we compared the GMS stain with a new rapid, three-stain protocol for the evaluation of lower respiratory specimens. Lower respiratory specimens were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Conventional Wright/Giemsa and Gram stains were utilized, as well as a contemporary strain, calcofluor white (CW). A cell count was performed on the BAL specimens, and cytospins were stained by the three stains. The calcofluor white-stained slides were examined with an epi-fluorescent microscope, whereas the other stains were evaluated with a conventional light microscope. Gomorimethenamine-silver (GMS), acid-fast bacillus (AFB), and Papanicolaou (PAP) stains were performed as controls. Thirty-two BAL procedures were performed in 20 (63%) male patients and 12 (37%) female patients. The clinical diagnosis was pneumonia in 31% of the patients, malignant hematologic disease in 28%, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 9%, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 28%. Of these specimens, 78% were adequate for interpretation and 22% were inadequate. Bacteria were found in 50% (16/32) of all BALs, fungi were found in 9% (3/32), and Pneumocystis carinii was found in 9% (3/32). Gram-positive bacteria were most frequently found in patients with pneumonia (80%, 4/5), whereas P. carinii was identified in patients with AIDS. There were no false-positive results. One CW stain was equivocal for P. carinii due to high fluorescent background. Laboratory implementation of the rapid, three-staining technique was accomplished without difficulty in microbiology and hematology laboratory sections. Specimen evaluation with the rapid staining protocol was technically easy to perform; however, experience in ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy was crucial for interpretation of CW stain. All results were available in 2 hr, cost was reduced by 30%, and the assays were available 7 days/week. Further studies are ongoing to substantiate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of this technique, as well as clinical guidelines for its optimal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maymind
- Department of Pathology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Riley
- Department of Pathology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown
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Lee TK, Wiley AL, Esinhart JD, Riley RS, Blackburn LD. Variations associated with disaggregation methods in DNA flow cytometry. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1993; 15:195-200. [PMID: 8347259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the variations in DNA ploidy by flow cytometry (FC) among cell suspensions acquired by different disaggregation methods from the same tumor specimens. Cell suspensions (n = 121) of 40 solid tumors were obtained by mechanical mincing (n = 33), enzymatic digestion (n = 19), in vitro fine needle aspiration (FNA) (n = 34) or scraping (n = 35) of the tumor tissues. Mechanical disaggregation gave the highest cell yield, whereas enzymatic digestion provided the best cell viability. The mean values for the G0/G1 coefficient of variation, DNA indices and percent S phase were not significantly different in cell suspensions obtained with the four methods. However, the yield of malignant cells ranged from 60.4 +/- 5.3% (SEM) (enzymatic) to 82.3 +/- 3.1% (scraping). Tissue aliquots of 32 tumors were disaggregated by three to four methods, and the combined results of DNA ploidy obtained from different cell preparations showed that 22 tumors were nondiploid, but concordance with an abnormal DNA peak was found in only 27.3% (6/22) of the DNA nondiploid tumors. Our results indicate that scraping tumor tissue appears to be the best method for DNA FC since it has the highest percentage (61.3) of DNA nondiploid clones. Also, we believe the multiple samplings may provide comprehensive information on the DNA ploidy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
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32
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Elsheikh TM, Silverman JF, McCool JW, Riley RS. Comparative DNA analysis of solid tumors by flow cytometric and image analyses of touch imprints and flow cell suspensions. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98:296-304. [PMID: 1529964 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/98.3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative DNA analysis by flow cytometric (FCM) and image analyses (IA) has shown a high concordance rate. When present, discordance has been attributed to the presence of aneuploid cell populations detected only by IA, yet missed by FCM. This phenomenon has been explained by loss of aneuploid cells during FCM cell processing, differences in sampling area, or misinterpretation of the DNA histograms. To determine which factors are responsible for the discordance between IA and FCM, 82 fresh solid tumors from various sites were examined. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on cell suspensions isolated from the tumors, whereas IA was performed on touch imprints (IAT) and on cytosmears of the same cell suspension used for FCM (IAF). Comparison between IAT and IAF (IAT/IAF) assessed cell processing and sampling area differences, whereas IAF/FCM comparison assessed differences in apparatus and methodology as possible contributing factors to discordance. Furthermore, DNA histograms of IAT, IAF, and FCM were analyzed in the discordant cases to determine whether the discordance was due primarily to different cell populations detected (true discordance) or due to differences in histogram interpretation of the same cell populations (false discordance). IAT/IAF and IAF/FCM concordance rates (90% and 88%) were not significantly different from that of IAT/FCM (87%). False discordance accounted for most of the discordant cases in IAT/FCM comparison (six cases, 67%), whereas true discordance was seen in three cases. In all three truly discordant cases, the DNA-aneuploid cell populations detected only by IAT yet missed by FCM were also detected by IAF. This study demonstrates that discordance between IA and FCM is probably not due to cell loss during FCM cell processing or sampling area differences, but may be due to differences in assessing DNA ploidy in the interpretation of IA histograms and/or dilution of aneuploid cells by normal diploid cells in FCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Elsheikh
- Department of Pathology, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354
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Riley RS. Cellular proliferation markers in the evaluation of human cancer. Clin Lab Med 1992; 12:163-99. [PMID: 1611817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of normal growth regulatory mechanisms, and of the disordered growth that occurs during tumorigenesis, has greatly increased during the past decade. In particular, these studies have emphasized the importance of chromosomal alterations, genetic heterogeneity, and cell proliferation in tumorigenesis and metastasis. As a result, the early diagnosis and treatment of malignancy appear to be even more important than previously recognized. Clinical studies of tumor proliferative activity were first conducted by thymidine-labeling techniques and more recently by flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. This information appears to provide important information that directly relates to tumor behavior and is of great prognostic significance in many tumors. In contrast, total nuclear DNA content, as measured by flow cytometry or image analysis, appears to be an "epi-phenomenon," and its clinical significance varies in different tumors. The potential clinical value of this research is enormous, because a rapid, accurate nonradioisotopic flow cytometric determination of tumor kinetic parameters, simultaneously with DNA content and surface antigen expression, would provide information of great importance for determining patient prognosis and making therapeutic decisions. Under these circumstances, analysis of DNA content and proliferative activity should be applied cautiously to patient care. Stringent quality control should be exercised, and the potential significance and limitations of these data should be clearly provided to the requesting physician. Most importantly, additional research during the next few years will provide answers to the many questions that remain about the appropriate clinical role of this information. As Stanbridge and Nowell stated at the conclusion of a recent Cold Spring Harbor meeting on the Origins of Human Cancer, "We have come a long way. . . and we have a very long way to go."
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Riley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina
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Sharaf B, Riley RS, Drew TM, Williams DO. Late (five to eight years) clinical and angiographic assessment of patients undergoing successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69:965-7. [PMID: 1550028 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sharaf
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903
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Hodgson JM, Riley RS, Most AS, Williams DO. Assessment of coronary flow reserve using digital angiography before and after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60:61-5. [PMID: 2955694 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Important alterations of coronary blood flow and coronary flow reserve occur during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). This study evaluated these alterations using digital subtraction angiography. Coronary flow reserve was determined before and after successful PTCA in 20 patients with 1-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Ten other patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries, normal exercise electrocardiographic responses and normal cardiac structure also were evaluated. Coronary flow reserve was calculated as the ratio of papavarine-induced hyperemic flow to basal flow. Flow reserve for the stenotic artery in patients who underwent PTCA was 1.6 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) (range 0.9 to 3.9, n = 20). After successful PTCA, flow reserve for this artery increased to 3.1 +/- 0.2 (range 1.7 to 5.2, n = 20) (p less than 0.0001 vs before PTCA). Flow reserve for adjacent nonstenotic, nondilated arteries was 2.6 +/- 0.2 (range 1.4 to 4.5, n = 13). Coronary flow reserve in the stenotic arteries before PTCA was far below normal. In addition, both successfully dilated arteries and nondilated, nonstenotic arteries in these patients with CAD had flow reserve values smaller than those in the patients with normal arteries (4.8 +/- 0.6, range 2.3 to 12.6, n =22) (p less than 0.01). These findings suggest that digital angiographic determinations of coronary flow reserve can reveal important alterations of individual artery vasodilatory capacity. The data suggest that although an epicardial coronary in a patient with CAD may appear angiographically normal, flow reserve remains impaired due to abnormalities as yet undefined.
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Abstract
Although internal mammary artery bypass grafts have a high patency rate, the adequacy of blood flow through such conduits, particularly if used sequentially, has been questioned. To evaluate this issue, coronary flow reserve was studied in 20 patients after coronary bypass surgery. Nine patients had sequential internal mammary grafts to the diagonal and left anterior descending coronary arteries; five had a single internal mammary graft to the left anterior descending artery and six had sequential saphenous vein grafts. Fifteen additional single vein grafts were also placed in these patients. Coronary flow reserve was measured after contrast-induced hyperemia by a digital subtraction angiographic technique an average of 25 days after surgery. There was no difference in coronary flow reserve between the proximal and distal anastomotic regions in either the sequential internal mammary graft group (2.14 +/- 0.50 versus 2.29 +/- 0.68, n = 8, p = NS) or the sequential vein group (1.77 +/- 0.49 versus 2.08 +/- 0.78, n = 6, p = NS). In addition, the flow reserve provided to either vascular bed of the sequential internal mammary graft was not different from that provided by a single internal mammary graft (1.64 +/- 0.39, n = 5), a single vein graft (1.95 +/- 0.95, n = 15) or nonstenotic native coronary arteries (2.04 +/- 0.87, n = 34). No cases of intracoronary steal were observed. Although some patients had unequal flow reserves between the proximal and distal anastomotic zones, these occurred in the setting of residual coronary stenoses distal to the site of graft insertion or prior myocardial infarction in the grafted distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
One hundred twenty patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with 125I irradiation to the prostate and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Clinical stages were A-2 (13 pts), B-1 (34 pts), B-2 (49 pts), and C-1 (24 pts). The tumors were well differentiated in 44%, moderately differentiated in 39% and poorly differentiated in 17%. Nineteen of 22 patients with positive lymph nodes had either moderately or poorly differentiated tumors. A total radiation dosage between 15,000 and 24,000 rads per year were given to all patients. Seventy-six patients had been rebiopsied at 1 year, and 26 were positive for malignancy (34%). Thirty-eight patients had rebiopsy at 2 years, and 16 were positive (42%). Forty-four percent of the postradiation biopsies were of a different histologic grade from the primary lesion. Radiation injury was identified in 95% of the posttreatment biopsies and were moderate or severe in 71%. One hundred one patients are living from 1 to 9 years. Eight patients have died of metastatic carcinoma, and 11 have died of cardiovascular problems.
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Abstract
The hypothesis that successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty restores normal coronary circulatory dynamics was tested. Regional coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and lactate extraction were measured at rest and during sustained pacing tachycardia. Before angioplasty, tachycardia stress was associated with an attenuated blood flow and oxygen consumption response and the induction of anaerobic metabolism. After successful angioplasty, blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption increased during tachycardia stress and aerobic metabolism was sustained. The influence of basal alpha-adrenergic tone in modifying the time course of blood flow response to abrupt pacing was also assessed. Patients with normal coronary arteries demonstrated delayed increase in blood flow after alpha-adrenergic blockade. Alpha-adrenergic blockade did not affect the time course of blood flow response in patients with coronary artery disease, suggesting that alpha-adrenergic tone was chronically withdrawn. In patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, flow response before angioplasty was delayed, consistent with withdrawal of basal alpha-adrenergic tone. After coronary angioplasty, a brisk flow response was observed, indicating that basal alpha-adrenergic tone had been restored. Thus, successful coronary angioplasty restores the normal responsiveness of the coronary circulation.
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Weisburst MR, Singh AK, Riley RS. Echocardiographic features of aortic ball valve prosthesis malfunction. Clin Cardiol 1982; 5:597-601. [PMID: 7172520 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of aortic ball valve prosthesis malfunction is described in which the poppet became alternately stuck in the open and closed position. The patient experienced chest pain followed by pulmonary edema and cardiac arrest. Malfunction of prosthetic valve was diagnosed on echocardiogram and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was carried out until a Bjork-Shiley valve could be inserted in place of the faulty prosthesis. At the time of the operation, poppet migration had occurred and the poppet could not be found. Subsequent Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis dysfunction was suggested by variation in the intensity of the aortic opening sound and in the duration of the systolic ejection period. Fluoroscopy revealed the missing poppet in the left ventricle. Following surgical removal of the poppet, "normal" Bjork-Shiley valve function was restored.
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Kandzari SJ, Belis JA, Kim JC, Gnepp DR, Riley RS. Clinical results of early stage prostatic cancer treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and 125iodine implants. J Urol 1982; 127:923-7. [PMID: 7086994 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)54133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Eighty patients with clinically early stage adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with pelvic lymphadenectomy and interstitial implantation of 125iodine seeds. A new applicator that permits greater accuracy in spacing the seeds has been developed. Postoperative complications were minimal, with urinary irritability being the most common. Multiple transrectal needle biopsies were performed 12 and 18 months after treatment in 46 patients. The prostatic biopsies were negative for carcinoma in 61 per cent and positive in 39 per cent of the patients. Long-term followup is needed to correlate post-treatment biopsies with survival and to determine if patients with positive biopsies should receive further treatment.
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Singh AK, Williams DO, Cooper GN, Riley RS, Karlson KE. Percutaneous vs surgical placement of intra-aortic balloon assist. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1982; 8:519-23. [PMID: 7139705 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.1810080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-three patients required IABP over a one-year period. The type of insertion (percutaneous vs surgical) was used randomly. The hemodynamic effect, complication rate, and inability to insert the balloon were similar in both groups. Besides less trauma and cost-effectiveness, the most important advantage of percutaneous over surgical balloon insertion is shorter time interval between decision and insertion which thus allows faster stabilization of ischemic heart patients.
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Abstract
Seventeen patients presenting with unstable angina pectoris underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Despite vigorous medical therapy, all patients were disabled with 10 experiencing refractory in-hospital angina. PTCA was judged successful in 13 patients and resulted in decreased coronary diameter narrowing from 80 +/- 16% to 34 +/- 13% and reduced transstenotic pressure gradient from 69 +/- 13 to 23 +/- 12 mm Hg. Regional coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial metabolism were assessed at rest and during pacing tachycardia in six patients with left anterior descending coronary stenosis. Prior to PTCA, neither regional CBF increased nor coronary vascular resistance declined during rapid pacing; myocardial lactate extraction fell, indicating a shift from aerobic to anerobic metabolism. Following PTCA, however, rapid pacing resulted in increased regional CBF, decreased coronary vascular resistance, and preservation of aerobic metabolism. Following PTCA, successfully dilated patients demonstrated marked relief of angina symptoms, increase in functional capacity, and objective exercise ECG and thallium scintigraphic evidence of relief of previously ischemic myocardium. This investigation demonstrates that PTCA, when combined with medical therapy, can be performed safely and successfully in selected patients who present with otherwise refractory unstable angina, and indicates the procedure deserves further study as a therapeutic alternative in this condition.
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Williams DO, Riley RS, Singh AK, Most AS. Restoration of normal coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1980; 62:653-6. [PMID: 7398029 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.62.3.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regional coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism were evaluated in a patient who underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Angioplasty increased coronary luminal diameter and reduced trans-stenotic gradient. Before PTCA, angina pectoris developed during sustained rapid atrial pacing and was associated with abnormal lactate metabolism and a mild increase in coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. After PTCA, angina was absent during pacing and lactate extraction was preserved. Coronary flow and oxygen consumption were increased to a greater degree than before PTCA. The temporal response of changes in coronary blood flow due to an abrupt increase in heart rate was also evaluated. Floow reached peak value more rapidly after PTCA. These observations suggest that PTCA may result in improved regional coronary blood flow and restoration of normal flow regulatory mechanism and myocardial metabolism.
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DeLuca WM, Soderberg CH, Riley RS, O'Shea PA, Griffiths GS. Soliditary rhabdomyosarcoma of the pericardium: a case report and pathologic discussion. R I Med J (1976) 1980; 63:79-83. [PMID: 6929073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
This case report presents a young adult with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) and syncope. Infranodal complete heart block was demonstrated as his cause for syncope. Therapy consisted of implantation of a A-V sequential pacemaker. Cardiac output determinations and systolic time intervals demonstrated the beneficial effects of properly timed atrial contractions.
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Abstract
Previous studies showed that microsomal (Na+ + K+)ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) is activated by a proteinaeous material released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Investigations on the mode of action of the activator have been conducted by the siolation of 32P-labeled phosphoenzyme intermediates formed in the reaction of ATP and (Na+ + K)-ATPase, which has been postulated to occur through the formation and hydrolysis of acyl phosphate intermediates. The activator caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the recovery of phosphoenzyme intermediates that was not quantitatively altered by the Na+ or K+ concentration of the reaction mixture of by the presence of 1 mM oubain. A decline in phosphoenzyme intermediate recovery was promoted by the addition of the activator to preformed phosphoenzyme intermediates but not by activator that had been pretreated with protease or phenol. In addition, the activator caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of the p-nitrophenyl phosphatase and acetyl phosphatase activities of microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. It was proposed that the activator stimulates the dephosphorylation step of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase reaction sequence.
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Karlson KE, Most AS, Cooper GN, Riley RS, Nanian KB, Raymond RD, Capone RJ, Cashman CW, Vargas LL. Myocardial revascularization for patients with unstable angina pectoris. Surgical treatment results in less angina and lower long-term mortality risk. R I Med J (1974) 1975; 58:465-78. [PMID: 129841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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49
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Abstract
The properties of a (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activator contained in leukocytic extracts was investigated. Intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes release the activator in a time- and temperature-dependent process. It is non-dialyzable through cellophane; inactivated by protease, trypsin, or phenol; contains essential sulfhydryl groups; and is heat and acid labile. Treatment of ATPase with the activator and subsequent removable of the activator from mixtures did not reverse the ATPase activation.
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