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Ghio AJ, Stewart M, Sangani RG, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL. Asbestos and Iron. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12390. [PMID: 37569765 PMCID: PMC10419076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of disease pathogenesis following asbestos exposure have focused on the participation of iron. After exposure, an open network of negatively charged functional groups on the fiber surface complexes host metals with a preference for iron. Competition for iron between the host and the asbestos results in a functional metal deficiency. The homeostasis of iron in the host is modified by the cell response, including increased import to correct the loss of the metal to the fiber surface. The biological effects of asbestos develop in response to and are associated with the disruption of iron homeostasis. Cell iron deficiency in the host following fiber exposure activates kinases and transcription factors, which are associated with the release of mediators coordinating both inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Relative to serpentine chrysotile, the clearance of amphiboles is incomplete, resulting in translocation to the mesothelial surface of the pleura. Since the biological effect of asbestos is dependent on retention of the fiber, the sequestration of iron by the surface, and functional iron deficiency in the cell, the greater clearance (i.e., decreased persistence) of chrysotile results in its diminished impact. An inability to clear asbestos from the lower respiratory tract initiates a host process of iron biomineralization (i.e., asbestos body formation). Host cells attempt to mobilize the metal sequestered by the fiber surface by producing superoxide at the phagosome membrane. The subsequent ferrous cation is oxidized and undergoes hydrolysis, creating poorly crystalline iron oxyhydroxide (i.e., ferrihydrite) included in the coat of the asbestos body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Rahul G. Sangani
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
| | - Victor L. Roggli
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
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Sangani RG, Deepak V, Anwar J, Patel Z, Ghio AJ. Cigarette Smoking, and Blood Monocyte Count Correlate with Chronic Lung Injuries and Mortality. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:431-446. [PMID: 37034898 PMCID: PMC10076620 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s397667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking (CS)-related monocytosis contributes to the development of chronic lung injuries via complex mechanisms. We aim to determine correlations between measures of CS and monocytes, their capacities to predict chronic lung diseases, and their associations with mortality. Methods A single-center retrospective study of patients undergoing surgical resection for suspected lung nodules/masses was performed. CS was quantified as cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), duration of smoking, composite pack years (CPY), current smoking status, and smoking cessation years. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results Of 382 eligible patients, 88% were ever smokers. In this group, 45% were current smokers with mean CPD of 27.2±40.0. CPY and duration of smoking showed positive linear correlations with percentage monocyte count. Physiologically, CPY was associated with progressive obstruction, hyperinflation, and reduced diffusion capacity (DLCO). Across the quartiles of smoking, there was an accumulation of radiologic and histologic abnormalities. Anthracosis and emphysema were associated with CPD, while lung cancer, respiratory bronchiolitis (RB), emphysema, and honeycombing were statistically related to duration of smoking. Analysis using consecutive CPY showed associations with lung cancer (≥10 and <30), fibrosis (≥20 and <40), RB (≥50), anthracosis and emphysema (≥10 and onwards). Percentage monocytes correlated with organizing pneumonia (OP), fibrosis, and emphysema. The greater CPY increased mortality across the groups. Significant predictors of mortality included percentage monocyte, anemia, GERD, and reduced DLCO. Conclusion Indices of CS and greater monocyte numbers were associated with endpoints of chronic lung disease suggesting a participation in pathogenesis. Application of these easily available metrics may support a chronology of CS-induced chronic lung injuries. While a relative lesser amount of smoking can be associated with lung cancer and fibrosis, greater CPY increases the risk for emphysema. Monocytosis predicted lung fibrosis and mortality. Duration of smoking may serve as a better marker of monocytosis and associated chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence: Rahul G Sangani, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr, PO BOX 9166, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA, Tel +1 304 293-4661 option #2, Fax +1 304-293-3724, Email
| | - Vishal Deepak
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Javeria Anwar
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zalak Patel
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Sangani RG, Deepak V, Ghio AJ, Patel Z, Alshaikhnassir E, Vos J. Peribronchiolar Metaplasia: A Marker of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Small Airway Injury in a Rural Cohort. Clin Pathol 2023; 16:2632010X231209878. [PMID: 37954231 PMCID: PMC10638866 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231209878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Peribronchiolar metaplasia (PBM) is considered a reaction to injury characterized by the proliferation of bronchiolar epithelium into immediately adjacent alveolar walls. While an association of PBM with diffuse interstitial lung diseases has been recognized, the clinical significance of PBM remains uncertain. Methods A cohort (n = 352) undergoing surgical resection of a lung nodule/mass in a rural area was retrospectively reviewed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of PBM with clinical, physiological, radiographic, and histologic endpoints. Results In the total study cohort, 9.1% were observed to have PBM as a histologic finding in resected lung tissue (n = 32). All but one of these patients with PBM were ever-smokers with a median of 42 pack years. Clinical COPD was diagnosed in two-thirds of patients with PBM. Comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was significantly associated with PBM. All patients with PBM demonstrated radiologic and histologic evidence of emphysema. Measures of pulmonary function were not impacted by PBM. Mortality was not associated with the histologic observation of PBM. In a logistic regression model, centrilobular-ground glass opacity interstitial lung abnormality and traction bronchiectasis on the CT scan of the chest and histologic evidence of fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and anthracosis all strongly predicted PBM in the cohort. Conclusion A constellation of radiologic and histologic smoking-related abnormalities predicted PBM in study cohort. This confirms a co-existence of lung tissue responses to smoking including PBM, emphysema, and fibrosis. Acknowledging the physiologically "silent" nature of small airway dysfunction on pulmonary function testing, our findings support PBM as a histologic marker of small-airway injury associated with cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vishal Deepak
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Zalak Patel
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Vos
- Deparment of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Sangani RG, Ghio AJ, Parker JE. Concerns re Harris et al.: Low-dose CT-detected interstitial lung abnormalities in a population with low asbestos exposure. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:425-426. [PMID: 35220613 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G. Sangani
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Andrew J. Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - John E. Parker
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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Ghio AJ, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL, Todd NW, Sangani RG. Cigarette Smoke Particle-Induced Lung Injury and Iron Homeostasis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:117-140. [PMID: 35046648 PMCID: PMC8763205 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s337354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is proposed that the mechanistic basis for non-neoplastic lung injury with cigarette smoking is a disruption of iron homeostasis in cells after exposure to cigarette smoke particle (CSP). Following the complexation and sequestration of intracellular iron by CSP, the host response (eg, inflammation, mucus production, and fibrosis) attempts to reverse a functional metal deficiency. Clinical manifestations of this response can present as respiratory bronchiolitis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. If the response is unsuccessful, the functional deficiency of iron progresses to irreversible cell death evident in emphysema and bronchiectasis. The subsequent clinical and pathological presentation is a continuum of lung injuries, which overlap and coexist with one another. Designating these non-neoplastic lung injuries after smoking as distinct disease processes fails to recognize shared relationships to each other and ultimately to CSP, as well as the common mechanistic pathway (ie, disruption of iron homeostasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- Human Studies Facility, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Correspondence: Andrew J Ghio Human Studies Facility, US Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Email
| | | | | | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rahul G Sangani
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Sangani RG, Ghio AJ, Mujahid H, Patel Z, Catherman K, Wen S, Parker JE. Outcomes of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Improve with Obesity: A Rural Appalachian Experience. South Med J 2021; 114:424-431. [PMID: 34215896 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity can be an independent predictor of fibrosis in tissues, including the liver, heart, and skin. We evaluated a rural Appalachian cohort of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) for its relation to obesity. METHODS Using American Thoracic Society 2018 diagnostic guidelines, an IPF cohort was systematically identified at an Appalachian academic medical center (2015-2019). The cohort was categorized in subgroups of body mass index (BMI) <30 or BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Demographics, clinical variables, and treatment details were collected retrospectively and evaluated for their associations with obesity. RESULTS In our IPF cohort (N = 138), a usual interstitial pneumonia pattern was less prevalent in the obese group (n = 49) relative to the nonobese group (69% vs 85%, respectively). The obese group was younger (mean age 73.27 ± 9.12 vs 77.97 ± 9.59 years) and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (90% vs 72%), hyperlipidemia (83% vs 68%), diabetes mellitus (47% vs 25%), sleep-disordered breathing (47% vs 25%), chronic pain disorders (28% vs 15%), and deep vein thrombosis (19% vs 7%). An increased proportion of obese-IPF patients was seen at a tertiary or an interstitial lung disease center, with more surgical lung biopsies performed and incident diagnosis (ie, within 6 months of presentation) assigned. Only a minority of patients underwent lung transplantation (3.6%), all of them from the obese-IPF subgroup. Approximately 30% of the total IPF cohort died, with a lower mortality observed in the obese group (35% vs 20%, P = 0.017). An increasing BMI predicted a better survival in the total IPF cohort (BMI 25-29.9, 20-24.9, and <20 had mortality rates of 20%, 47%, and 75%, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study represents a first known effort to develop an IPF cohort in a rural Appalachian region. Although they shared an increased burden of comorbidities, the obese subgroup showed less advanced fibrosis with a lower mortality rate relative to nonobese subgroup, suggesting a potential "obesity paradox" in IPF. The study findings significantly advance our understanding of challenges posed by IPF in a rural population that also suffers from an alarming rate of obesity. We highlight the need for the multidisciplinary management of these patients and prospective studies to better define this complex relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hasan Mujahid
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zalak Patel
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristen Catherman
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sijin Wen
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John E Parker
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, the Department of Radiology, and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Sangani RG, Butler M, Kirchner HL, Berger A, Stamm JA. Echocardiography-Defined Pulmonary Hypertension in Multiple Myeloma: Risk Factors and Impact on Outcomes. South Med J 2017; 109:282-9. [PMID: 27135723 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has improved as a result of therapeutic advances. There is evidence that some patients with MM develop pulmonary hypertension (PH). The objective of this study was to identify risk factors of echocardiographic PH and its impact on outcomes of patients with MM. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of patients with MM (N = 359) diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 within the Geisinger Medical Center. Chart review was conducted on the subgroup of patients who underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram within 2 years of being diagnosed as having MM. RESULTS A total of 34% of patients (N = 123/359) underwent transthoracic echocardiogram and 32% (N = 39/123) had echocardiography-defined PH. PH was significantly associated with older age (70.5 vs 65.3 years; P = 0.019), greater left atrial diameter (4.0 vs 3.7 cm; P = 0.025), and a trend toward decreased renal function. PH was not associated with myeloma-specific features. Fewer patients with PH underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation compared with those without PH (10% vs 30%; P = 0.018). There was no significant difference in survival between the PH and non-PH groups (P = 0.2775). CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography-defined PH was found in a sizeable minority of our MM cohort. Although the specific etiology of PH can be determined only through a prospective clinical evaluation, including right heart catheterization, our results suggest that PH in patients with MM is secondary to left heart disease and perhaps impaired renal function. Patients with PH were significantly less likely to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Future studies should assess the etiology of PH, its impact on treatment decisions, and prognosis of patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, the Divison of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, and the Center for Health Research and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Butler
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, the Divison of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, and the Center for Health Research and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - H Lester Kirchner
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, the Divison of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, and the Center for Health Research and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Berger
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, the Divison of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, and the Center for Health Research and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason A Stamm
- From the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, the Divison of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, and the Center for Health Research and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Sangani RG, Ghio AJ, Parker JE. Pleural plaques in smoking-associated fibrosis and pulmonary asbestosis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:869-70. [PMID: 25999705 PMCID: PMC4427072 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s83564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrew J Ghio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John E Parker
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
The specific component responsible and the mechanistic pathway for increased human morbidity and mortality after cigarette smoking are yet to be delineated. We propose that 1) injury and disease following cigarette smoking are associated with exposure to and retention of particles produced during smoking and 2) the biological effects of particles associated with cigarette smoking share a single mechanism of injury with all particles. Smoking one cigarette exposes the human respiratory tract to between 15,000 and 40,000 μg particulate matter; this is a carbonaceous product of an incomplete combustion. There are numerous human exposures to other particles, and these vary widely in composition, absolute magnitude, and size of the particle. Individuals exposed to all these particles share a common clinical presentation with a loss of pulmonary function, increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, pathologic changes of emphysema and fibrosis, and comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cancers. Mechanistically, all particle exposures produce an oxidative stress, which is associated with a series of reactions, including an activation of kinase cascades and transcription factors, release of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. If disease associated with cigarette smoking is recognized to be particle related, then certain aspects of the clinical presentation can be predicted; this would include worsening of pulmonary function and progression of pathological changes and comorbidity (eg, emphysema and carcinogenesis) after smoking cessation since the particle is retained in the lung and the exposure continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7315, USA
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Abstract
The mechanism underlying procoagulative effects of air pollution particle exposure is not known. The authors tested the postulate that (1) the water-soluble components of an air pollution particle could affect whole-blood coagulation time and (2) metals included in this fraction were responsible for this effect. Exposure to the water-soluble fraction of particulate matter (PM), at doses as low as 50 ng/ml original particle, significantly diminished the whole-blood coagulation time. Inclusion of deferoxamine prolonged coagulation time following the exposures to the water-soluble fraction, whereas equivalent doses of ferroxamine had no effect. Except for nickel, all metal sulfates shortened the whole-blood coagulation time. Iron and zinc were two metals with the greatest capacity to reduce the coagulation time, with an effect observed at 10 ng/ml. Finally, in contrast to the anticoagulants citrate and EDTA, their iron complexes were found to be procoagulative. The authors conclude that metals in the water-soluble fraction of air pollution particles decrease whole-blood coagulation time. These metals can potentially contribute to procoagulative effects observed following human exposures to air pollution particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul G Sangani
- Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Ghio AJ, Sangani RG, Brighton LE, Carson JL. MRT letter: Auto-fluorescence by human alveolar macrophages after in vitro exposure to air pollution particles. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:579-82. [PMID: 19941295 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages from smokers demonstrate an increased auto-fluorescence. Similarly, auto-fluorescence follows in vitro exposure of macrophages to cigarette smoke condensate (i.e., the particulate fraction of cigarette smoke). The composition of particles in cigarette smoke can be comparable to air pollution particles. We tested the postulate that macrophages exposed to air pollution particles could demonstrate auto-fluorescence. Healthy nonsmoking and healthy smoking volunteers (both 18-40 years of age) underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and alveolar macrophages isolated. Macrophages were incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO(2) with either PBS or 100 microg/mL particle for both 1 and 24 h. Particles included a residual oil fly ash, Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash, and ambient air particles collected from St. Louis, Missouri and Salt Lake City, Utah. At the end of incubation, 50 microL of the cell suspension was cytocentrifuged and examined at modes for viewing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and rhodamine fluorescence. Both emission source air pollution particles demonstrated FITC and rhodamine auto-fluorescence at 1 and 24 h, but the signal following incubation of the macrophages with oil fly ash appeared greater. Similarly, the ambient particles were associated with auto-fluorescence by the alveolar macrophages and this appeared to be dose-dependent. We conclude that exposure of macrophages to air pollution particles can be associated with auto-fluorescence in the FITC and rhodamine modes.
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