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Ghosh S, Manley SE, Nightingale PG, Williams JA, Susarla R, Alonso‐Perez I, Stratton IM, Gkoutos GV, Webber J, Luzio SD, Hanif W, Roberts GA. Prevalence of admission plasma glucose in 'diabetes' or 'at risk' ranges in hospital emergencies with no prior diagnosis of diabetes by gender, age and ethnicity. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00140. [PMID: 32704561 PMCID: PMC7375073 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To establish the prevalence of admission plasma glucose in 'diabetes' and 'at risk' ranges in emergency hospital admissions with no prior diagnosis of diabetes; characteristics of people with hyperglycaemia; and factors influencing glucose measurement. METHODS Electronic patient records for 113 097 hospital admissions over 1 year from 2014 to 2015 included 43 201 emergencies with glucose available for 31 927 (74%) admissions, comprising 22 045 people. Data are presented for 18 965 people with no prior diagnosis of diabetes and glucose available on first attendance. RESULTS Three quarters (14 214) were White Europeans aged 62 (43-78) years, median (IQ range); 12% (2241) South Asians 46 (32-64) years; 9% (1726) Unknown/Other ethnicities 43 (29-61) years; and 4% (784) Afro-Caribbeans 49 (33-63) years, P < .001. Overall, 5% (1003) had glucose in the 'diabetes' range (≥11.1 mmol/L) higher at 8% (175) for South Asians; 16% (3042) were 'at risk' (7.8-11.0 mmol/L), that is 17% (2379) White Europeans, 15% (338) South Asians, 14% (236) Unknown/Others and 11% (89) Afro-Caribbeans, P < .001. The prevalence for South Asians aged <30 years was 2.1% and 5.2%, respectively, 2.6% and 8.6% for Afro-Caribbeans <30 years, and 2.0% and 8.4% for White Europeans <40 years. Glucose increased with age and was more often in the 'diabetes' range for South Asians than White Europeans with South Asian men particularly affected. One third of all emergency admissions were for <24 hours with 58% of these having glucose measured compared to 82% with duration >24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycaemia was evident in 21% of adults admitted as an emergency; various aspects related to follow-up and initial testing, age and ethnicity need to be considered by professional bodies addressing undiagnosed diabetes in hospital admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Ghosh
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
| | - Susan E. Manley
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Peter G. Nightingale
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
| | - John A. Williams
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Mammalian Genetics UnitMedical Research Council Harwell InstituteOxfordshireUK
| | - Radhika Susarla
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
| | - Irene Alonso‐Perez
- Health Informatics DepartmentQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Irene M. Stratton
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research GroupCheltenham General HospitalCheltenhamUK
| | - Georgios V. Gkoutos
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic SciencesCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC Health Data Research UK (Central Office)Gibbs BuildingLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Jonathan Webber
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Stephen D. Luzio
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Diabetes Research Unit (Cymru)Grove BuildingSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Wasim Hanif
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Translational MedicineHeritage Building (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)BirminghamUK
| | - Graham A. Roberts
- Diabetes Translational Research GroupDiabetes CentreNuffield HouseQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Diabetes Research Unit (Cymru)Grove BuildingSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- HRB‐Clinical Research Facility – CorkMercy University HospitalCorkIreland
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Tamblyn JA, Jeffery LE, Susarla R, Lissauer DM, Coort SL, Garcia AM, Knoblich K, Fletcher AL, Bulmer JN, Kilby MD, Hewison M. Transcriptomic analysis of vitamin D responses in uterine and peripheral NK cells. Reproduction 2020; 158:211-221. [PMID: 31163399 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in pregnant women and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular disorders of malplacentation. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is a potent regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, but its immune effects during pregnancy remain poorly understood. During early gestation, the predominant immune cells in maternal decidua are uterine natural killer cells (uNK), but the responsivity of these cells to 1,25(OH)2D3 is unknown despite high levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in decidua. Transcriptomic responses to 1,25(OH)2D3 were characterised in paired donor uNK and peripheral natural killer cells (pNK) following cytokine (CK) stimulation. RNA-seq analyses indicated 911 genes were differentially expressed in CK-stimulated uNK versus CK-stimulated pNK in the absence of 1,25(OH)2D3, with predominant differentially expressed pathways being associated with glycolysis and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). RNA-seq also showed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its heterodimer partner retinoid X receptor were differentially expressed in CK-stimulated uNK vs CK-stimulated pNK. Further analyses confirmed increased expression of VDR mRNA and protein, as well as VDR-RXR target in CK-stimulated uNK. RNA-seq analysis showed that in CK-stimulated pNK, 1,25(OH)2D3 induced 38 and suppressed 33 transcripts, whilst in CK-stimulated uNK 1,25(OH)2D3 induced 46 and suppressed 19 genes. However, multiple comparison analysis of transcriptomic data indicated that 1,25(OH)2D3 had no significant overall effect on gene expression in either CK-stimulated pNK or uNK. These data indicate that CK-stimulated uNK are transcriptionally distinct from pNK and, despite expressing abundant VDR, neither pNK nor uNK are sensitive targets for vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's & Children's Foundation Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - L E Jeffery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Susarla
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D M Lissauer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's & Children's Foundation Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - S L Coort
- Department of Bioinformatics-BiGCaT, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A Muñoz Garcia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Bioinformatics-BiGCaT, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - K Knoblich
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A L Fletcher
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - J N Bulmer
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M D Kilby
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's & Children's Foundation Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.,Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's & Children's Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Almulhem M, Susarla R, Alabdulaali L, Khunti K, Karamat MA, Rasiah T, Tahrani AA, Hanif W, Nirantharakumar K. The effect of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular events and risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 159:107918. [PMID: 31711857 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ramadan is the fasting month in Islam. Muslims around the world observe Ramadan every year, including people with diabetes. Data on the association of fasting in people with diabetes are sparse. The purpose of this study is to assess the association of fasting on cardiovascular risk factors and events in people with diabetes. A comprehensive search was conducted in the following database: Embase, Medline, Cochrane library and CINAHL. The following key terms were used: Ramadan, Ramazan, Ramadhan, Muslim, Islam and fasting. Studies were eligible if they included people with Type 2 diabetes who fasted during Ramadan and reporting results on cardiovascular risk factors or events. Overall 22 studies met inclusion criteria for the review; five studies reported cardiovascular outcomes and 17 reported changes in risk factors. There is insufficient evidence to link Ramadan fasting with increased or reduced incidence of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes, though there were some indication stroke risk may be increased. Findings were inconsistent in term of risk factors as some favoured Ramadan and others did not..
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Affiliation(s)
- Munerah Almulhem
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Radhika Susarla
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Luluh Alabdulaali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Thayakaran Rasiah
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, UK.
| | - Wasim Hanif
- Diabetes Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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Tamblyn JA, Susarla R, Jenkinson C, Jeffery LE, Ohizua O, Chun RF, Chan SY, Kilby MD, Hewison M. Dysregulation of maternal and placental vitamin D metabolism in preeclampsia. Placenta 2016; 50:70-77. [PMID: 28161064 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiology has linked preeclampsia (PET) to decreased maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). However, alterations in systemic and placental/decidual transport and metabolism of 25(OH)D3 during pregnancy suggest that other forms of vitamin D may also contribute to the pathophysiology of PET. METHODS In a cross sectional analysis of normal pregnant women at 1st (n = 25) and 3rd trimester (n = 21), pregnant women with PET (n = 22), and non-pregnant female controls (n = 20) vitamin D metabolites were quantified in paired maternal serum, placental, and decidual tissue. RESULTS Serum 25(OH)D3 was not significantly different in sera across all four groups. In normal 3rd trimester pregnant women serum active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) was significantly higher than non-pregnant, normal 1st trimester pregnant, and PET women. Conversely, PET sera showed highest levels of the catabolites 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3). Serum albumin was significantly lower in normal 3rd trimester pregnant women and PET relative to normal 1st trimester pregnant women, but there was no change in free/bioavailable 25(OH)D3. In PET placental tissue, 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 were lower than normal 3rd trimester tissue, whilst placental 24,25(OH)2D3 was highest in PET. Tissue 1,25(OH)2D3 was detectable in 1st trimester decidua, which also showed 10-fold higher 25(OH)D3 relative to paired placentae. 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were not different for decidua and placenta. In normal 3rd trimester pregnant women, total, free and bioavailable maternal 25(OH)D3 correlated with placental 25(OH)D3, but this was not conserved for PET. DISCUSSION These data indicate that PET is associated with decreased activation, increased catabolism, and impaired placental uptake of 25(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK; Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - R Susarla
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - L E Jeffery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - O Ohizua
- Women, Children and Sexual Health Directorate, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust, Walsall, WS2 9PS, UK
| | - R F Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Y Chan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - M D Kilby
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK; Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK; Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - M Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Women's & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK; Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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Chan SY, Susarla R, Canovas D, Vasilopoulou E, Ohizua O, McCabe CJ, Hewison M, Kilby MD. Vitamin D promotes human extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro. Placenta 2015; 36:403-9. [PMID: 25596923 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Incomplete human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion of the decidua and maternal spiral arteries is characteristic of pre-eclampsia, a condition linked to low maternal vitamin D status. It is hypothesized that dysregulated vitamin D action in uteroplacental tissues disrupts EVT invasion leading to malplacentation. METHODS This study assessed the effects of the active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-D3), on primary human EVT isolated from first trimester pregnancies. Expression of EVT markers (cytokeratin-7, HLA-G), the vitamin D-activating enzyme (CYP27B1) and 1,25-D3 receptor (VDR) was assessed by immunocytochemistry. EVT responses following in vitro treatment with 1,25-D3 (0-10 nM) or 25-D3 (0-100 nM) for 48-60 h were assessed using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of key target genes. Effects on EVT invasion through Matrigel(®) were quantified alongside zymographic analysis of secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Effects on cell viability were assessed by measurement of MTT. RESULTS EVT co-expressed mRNA and protein for CYP27B1 and VDR, and demonstrated induction of mRNA encoding vitamin D-responsive genes, 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) and cathelicidin following 1,25-D3 treatment. EVT could respond to 1,25-D3 and 25-D3, both of which significantly increased EVT invasion, with maximal effect at 1 nM 1,25-D3 (1.9-fold; p < 0.01) and 100 nM 25-D3 (2.2-fold; p < 0.05) respectively compared with untreated controls. This was accompanied by increased pro-MMP2 and pro-MMP9 secretion. The invasion was independent of cell viability, which remained unchanged. DISCUSSION These data support a role for vitamin D in EVT invasion during human placentation and suggest that vitamin D-deficiency may contribute to impaired EVT invasion and pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chan
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R Susarla
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - D Canovas
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Vasilopoulou
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - O Ohizua
- Women, Children and Sexual Health Directorate, Walsall Hospitals NHS Trust, Walsall, WS2 9PS, UK
| | - C J McCabe
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Hewison
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M D Kilby
- Centre for Women's & Children's Health and the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK.
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Alsalem JA, Patel D, Susarla R, Coca-Prados M, Bland R, Walker EA, Rauz S, Wallace GR. Characterization of vitamin D production by human ocular barrier cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2140-7. [PMID: 24576880 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D3 is a secosteroid mainly synthesized from the conversion of the skin precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) to vitamin D3 by ultraviolet (UV) B sunlight. Extrarenal synthesis of vitamin D3 has been reported in many tissues and cells, including barrier sites. This study characterizes the expression of components of vitamin D3 signaling in human ocular barrier cells. METHODS Primary human scleral fibroblasts (HSF), human corneal endothelial (HCEC-12), nonpigmented ciliary body epithelial (ODM-2), and adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cell lines were analyzed for the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), the vitamin D3 activating enzymes 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), 25-hydroxylases (CYP27A1 and CYP2R1), the vitamin D3 inactivating enzyme 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), and the endocytic receptors cubilin and megalin using a combination of RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS The HSF, HCEC-12, ODM-2, and ARPE-19 express mRNA and protein for all vitamin D3 synthesizing and metabolizing components. The cell types tested, except HSF, are able to convert inactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) into active 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3). CONCLUSIONS This novel study demonstrated that ocular barrier epithelial cells express the machinery for vitamin D3 and can produce 1,25(OH)2D3. We suggest that vitamin D3 might have a role in immune regulation and barrier function in ocular barrier epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher A Alsalem
- Centre for Translational Inflammation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Susarla R, Watkinson JC, Eggo MC. Regulation of human thyroid follicular cell function by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:199-207. [PMID: 22227235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential autocrine role of human thyroid vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) was examined using the VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor, ZM306416HCl. ZM306416HCl reduced VEGFR2 phosphorylation and inhibited endogenous, steady-state levels of p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation. It potently inhibited the secretion of plasminogen activators (PA) and increased (125)I uptake. Cell survival was compromised but rescued with insulin and TSH. Although the EGF receptor remained responsive to challenge by EGF in p42/44 MAPK assays, stimulatory effects of EGF on PA production were prevented by ZM306416HCl and those of protein kinase C stimulator, TPA reduced. In assays of (125)I uptake, ZM306416HCl prevented the inhibitory effects of EGF but not those of TPA. We conclude that autocrine VEGF may modulate thyroid function and that VEGFR inhibition increases iodide uptake and decreases PA production through regulation of p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation. VEGFR inhibition may have effects on thyroid function which may contribute to "off target" effects in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Susarla
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Susarla R, Gonzalez AM, Watkinson JC, Eggo MC. Expression of receptors for VEGFs on normal human thyroid follicular cells and their role in follicle formation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1992-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Susarla R, Watkinson JC, Eggo MC. Regulation of plasminogen activators in human thyroid follicular cells and their relationship to differentiated function. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:643-54. [PMID: 17458906 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human thyroid cells in culture take up and organify (125)I when cultured in TSH (acting through cAMP) and insulin. They also secrete urokinase (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators (5-100 IU/10(6)cells/day). TSH and insulin both decreased secreted PA activity (PAA), uPA and tPA protein and their mRNAs. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor increased secreted PAA and inhibited thyroid cell (125)I uptake. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, TPA significantly increased PAA and inhibited thyroid differentiated function, (TPA > EGF). For TPA, effects were rapid, increased PAA secretion and decreased (125)I uptake being seen at 4 h whereas for EGF, a 24 h incubation was required. qRT-PCR showed significantly increased mRNA expression of uPA with lesser effects on tPA. Aprotinin, which inhibits PAA, increased (125)I uptake but did not abrogate the effects of TPA and EGF. The MEKK inhibitor, PD98059 partially reversed the effects of EGF and TPA on PAA, and largely reversed the effects of EGF but not TPA on differentiated function. PKC inhibitors bisindoylmaleimide 1, and the specific PKCbeta inhibitor, LY379196 completely reversed the effects of TPA on (125)I uptake and PAA whereas EGF effects were unaffected. TPA inhibited follicle formation and this effect was blocked by LY379196 but not PD98059. We conclude that in thyroid cells, MAPK activation inversely correlates with (125)I uptake and directly correlates with PA expression, in contrast to the effects of cAMP. TPA effects on iodide metabolism, dissolution of follicles and uPA synthesis are mediated predominantly through PKCbeta whereas EGF exerts its effects through MAPK but not PKCbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Susarla
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Lewis AE, Susarla R, Wong BCY, Langman MJS, Eggo MC. Protein kinase C delta is not activated by caspase-3 and its inhibition is sufficient to induce apoptosis in the colon cancer line, COLO 205. Cell Signal 2005; 17:253-62. [PMID: 15494216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) is believed to be pro-apoptotic. PKCdelta is reported to be reduced in colon cancers. Using a colon cancer cell line, COLO 205, we have examined the roles of PKCdelta in apoptosis and of caspase-3 in the activation and inhibition of PKCdelta. PKCdelta activation with bistratene A and its inhibition with rottlerin induced apoptosis. Effects of PKC activators and inhibitors were additive, suggesting that PKCdelta down-regulation was responsible for the effects on apoptosis. Different apoptotic pathways induced PKCdelta cleavage, but the fragment produced was inactive in kinase assays. Caspase-3 inhibition did not block DNA fragmentation or PKCdelta proteolysis despite blocking intracellular caspase-3 activity. Calpain inhibition with calpeptin did not prevent TPA-induced PKCdelta cleavage. We conclude that in colonocytes, inhibition of PKCdelta is sufficient to lead to caspase-3-independent apoptosis. Caspase-3 does not cleave PKCdelta to an active form, nor does caspase-3 inhibition block apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia E Lewis
- Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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