Comprehensive analysis of long-term trends, meteorological influences, and ozone formation sensitivity in the Jakarta Greater Area

Jakarta Greater Area (JGA) has encountered recurrent challenges of air pollution, notably, high ozone levels. We investigate the trends of surface ozone (O3) changes from the air quality monitoring stations and resolve the contribution of meteorological drivers in urban Jakarta (2010-2019) and rural Bogor sites (2017-2019) using stepwise Multi Linear Regression. During 10 years of measurement, 41% of 1-h O3 concentrations exceeded Indonesia' s national threshold in Jakarta. In Bogor, 0.1% surpassed the threshold during 3 years of available data records. The monthly average of maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 anomalies exhibited a downward trend at Jakarta sites while increasing at the rural site of Bogor. Meteorological and anthropogenic drivers contribute 30% and 70%, respectively, to the interannual O3 anomalies in Jakarta. Ozone formation sensitivity with satellite demonstrates that a slight decrease in NO2 and an increase in HCHO contributed to declining O3 in Jakarta with 10 years average of HCHO to NO2 ratio (FNR) of 3.7. Conversely, O3 increases in rural areas with a higher FNR of 4.4, likely due to the contribution from the natural emission of O3 precursors and the influence of meteorological factors that magnify the concentration.

Development of a multiassay algorithm (MAA) to identify recent HIV infection in newly diagnosed individuals in Indonesia

Ongoing HIV transmission is a public health priority in Indonesia. We developed a new multiassay algorithm (MAA) to identify recent HIV infection. The MAA is a sequential decision tree based on multiple biomarkers, starting with CD4+ T cells >200/μL, followed by plasma viral load (pVL) > 1,000 copies/ml, avidity index (AI) < 0 · 7, and pol ambiguity <0 · 47%. Plasma from 140 HIV-infected adults from 19 hospitals across Indonesia (January 2018 - June 2020) was studied, consisting of a training set (N = 60) of longstanding infection (>12-month) and a test set (N = 80) of newly diagnosed (≤1-month) antiretroviral (ARV) drug naive individuals. Ten of eighty (12 · 5%) newly diagnosed individuals were classified as recent infections. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) against reverse transcriptase inhibitors were identified in two individuals: one infected with HIV subtype C (K219Q, V179T) and the other with CRF01_AE (V179D). Ongoing HIV transmission, including infections with DRMs, is substantial in Indonesia.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Dillenia serrata Thunb Ethanol Extract Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Women’s breast cancer incidence rate in Indonesia ranks number one with 12 per 100,000 cases, with luminal A as the dominant subtype. Currently, chemotherapeutic agents have limitations that lead to inefficiencies in therapy, therefore it is necessary to develop more effective and efficient chemopreventive agents. Plant secondary metabolites can provide pharmacological effects that can be used as chemoprevention agents. Secondary metabolites of D. serrata may have pharmacological effects as antioxidants and cytotoxic. This study aims to determine the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic activity of D. serrata ethanolic extract on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The leaves of D. serrata were macerated, while the bark and root samples were refluxed with 96% ethanol as solvent. All extracts were evaporated with a rotary evaporator. Qualitative evaluation of the phytochemical content of leaf ethanolic extract, bark ethanolic extract, and root ethanolic extract was done using the standard tube test method. The antioxidant assay was carried out using the DPPH. The cytotoxic activity was determined in vitro using an MTT assay against the MCF-7 cell line with a series of concentrations from 12.5–400 μg/mL. Doxorubicin was the positive control treated at a 3.125–100 μg/mL concentration. The antioxidant activity showed that leaf extract had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by root and bark extract, with IC50 values of 95.66, 270.5, and 335.96 ppm, respectively. Leaf ethanolic extract and root ethanolic extract’s cytotoxic ability is considered moderate cytotoxic with IC50 values of 493.17 and 229.82 μg/mL, respectively. Amongst the ethanolic extract from the leaf, bark, and root of D. serrata, the leaf ethanolic extract has the best anti-oxidant activity and the bark ethanolic extract was the most cytotoxic one against MCF-7 cells.Keywords: Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Dillenia serrata, MCF-7.

Pendampingan Pemetaan Partisipatif Sekolah Siaga Bencana

Salah satu strategi dalam pengurangan risiko bencana adalah dengan peningkatan pemahaman dan kapasitas individu maupun masyarakat terhadap bencana. Lembaga pendidikan sebagai salah satu ruang publik dituntut harus mampu mengelola risiko bencana sesuai dengan ancaman yang ada di wilayah sekitarnya. Melalui penerapan pendidikan sekolah siaga bencana maka secara tidak langsung melatih guru dan sisiwa dalam mitigasi bencana di sekolah mereka. Tujuan utama dalam pengabdian ini adalah agar warga sekolah memiliki ketahanan dan ketangguhan dalam menghadapi bencana melalui sekolah siaga bencana. Pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini menggunakan metode pendampingan. Pelaksanaan kegiatan Participatory Mapping dibedakan menjadi 3 tahapan, yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap pelaksanaan, dan tahap analisis. Tahap persiapan merupakan tahapan pengumpulan data primer. Pengumpulan data primer untuk penyusunan peta-peta dasar. Tahap pelaksanaan merupakan tahap peserta kegiatan melakukan pelatihan untuk membuat peta denah sekolah. Tahap analisis merupakan tahap akhir kegiatan dengan menjelaskan dan mendiskripsikan peta denah sekolah. Hasil dari refeksi, observasi, serta inventarisasi dari kelompok kemudian dideskripsikan dan divisualisasikan dengan pembuatan denah peta lingkungan sekolah. Proses pemetaan lingkungan denah sekolah dilakukan secara partisipatif, terutama untuk menentukan jalur evakuasi dan titik kumpul apabila sewaktu-waktu terjadi bencana.  Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan sebagai salah satu sarana bagi mitra yaitu sekolah dalam rencana tanggap darurat bencana. Pelibatan seluruh komunitas sekolah sangat penting terhadap literasi kebencanaan. Kegiatan ini telah menumbuhkan peningkatan pemahaman komunitas sekolah dalam kebencanaan khususnya di sekolah rawan bencana.

An overview of techniques and strategies for isolation of flavonoids from the genus Erythrina

Plants in the genus Erythrina is a potential source of chemical constituents, one of which is flavonoids, which have diverse bioactivities. To date, literature on the flavonoids from the genus Erythrina has only highlighted the phytochemical aspects, so this review article will discuss isolation techniques and strategies for the first time. More than 420 flavonoids have been reported in the Erythrina genus, which are grouped into 17 categories. These flavonoid compounds were obtained through isolation techniques and strategies using polar, semi-polar, and non-polar solvents. Various chromatographic techniques have been developed to isolate flavonoids using column flash chromatography, quick column chromatography, centrifugally accelerated thin-layer chromatography, radial chromatography, medium-pressure column chromatography, semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic processes for isolating flavonoids can be optimized using multivariate statistical applications such as response surface methodology with central composite design, Box-Behnken design, Doehlert design, and mixture design.

Evaluation of Microbial Numbers and Physical Properties of Milk Preserved with Different Time of Pre-Heating and Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Exposure

Milk production is intended for human consumption; hence preservation technology is required while maintaining the sensory and nutritional attributes. Some of technologies applied in milk are the use of pre-heating combined with pulsed electric fields (PEF) exposure. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of combination food preservation techniques using pre-heating and PEF with various conditions. The raw milk first received the pre-heating treatment at 70 ËšC, followed by PEF exposure. A completely randomized design (CDR) was applied in this research. It used two factors, namely factor I (pre-heating duration: 10, 20, and 30 minutes), and factor II (PEF exposure duration: 2, 4, and 6 minutes) with three replications, resulting in nine (9) treatments. The results reveal that there was a bacterial reduction within the range of 0.70-1.06 log CFU/mL. Besides, the increasing duration of pre-heating combined with PEF exposure decrease the values of viscosity, emulsion stability, and lightness of raw milk samples. Moreover, the most effective treatment observed in the raw milk-treated with pre-heating of 10 minutes and PEF of 2 minutes, with the level of TPC, viscosity, emulsion stability, and lightness of 1.88 log CFU/mL, 14.65 cP, and 95.65%, respectively

Gamma-induced grafting of rice straw cellulose with polyvinylpyrrolidone

Cellulose obtained from rice straw was grafted with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Cell-g-PVP). The process was induced by simultaneous gamma iradiation (Co-60). The presence of the grafted PVP chains was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and EDS methods. The influence of the iradiation dose (20 and 30 kGy) on the reaction efficiency and thermal stability of Cell-g-PVP was investigated. The grafting yield at the dose of 30 kGy was about 56%. The higher dose of radiation resulted in better thermal stability. The AAS results showed that Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cr(II) ions can be adsorbed by Cell-g-PVP. The order of ion metals adsorption capacity of Cell-g-PVP was Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Cr(II). The adsorption isotherm of Cu(II) metal ion using the Cell-g-PVP followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm whereas the chemical adsorption and the adsorption energy were constant on all sides of the copolymer.

Sea grapes powder with the addition of tempe rich in collagen: An anti-aging functional food

Background: This study aimed to determine the potential anti-aging effects of sea grapes and tempe (fermented soybeans) collagen particle size, by measuring the activities of anti-glycation, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitors. Methods: Collagen was isolated from freeze-dried sea grapes and tempe powder and treated with different NaOH concentrations (0.10 M; 0.20 M; 0.30 M), and CH3COOH 1 M solution, separately. The collagen particle size was adjusted by stirring at 1000 rpm for 5 and 10 hours. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure the antioxidant activity, and L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) was used as a marker of tyrosine inhibition. Results:  The collagen treated with 0.10 M NaOH produced the highest collagen yield (11.65%), and the largest particle size (2455 nm). Additionally, this collagen, when treated for 5 hours, exhibited 24.70% antioxidant activity, 62.60% anti-glycation, 8.97% L-tyrosine, and 26.77% L-Dopa inhibition activities. Meanwhile, the collagen treated for 10 hours had a 9.98% antioxidant activity, 41.48% anti-glycation, 7.89% L-tyrosine, and 2.67% L-Dopa inhibition activity. Conclusion: Sea grapes and tempe collagen powder treated with 0.10 M NaOH and stirred for 5 hours, possess the best potential anti-aging properties as a functional food.

Social determinants of health protocol adherence among adults during COVID-19 pandemic in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) must be controlled by involving all stakeholders, including the community. Community protocol compliance with COVID-19 health guidelines is essential. This study assessed the social determinants of health on community protocol compliance with COVID-19 health guidelines among adults in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was a mixed-method study of 461 adults from February through May 2021 in Yogyakarta Province. We collected data through an online survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Logistic regression was used to analyze the results.

RESULTS

Most respondents (86%) always wore masks, followed social distancing (51.8%), and washed their hands regularly (99%). Subjects older than 45 years, women, and community leaders demonstrated greater compliance with COVID-19 health protocols compared to other people. On the other hand, the occupation has become a healthy lifestyle practice indicator.

CONCLUSION

Gender, age, educational level, economics, and social status were determinants of health protocol adherence among adults in Yogyakarta. Therefore, health providers need to consider social determinants for health promotion approaches and COVID-19 prevention and control strategies.

Edukasi Antibiotik dalam Mencegah Resistensi di Pasar Tradisional Karuwisi dan Pasar Sawah Kota Makassar

Pengetahuan tentang antibiotik dan resistensi pada masyarakat masih rendah. Hal ini menjadi sebuah dinding yan menyebabkan gagal terapi untuk penyakit infeksi bakteri di komunitas. Pengabdian ini bertujuan memberikan edukasi kepada masyarakat dan sekaligus mengukur pengetahuan masyarakat tentang antibiotic dan resistensi. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di pasar Sawah dan pasar Karuwisi di kota makassar. Pengabdian dilakukan dengan metode observational secara random untuk mewawancarai responden. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 responden yang diambil secara acak pada pasar tradisional lebih dari 80% tidak mengenal atau mengetahui resistensi dan pengetahuan tentang antibiotic juga masih kurang. Dari pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan antibiotik sangat kurang, bahkan kecenderungan untuk menggunakan antibiotik secara bebas sangatlah tinggi. Resiko resistensi juga tidak disadari oleh masyarakat sehingga sangat memungkinkan terjadinya AMR di masyarakat.

Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Feces of Bali Cattle With Reproductive Disorders

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global issue in animal, human and environmental health. The AMR profile of Escherichia coli reflects the use of antibiotics in production animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from the feces of female Bali cattle with reproductive disorders. Feces samples were taken purposively using a swab on 4 rectums from 7 Bali cattle with reproductive disorders in June 2021 in Lando Village, East Lombok Regency. Escherichia coli samples were isolated on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar media and identified by biochemical tests. An antibiotic resistance test against Escherichia coli was carried out by the disk diffusion method. The antibiotics used in the test were Penicillin G 10 U, Oxytetracycline 30 g, Gentamicin 10 g, and Tetracycline 30 g, and Cefotaxime 30 g. The results of planting on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar media obtained 4 Escherichia coli which were successfully isolated from 4 samples of Bali cattle feces. Data on the level of Escherichia coli susceptibility level to various antibiotics were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the susceptibility test to antibiotics showed that 4 samples of Escherichia coli (100%) were resistant to Penicillin G, (25%) were resistant to Oxytetracycline, (25%) were resistant to Cefotaxime, and (100%) samples of Escherichia coli were sensitive to Gentamicin and Tetracycline. The chi-square test on the level of Escherichia coli susceptibility to various antibiotics was significant with p˂ 0.05 (p-value = 0.012). The results of this study have shown that Escherichia coli from Bali cattle feces experience multidrug resistance which later on might have an impact on human health and the environment.

Sea grapes powder with addition of tempe rich in collagen: An anti-aging functional food

Background: This study aimed to determine the potential anti-aging effects of sea grapes and tempe (Fermented soybeans) collagen particle size, by measuring the activities of anti-glycation, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitors. Methods: Collagen was isolated from sea grapes and tempe freeze dried powder and treated with different NaOH concentrations (0.10 M; 0.20 M; 0.30 M), and CH3COOH 1 M solution, separately. The collagen particle size was adjusted by stirring at 1000 rpm for 5 and 10 hours. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to measure the antioxidant activity, and L-tyrosine and L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) were used as a marker of tyrosine inhibition.  Results:  The collagen treated with 0.10 M NaOH produced the highest collagen yield (11.65%), and largest particle size (2455 nm). Additionally, this collagen, when treated for 5 hours, exhibited 24.70% antioxidant activity, 62.60% anti-glycation, 8.97% L-tyrosine, and 26.77% L-Dopa inhibition activities. Meanwhile, the collagen treated for 10 hours had a 9.98% antioxidant activity, 41.48% anti-glycation, 7.89% L-tyrosine, and 2.67% L-Dopa inhibition activity.  Conclusion: Sea grapes and tempe collagen powder treated with 0.10 M NaOH and stirred for 5 hours, as functional foods have anti-aging properties.

Efektifitas Pijat Oksitosin dan Aromaterapi Lavender terhadap Keberhasilan Relaktasi pada Ibu Nifas

Relaktasi adalah suatu proses kembalinya menyusui setelah berhentinya menyusui dan kembali menyusui secara eksklusif. Penelitian ini sangat penting mengingat tehnik pijat oksitosin dan aromaterapi lavender dapat meningkatkan keberhasilan relaktasi agar bayi mendapatkan ASI kembali, sehingga kebutuhan nutrisi bayi terpenuhi dan bayi dapat tumbuh kembang dapat optimal dan juga mendukung perkembangan imunitas bayi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas pijat oksitosin dan aroma terapi lavender terhadap keberhasilan relaktasi pada ibu nifas. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian experiment. Desain penelitian one group pretest post-test. Jumlah populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu nifas di BPM Hj. Elly Liawati Kabupaten Bogor pada Bulan April-September Tahun 2020 sebanyak 22 responden. Hasil analisis uji Wilcoxon, diperoleh nilai p value 0,000 (p- value=0,000<0,05) menunjukka ada pengaruh pemberian pijat oksitosin dengan aromaterapi lavender terhadap keberhasilan relaktasi pada ibu postpartum (Pv=0,000). Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa terapi pijat oksitosin dan aromaterapi lavender dapat meningkatkan angka keberhasilan relaktasi sehingga bayi dapat memperoleh ASI kembali. Oleh karena itu, peningkatan pengetahuan tentang relaktasi sangatlah penting sehingga dapat meningkatkan pemberian ASI.

Music Therapy and Bibliotherapy to Reduce Child Anxiety When Given Intravenous Therapy

Introduction: Children often experience anxiety when undergoing the treatment process at the hospital. Efforts to reduce such anxiety can be done with music therapy and bibliotherapy. This study aims to analyze the differences in the effectiveness of music therapy and bibliotherapy in reducing anxiety in children before getting intravenous therapy.Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental, with the pretest and posttest approach. The population was 178 with 32 samples, each of the 16 respondents were given music therapy and bibliotherapy using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected with observation sheets from the adoption of the HAM-A scale, analyzed by the Wilcoxon test and independent T test at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.Results: There were differences in children's anxiety when getting intravenous therapy before and after music therapy and bibliotherapy with p = 0.001 (p <0.05), and there was no difference in the effectiveness of the two p values = 0.91 (p> 0.05), but the average bibliotherapy reduced anxiety by 65%, and music therapy by 57%.Conclusion: Bibliotherapy can be given as complementary therapy in children before intravenous therapy.

Optimization of temperature and drying time of indigenous cocktail yeast mold culture using response surface methodology (RSM)

The study was conducted to obtain an optimal combination of time and temperature of the drying process of indigenous cocktail yeast mold culture using RSM. The cocktail yeast mold culture was dried using an oven. The cocktail cultures contain Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, Acremonium strictum, and Candida famata, namely AC (Amylolytic Culture). The Response Surface Methods (RSM) with Design-Expert® 7.00 software, namely Mixture design with D-optimal was performed. The drying time was between 24- 48 hrs and the drying temperature was between 40-50oC. The total of 16 formulas of the combination of drying time and temperature for processing the dried cultures were produced by RSM. The response chosen was total viability of mold and yeast, water content, water activity, and pH. The result of optimization and verification was obtained by the model: pH (AC) = -0.058A - 1.56 x 10-003B + 7.13, where A = drying temperature ( oC), B = drying time (hr). The AC optimization was achieved at a combination of drying temperatures and time of 50oC for 48 hrs. Desirability values were 0.729. The optimum formula for AC has viability of total yeast mold of 7.39 x 106 CFU/g, moisture content of 5.62%, aw 0.303, and pH 4.18.

Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream versus LidocaineHCL Injection for Pain Relief during Second Degree of Perineal Tear Suturing after Vaginal Delivery: A Comparative Study

Abstract Objective : To compare the effectiveness of topically applied lidocaine-prilocaine cream with lidocaine-HCl injection in the reduction of pain during second degree of perineal tear suturing after vaginal delivery. Methods : One hundred and twenty-four of women with second degree of perineal tear after vaginal delivery were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. Women were assigned randomly to have either application of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (n=62) or local injection of lidocaine-HCl (n=62) for anesthetic during perineal suturing. Pain measured with viasual analog scale (VAS) for the first 5 minutes during the perineal suturing. Statistical analysis was performed by comparative analytic numerical unpaired with independent t test between the two groups and significance was assessed at p<0.05. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Results : There was no significantly different of pain score between lidocaine-prilocaine cream and lidocaine-HCl injection group (5.66±1.07 vs 5.56±1.5; p=0.473). Conclusion : Application of lidocaine-prolicaine cream as effective as injection of lidocaine for reducing pain during second degree of perineal tear suturing after vaginal delivery. Keywords : Lidocaine-prilocaine cream, lidocaine-HCl injection, pain, perineal suturing, vaginal delivery     Abstrak Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan efektivitas antara lidokain-prilokain topikal dan lidokain-HCl injeksi dalam mengurangi nyeri selama penjahitan luka perineum tingkat dua setelah persalinan normal. Metode: Seratus dua puluh empat perempuan dengan robekan perineum tingkat dua postpartum pervaginam mengikuti uji coba klinis secara acak ini. Enam puluh dua perempuan (n=62) menggunakan lidokain-prilokain topikal dan 62 perempuan lainnya (n=62) menggunakan injeksi lokal lidokain-HCl untuk anestesi selama penjahitan perineum. Nyeri diukur dengan visual analog scale (VAS) untuk 5 menit pertama selama penjahitan perineum. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji numerik komparatif tidak berpasangan dengan uji t independen antara kedua kelompok dengan tingkat kemaknaan p<0,05. Data disajikan sebagai rerata ± standar deviasi (SD). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan skor nyeri antara kelompok  lidokain-prilokain topikal dan kelompok injeksi lidokain-HCl (5,66 ± 1,07 vs 5,56 ± 1,5; p = 0,473). Kesimpulan : Efektifitas lidokain-prolikain topikal untuk mengurangi nyeri sama dengan injeksi lidokain-HCl selama penjahitan robekan perineum tingkat dua postpartum pervaginam. Kata kunci : Lidokain-prolikain topical, lidokain-HCl injeksi, nyeri, penjahitan perineum, persalinan normal

Pengaruh Obesitas terhadap Respon Terapi Serangan Asma

Latar belakang. Angka kejadian asma pada anak meningkat begitu pula dengan obesitas. Anak obes dengan asma memberi efek mekanik dan keadaan inflamasi. Pasien asma dengan obesitas memerlukan lama rawat di rumah sakit, durasi pemberian albuterolTujuan. Mengetahui apakah obesitas sebagai faktor risiko rendahnya respon terapi pada pasien anak dengan serangan asma.Metode. Penelusuran pustaka database elektronik, yaitu Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Highwire. Hasil. Penelitian kasus-kontrol prospektif mendapatkan obesitas tidak berhubungan dengan respon bronkodilator (odds ratio [OR]=1,03;interval kepercayaan [IK]95%0,87-1,21). Penelitian potong lintang mendapatkan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara obesitas dengan penggunaan albuterol maupun luaran lain. Sedangkan studi kohort prospektif menunjukkan BDR (bronchodilator response) anak lelaki berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan IMT sedangkan pada anak perempuan sebaliknya. Studi kohort retrospektif mendapatkan pasien asma dengan obesitas memerlukan lama rawat di ruang intensif dan lama rawat inap rumah sakit, durasi pemberian albuterol kontinu (6,5+3,8 vs 4,4+2,4 hari, p=0,0005) durasi terapi oksigen dan steroid intravena yang lebih panjang dibandingkan pasien dengan berat badan normal. Kesimpulan. Sebagian hasil penelusuran menunjukkan pengaruh obesitas terhadap terapi serangan asma namun semua literatur yang ada saat ini memiliki level of evidence yang rendah. Berdasarkan bukti ilmiah yang dipaparkan di atas, belum cukup bukti untuk menyatakan obesitas sebagai faktor risiko dalam respon pemberian agonis β pada pasien anak dengan asma.

Immune Responses of Wistar Rat (Rattus novergicus) on Adduction of Humid Acid from Borneo Peat Soil

<p>Peat soil is a type of soil that dominates the island of Borneo. Typical compounds in peat soil is shumic acid. Various in vitro studies performed have shown peat subtropical humic compounds can stimulate the immune system. However, in vivo study on animal has not been done. This study aimed to determine the effect of humic acid extracted from peat soil of Kalimantan against the immune system, both of non-specific and specific immunity Wistar rats (<em>Rattus novergicus</em>). Research using a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates, the normal controls, a positive control (isoprinosine), humic acid 125; 250; 500 mg/kg. Humic acid was administered orally for 10 days. The results showed humic acid adduction did not significantly affect levels of hemoglobin, erythrocytes and hematocrit. Humic acid adduction of 125 mg/kg significantly affects the total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte. Humic acid 125 mg/kg also showed increased phagocytic index better than normal controls. All humic acid treatments do not provide a significant effect on the total amount of antibody. The results of this study can be used for the development of Borneo tropical peat resources as natural imunostimulant.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Rousdy, D. W., Rahmawati, R. &amp; Kurniatuhadi, R. (2016). Immune Responses of Wistar Rat (<em>Rattus novergicus</em>) on Adduction of Humid Acid from Borneo Peat Soil. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education</em>, 8(3), 401-406. </p>